Ancient North Eurasian

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In archaeogenetics, the term Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) is the name given to an ancestral component that represents descent from the people similar to the Yana sample in northern Siberia as well as the Mal'ta–Buret' culture and populations closely related to them.[1]

Genetic studies[]

The ANE lineage is defined by association with the Yana RHS and the MA-1, or "Mal'ta boy", the remains of an individual who lived during the Last Glacial Maximum, 24,000 years ago in central Siberia, discovered in the 1920s.

The Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) originated in the Eurasian Steppe region (including the Afontova Gora complex) and contributed noteworthy amounts of ancestry towards Eastern and Northern European hunter-gatherers, as well as towards later Steppe pastoralists (Yamnaya culture and Afanasievo culture). Neolithic Iranian farmers and Ancestral Native Americans as well as various Paleo-Siberian groups also received geneflow from ANE-related populations.

The ANE population has been described as having been "basal to modern day Europeans" but not especially related to East Asians, and is suggested to have perhaps originated in the Eurasian Steppe of Central Asia.[2][3] The Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) are also described as a lineage "which is deeply related to Paleolithic/Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in Europe...").[4] However, according to a study by Kanazawa-Kiriyama et al. (2017), MA-1/Mal'ta also carried an East-Eurasian (East Asian-related) component (contributing around 27% of his ancestry).[5] Sikora et al. 2019 found that the slightly older Yana RHS sample was found to have had higher East Asian-related ancestry at about 39%.[6]

Populations genetically similar to MA-1 or Yana were an important genetic contributor to Native Americans, Europeans, Central Asians, South Asians, and some East Asian groups, in order of significance.[7] Lazaridis et al. (2016:10) note "a cline of ANE ancestry across the east-west extent of Eurasia."[7] The ancient Bronze-age-steppe Yamnaya and Afanasevo cultures were found to have a noteworthy ANE component at ~50%.[8] According to Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018 between 14% and 30% of Native American ancestry may originate from gene flow from the Mal'ta–Buret' people (ANE). This difference is caused by the penetration of posterior Siberian migrations into the Americas, with the lowest percentages of ANE ancestry found in Eskimos and Alaskan Natives, as these groups are the result of migrations into the Americas roughly 5,000 years ago.[9] Other estimates for ANE ancestry among first wave Native Americans show slightly higher percentages,[10] such as those belonging to the Andean region in South America.[10] The other gene flow in Native Americans (the remainder of their ancestry) was of East Asian origin.[2] Gene sequencing of another south-central Siberian people (Afontova Gora-2) dating to approximately 17,000 years ago, revealed similar autosomal genetic signatures to that of Mal'ta boy-1, suggesting that the region was continuously occupied by humans throughout the Last Glacial Maximum.[2]

Genomic studies also indicate that ANE was introduced to Western Europe by way of the Yamnaya culture, long after the Paleolithic.[8][1] The ANE genetic component is making up the majority of the Yamnaya people.[8][1] It is also reported in modern-day Europeans (7%–25%), but not of Europeans before the Bronze Age.[8][1] Additional ANE ancestry is found in European populations through paleolithic interactions with Eastern Hunter-Gatherers, which resulted in populations such as Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers.[11]

Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians[]

Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) is a lineage derived predominantly (75%) from ANE.[7] It is represented by two individuals from Karelia, one of Y-haplogroup R1a-M417, dated c. 8.4 kya, the other of Y-haplogroup J, dated c. 7.2 kya; and one individual from Samara, of Y-haplogroup R1b-P297, dated c. 7.6 kya. This lineage is closely related to the ANE sample from Afontova Gora, dated c. 18 kya. After the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, the Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG) and EHG lineages merged in Eastern Europe, accounting for early presence of ANE-derived ancestry in Mesolithic Europe. Evidence suggests that as Ancient North Eurasians migrated West from Eastern Siberia, they absorbed Western Hunter-Gatherers and other West Eurasian populations as well.[12]

Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer (CHG) is represented by the Satsurblia individual dated ~13 kya (from the Satsurblia cave in Georgia), and carried 36% ANE-derived admixture.[13] While the rest of their ancestry is derived from the Dzudzuana cave individual dated ~26 kya, which lacked ANE-admixture,[13] Dzudzuana affinity in the Caucasus decreased with the arrival of ANE at ~13 kya Satsurblia.[13]

Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer (SHG) is represented by several individuals buried at Motala, Sweden ca. 6000 BC. They were descended from Western Hunter-Gatherers who initially settled Scandinavia from the south, and later populations of EHG who entered Scandinavia from the north through the coast of Norway.[14][8][15][16][17]

Iran Neolithic (Iran_N) individuals dated ~8.5 kya carried 50% ANE-derived admixture and 50% Dzudzuana-related admixture,[13] marking them as different from other Near-Eastern and Anatolian Neolithics who didn't have ANE admixture.[13] Iran Neolithics were later replaced by Iran Chalcolithics, who were a mixture of Iran Neolithic and Near Eastern Levant Neolithic.[7]

Ancient Beringian/Ancestral Native American are specific archaeogenetic lineages, based on the genome of an infant found at the Upward Sun River site (dubbed USR1), dated to 11,500 years ago.[18] The AB lineage diverged from the Ancestral Native American (ANA) lineage about 20,000 years ago.

West Siberian Hunter-Gatherer (WSG) are a specific archaeogenetic lineage, first reported in a genetic study published in Science in September 2019. WSGs were found to be of about 30% EHG ancestry, 50% ANE ancestry, and 20% to 38% East Asian ancestry.[10][19]

Western Steppe Herders (WSH) is the name given to a distinct ancestral component that represents descent closely related to the Yamnaya culture of the Pontic–Caspian steppe.[a] This ancestry is often referred to as Yamnaya ancestry or Steppe ancestry[21]

Late Upper Paeolithic Lake Baikal - Ust'Kyakhta-3 (UKY) 14,050-13,770 BP were mixture of 30% ANE ancestry and 70% East Asian ancestry.[22]

Lake Baikal Holocene - Baikal Eneolithic (Baikal_EN) and Baikal Early Bronze Age (Baikal_EBA) derived 6.4% to 20.1% ancestry from ANE, while rest of their ancestry was derived from East Asians. Fofonovo_EN near by Lake Baikal were mixture of 12-17% ANE ancestry and 83-87% East Asian ancestry.[23]

Hokkaido Jōmon people specifically refers to the Jōmon period population of Hokkaido in northernmost Japan. Though the Jōmon people themselves descended mainly from East Asian lineages, one study found an affinity between Hokkaido Jōmon with the Northern Eurasian Yana sample (an ANE-related group, related to Mal'ta), and suggest as an explanation the possibility of minor Yana gene flow into the Hokkaido Jōmon population (as well as other possibilities).[24]

Evolution of blond hair and blue eyes[]

From Hanel and Carlberg (2020). European blond hair is thought to have originated in south-central Siberia.

The earliest known individual with this allele is a female south-central Siberian ANE individual from Afontova Gora 3 site, which is dated to 16130-15749 BCE.[25] Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the KITLG gene are associated with coloured eyes and hair color in various human populations.[26][27][28][29] One of these polymorphisms is associated with blond hair.

Geneticist David Reich said that the KITLG gene for blond hair entered continental Europe in a massive population migration from the Eurasian steppe, by a population carrying substantial Ancient North Eurasian ancestry.[30] Hanel and Carlberg (2020) likewise report that populations bearing Ancient North Eurasian ancestry were responsible for lightening European eyes and hair color.[31]

Comparative mythology[]

Since the term 'Ancient North Eurasian' refers to a genetic bridge of connected mating networks, scholars of comparative mythology have argued that they probably shared myths and beliefs that could be reconstructed via the comparison of stories attested within cultures that were not in contact for millennia and stretched from the Pontic–Caspian steppe to the American continent.[32]

For instance, the mytheme of the dog guarding the Otherworld possibly stems from an older Ancient North Eurasian belief, as suggested by similar motifs found in Indo-European, Native American and Siberian mythology. In Siouan, Algonquian, Iroquoian, and in Central and South American beliefs, a fierce guard dog was located in the Milky Way, perceived as the path of souls in the afterlife, and getting past it was a test. The Siberian Chukchi and Tungus believed in a guardian-of-the-afterlife dog and a spirit dog that would absorb the dead man's soul and act as a guide in the afterlife. In Indo-European myths, the figure of the dog is embodied by Cerberus, Sarvarā, and Garmr.[32] Anthony and Brown note that it might be one of the oldest mythemes recoverable through comparative mythology.[32]

A second canid-related series of beliefs, myths and rituals connected dogs with healing rather than death. For instance, Ancient Near Eastern and Turkic-Kipchaq myths are prone to associate dogs with healing and generally categorised dogs as impure.[33] A similar myth-pattern is assumed for the Eneolithic site of Botai in Kazakhstan, dated to 3500 BC, which might represent the dog as absorber of illness and guardian of the household against disease and evil.[33] In Mesopotamia, the goddess Nintinugga, associated with healing, was accompanied or symbolized by dogs. Similar absorbent-puppy healing and sacrifice rituals were practiced in Greece and Italy, among the Hittites, again possibly influenced by Near Eastern traditions.[33]

Philologist Aleksandar Loma argues that parts of Native American and Indo-European concepts connecting wolves with ritual knowledge and magic may represent a common Ancient North Eurasian heritage. The word mai-coh means both 'wolf' and 'witch' among Navajos, and shunk manita tanka a 'doglike powerful spirit' among Sioux. The Proto-Indo-European root *ṷeid ("knowledge, clairvoyance") designated the wolf in both Hittite (ṷetna) and Old Norse (witnir), and a "werewolf" in Slavic languages (Serbian vjedo-gonja, Slovenian vedanec, Ukrainian viščun).[34] Historian Michael P. Speidel has compared the fighting madness and dancing frenzy of the Aztec Quachics wolf-warriors with the Germanic mad wolf-warriors (Berserks), and has argued that this could be due to shared historical origins–or perhaps a feature common to warrior societies: the more willing a warrior is to attack recklessly, the more useful he may be in battle.[35]

According to comparative mythologist Bernard Sergent, the Lithuanian myth of Eglė the Queen of Serpents shares similar motifs with stories found among Native American peoples (Wayampi, Yahgan and Coos), which may be explained by an inherited Ancient North Eurasian motif featuring a woman marrying an aquatic animal, violating human laws on exogamy and connecting the terrestrial and aquatic worlds. Sergent reminds however that the precise time and place of origin of the myth cannot be settled with certainty.[36]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "Recent paleogenomic studies have shown that migrations of Western steppe herders (WSH) beginning in the Eneolithic (ca. 3300–2700 BCE) profoundly transformed the genes and cultures of Europe and central Asia... The migration of these Western steppe herders (WSH), with the Yamnaya horizon (ca. 3300–2700 BCE) as their earliest representative, contributed not only to the European Corded Ware culture (ca. 2500–2200 BCE) but also to steppe cultures located between the Caspian Sea and the Altai-Sayan mountain region, such as the Afanasievo (ca. 3300–2500 BCE) and later Sintashta (2100–1800 BCE) and Andronovo (1800–1300 BCE) cultures."[20]
  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Flegontov et al. 2016.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c Raghavan et al. 2013.
  3. ^ Balter 2013.
  4. ^ Jeong et al. 2019.
  5. ^ Kanzawa-Kiriyama et al. 2017.
  6. ^ Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vinner, Lasse; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; de la Fuente, Constanza; Renaud, Gabriel; Yang, Melinda A. (June 2019). "The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene". Nature. 570 (7760): 182–188. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z. ISSN 1476-4687.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Lazaridis et al. 2016.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Haak et al. 2015.
  9. ^ Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c Wong et al. 2017.
  11. ^ Günther et al. 2018.
  12. ^ Mathieson et al. 2018.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lazaridis et al. 2018.
  14. ^ Laziridis 2014.
  15. ^ Mathieson 2015.
  16. ^ Günther 2018.
  17. ^ Mittnik 2018.
  18. ^ Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018.
  19. ^ Narasimhan 2019.
  20. ^ Jeong 2018.
  21. ^ Jeong 2019.
  22. ^ Yu et al. 2020.
  23. ^ Jeong et al. 2020.
  24. ^ Osada & Kawai 2021.
  25. ^ Evans, Gavin (2019). Skin Deep: Dispelling the Science of Race (1 ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 139. ISBN 9781786076236.| "Japanese research in 2006 found that the genetic mutation that prompted the evolution of blond hair dates to the ice age that happened around 11,000 years ago. Since then, the 17,000-year-old remains of a blond- haired North Eurasian hunter-gatherer have been found in eastern Siberia, suggesting an earlier origin."
  26. ^ Hartz, Patricia. "KIT LIGAND; KITLG". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man.
  27. ^ Khan, Razib. "KITLG makes you white skinned?". Discover Magazine.
  28. ^ "P21583". Uniprot.
  29. ^ Guenther et al. 2014.
  30. ^ Reich, David (2018). Who We are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198821250. "The earliest known example of the classic European blond hair mutation is in an Ancient North Eurasian from the Lake Baikal region of eastern Siberia from seventeen thousand years ago. The hundreds of millions of copies of this mutation in central and western Europe today likely derive from a massive migration of people bearing Ancient North Eurasian ancestry, an event that is related in the next chapter."
  31. ^ Carlberg & Hanel 2020.
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b c Anthony & Brown 2019, pp. 104–105.
  33. ^ Jump up to: a b c Anthony & Brown 2019, pp. 104–106.
  34. ^ Loma 2019, p. 4.
  35. ^ Speidel 2002, pp. 285–286.
  36. ^ Sergent 1999, pp. 36–37.

Bibliography[]

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