Baked beans

Baked beans

Baked beans over scrambled eggs on toast
Place of origin	United States
Region or state	New England
Associated national cuisine	United Kingdom and others
Created by	Native Americans; modern versions descended from the colonial United States
Serving temperature	Hot or cold
Main ingredients	Beans
Ingredients generally used	Bacon, ham, or salt pork (US); maple syrup, molasses, or brown sugar (US & CAN); mustard (US); onions (US); Tomato sauce (UK & AUS/NZ; sometimes US)
Similar dishes	Fèves au lard, refried beans
Cookbook: Baked beans   Media: Baked beans

Baked beans is a dish traditionally containing white beans that are parboiled and then, in the US, baked in sauce at low temperature for a lengthy period.^[1] In the United Kingdom, the dish is sometimes baked, but usually stewed in sauce.^[2] Canned baked beans are not baked, but are cooked through a steam process.^[3]

Baked beans originate in Native American cuisine, and are made from beans indigenous to the Americas.^[4] The dish was adopted and adapted by English colonists in New England in the 17th century and, through cookbooks published in the 19th century, spread to other regions of the United States and into Canada.^[4] Today, in the New England region of the United States, a variety of indigenous legumes are used in restaurants or in the home, such as Jacob's cattle, soldier beans, yellow-eyed beans, and navy beans (also known as native beans).^[4]

Originally, Native Americans sweetened baked beans with maple syrup, a tradition some recipes still follow, but some English colonists used brown sugar beginning in the 17th century. In the 18th century, the convention of using American-made molasses as a sweetening agent became increasingly popular to avoid British taxes on sugar. Boston baked beans use a sauce prepared with molasses and salt pork, a dish whose popularity has given Boston the nickname "Beantown".^[5]

Today, baked beans are served throughout the United States alongside barbecue foods and at picnics. Beans in a brown sugar, sugar, or corn syrup sauce (with or without tomatoes) are widely available throughout the United States. Bush Brothers are the largest producer.^[6] After the American Revolutionary War, Independence Day celebrations often included baked beans.^[7]

Canned baked beans are used as a convenience food; most are made from haricot or navy beans in sauce. They may be eaten hot or cold, and straight from the can, as they are fully cooked.^[8] H. J. Heinz began producing canned baked beans in 1895. In the early 20th century, canned baked beans gained international popularity, particularly in the United Kingdom, where they have become a common part of an English full breakfast.

Origins and history in the Americas[]

Three beanpots used for cooking homemade baked beans. The small one is glazed with the letters "Boston Baked Beans"

According to chef and food historian Walter Staib of Philadelphia's City Tavern, baked beans had their roots as a Native peoples dish in the Americas long before the dish became known to Western culture.^[9] Native Americans mixed beans, maple sugar, and bear fat in earthenware pots which they placed in pits called "bean holes" which were lined in hot rocks to cook slowly over a long period of time.^[9][10]

British colonists in New England were the first westerners to adopt the dish from the Native peoples, and were quick to embrace it largely because the dish was reminiscent of peas porridge and because the dish used ingredients native to the New World.^[9][11] They substituted molasses or sugar for the maple syrup, bacon or ham for the bear fat, and simmered their beans for hours in pots over the fire instead of underground.^[9] Each colony in America had its own regional variations of the dish, with navy or white pea beans used in Massachusetts, Jacob's Cattle and soldier beans used in Maine, and yellow-eyed beans in Vermont.^[4] This variation likely resulted from the colonists receiving the dish from different Native peoples who used different native beans.^[4]

While some historians have theorized that baked beans had originated from the cassoulet or bean stew tradition in Southern France, this is unlikely as the beans used to make baked beans are all native to South America and were introduced to Europe around 1528.^[12] However, it is likely that English colonists used their knowledge of cassoulet cooking to modify the cooking technique of the beans from the traditional Native American version, by soaking the bean overnight and simmering the beans over a fire before baking it in earthen pots in order to decrease the cooking time.^[13]

A dish which was a clear precursor to baked beans, entitled "beans and bacon", was known in medieval England.^[14] The addition of onion and mustard to some baked beans recipes published in New England in the 19th century was likely based on traditional cassoulet recipes from Staffordshire, England which utilized mustard, beans, and leeks.^[13] These ingredients are still often added to baked beans today.^[13] Nineteenth-century cookbooks published in New England, spread to other portions of the United States and Canada, which familiarized other people with the dish.^[13]

While many recipes today are stewed, traditionally dried beans were soaked overnight, simmered until tender (parboiled), and then slow-baked in a ceramic or cast-iron beanpot.^[4] Originally baked beans were sweetened with maple syrup by Native Americans, a tradition some recipes still follow, but some English colonists modified the sweetening agent to brown sugar beginning in the 17th century.^[14] In the 18th century the convention of using American made molasses as a sweetening agent became increasingly popular in order to avoid British taxes on sugar.^[14] The molasses style of baked beans has become closely associated with the city of Boston and is often referred to as Boston baked beans.^[15]

Today in the New England region, baked beans are flavored either with maple syrup (Northern New England), or with molasses (Boston), and are traditionally cooked with salt pork in a beanpot in a brick oven for six to eight hours.^[15] In the absence of a brick oven, the beans were cooked in a beanpot nestled in a bed of embers placed near the outer edges of a hearth, about a foot away from the fire. Today, baked beans can be made in a slow cooker or in a modern oven using a traditional beanpot, Dutch oven, or casserole dish.^[13] The results of the dish, commonly described as having a savory-sweet flavor and a brownish- or reddish-tinted white bean, however, cooked are the same.^[9]

A tradition in Maine of "bean hole" cooking may have originated with the native Penobscot people and was later practiced in logging camps. A fire would be made in a stone-lined pit and allowed to burn down to hot coals, and then a pot with 11^[16] pounds of seasoned beans would be placed in the ashes, covered over with dirt, and left to cook overnight or longer. These beans were a staple of Maine's logging camps, served at every meal.^[17][18]

While baked beans was initially a New England region cuisine, the dish has become a popular item throughout the United States; and is now a staple item served most frequently along various types of barbecue and at picnics.^[19] This is due in part to the ease of handling, as they can be served hot or cold, directly from the can, making them handy for outdoor eating. The tomato-based sweet sauce also complements many types of barbecue. The already-cooked beans may also be baked in a casserole dish topped with slices of raw bacon, which is baked until the bacon is cooked. Additional seasonings are sometimes used, such as additional brown sugar or mustard to make the sauce more tangy.^[8]

Commercial production and international consumption[]

Canned beans, often containing pork, were among the first convenience foods, and were exported and popularised by U.S. companies internationally in the early 20th century.^[20] The American Food and Drug Administration stated in 1996: "It has for years been recognized by consumers generally that the designation 'beans with pork,' or 'pork and beans' is the common or usual name for an article of commerce that contains very little pork."^[21] The included pork is typically a piece of salt pork that adds fat to the dish.^{[citation needed]}

The first mass-produced commercial canning of baked beans in the United States began in 1895 by the Pennsylvania-based H. J. Heinz Company.^[6] Heinz was also the first company to sell baked beans outside of the United States, beginning with sales limited solely to Fortnum & Mason in 1886, when the item was considered a luxury.^[22] They began selling baked beans throughout the UK in 1901, and baked beans became a standard part of the English full breakfast soon after.^[6] Heinz removed pork from the product during the Second World War rationing.^[2]

Originally, Heinz baked beans were prepared in the traditional United States manner for sales in Ireland and Great Britain. Over time, the recipe was altered to a less sweet tomato sauce without maple syrup, molasses, or brown sugar to appeal to the tastes of the United Kingdom.^[20] This is the version of baked beans most commonly eaten outside of the United States. Baked beans are commonly eaten on toast or as part of a full English, Scottish, or Irish breakfast.^[20]

Today, baked beans are a staple convenience food in the UK, often eaten as part of the modern full English breakfast and particularly on toast (called simply "beans on toast").^[20] Heinz Baked Beans remains the best-selling brand in the UK.^[23] The Baked Bean Museum of Excellence in Port Talbot, Wales, is dedicated to baked beans.^[24]

Around the world[]

Homemade Polish baked beans, fasolka po bretońsku.

Traditional cuisines of many regions claim such recipes as typical specialities, for example:

• In Poland, with the addition of bacon or sausage, these are known as Breton beans (fasolka po bretońsku).^[25]
• In France these are known as  [fr] à la bretonne.
• Jersey bean crock
• Boston baked beans
• Pork and beans, which despite the name often contain very little pork
• Guernsey Bean Jar
• Spanish Cocido Montañés
• Cassoulet (South-western France)
• Feijoada
• Fasolada
• Frijoles charros, pinto beans cooked with bacon and sometimes tomatoes, are popular in Mexico and the American border states.
• Greek fasolia gigandes Gigandes plaki
• In the Italian cuisine beans (of various size and various types) are widely used for several recipes also mixed with other ingredients: "fagiolata" generally stands for baked beans but there are also regional variations like "fagioli all'uccelletto" in Florence; "minestra di fagioli" (beans soup normally cooked with vegetables) "pasta e fagioli" (meaning "pasta and beans").
• New England baked beans
• Quebec-style baked beans called Fèves au lard are often prepared with maple syrup.
• Bean-hole beans, traditionally from Northern New England and Quebec, cooked in a covered fire pit in the ground for up to two days
  

  Beans on toast is eaten in the UK.
• British cuisine (also popular in Ireland) claims beans on toast as a teatime favourite, the combination of cereal (toast) and legume forming an inexpensive complete protein; compare rice and beans. Variations of "beans on toast deluxe" can include extras as such as egg, grated cheese, Marmite or tuna, and baked beans often form part of a full English breakfast.
• Beans cooked in barbecue sauce (or a similarly flavoured sauce) are a traditional side dish in an American barbecue.
• "In the US, Franks and beans", a recipe wherein hot dogs are cut up and cooked in the same sauce as the baked beans. In Canada, this recipe is more commonly called "beans and wieners".
• In the north of the Netherlands brown beans are often stewed and served with lardons baked until crisp, pickled silverskin onions and gherkins, and sugar syrup or apple syrup. In the province of Drenthe, this dish has a cultural significance due to the regional nostalgic novel and TV series Bartje.
• In Mexico and Latin America baked beans are also popular: black beans (frijoles negros) and frijoles pintos (pinto beans) are the most common.
• Chilean porotos con riendas
• In the Balkans, they are known as prebranac.
• The traditional Jewish Shabbat dish cholent (also known as hamin) is made with meat, potatoes, beans and barley.
• Turkish Fasolia (fasulye), usually served with rice
• Iranian Loobia Chiti is made from pinto beans, usually served with olive oil and lemon juice.

Many unusual dishes are made with baked beans including the baked bean sandwich. These are slices of bread topped with beans and other additions, such as melted cheese.

Health[]

In 2002, the British Dietetic Association allowed manufacturers of canned baked beans to advertise the product as contributing to the recommended daily consumption of five to six vegetables per person. This concession was criticised by heart specialists, who pointed to the high levels of sugar and salt in the product. However, it has been proven that consumption of baked beans does indeed lower total cholesterol levels and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, even in normo-cholesterolaemic individuals.^[26][27] Some manufacturers produce a "healthy" version of the product with reduced levels of sugar and salt.^[28]

Flatulence[]

Baked beans are known on occasion to cause an increase in flatulence following consumption;^[29][30] this is due to the fermentation of polysaccharides (specifically oligosaccharides) by gut flora, specifically Methanobrevibacter smithii. The oligosaccharides pass through the small intestine largely undigested; when they reach the large intestine, they are digested by the bacteria, producing gas.^[31]

See also[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baked beans.

• Cassoulet
• List of legume dishes
• List of toast dishes
• Pork and beans
• Refried beans
• Tavče gravče, a traditional Macedonian dish
• Beans, Beans, the Musical Fruit, a playground saying referring to the capacity for baked beans to cause increased flatulence

References[]