Baylor College of Medicine

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Baylor College of Medicine
Baylor College of Medicine Logo.png
Former name
University of Dallas Medical Department
Baylor University College of Medicine
TypePrivate health sciences university
Established1900; 121 years ago (1900)
Affiliation
Endowment$1.20 billion (2020)[1]
PresidentPaul Klotman
ProvostAlicia D. Monroe
Academic staff
5,486 faculty
  • 3,158 full-time
  • 609 part-time
  • 1,594 voluntary
  • 125 emeritus
Postgraduates1,577 students
  • School of Medicine - 758
  • Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences - 563
  • School of Health Professions - 256

1,151 clinical residents
507 clinical fellows
552 postdoctoral fellows

23 tropical medicine course participants
Location
Houston
,
Texas
,
United States
CampusUrban, Texas Medical Center
Websitewww.bcm.edu
Location marked as BCM
Location marked as BCM
BCM
Location within Texas Medical Center

Baylor College of Medicine (BCM) is a private, independent health sciences university in Houston, Texas within the Texas Medical Center, the world's largest medical center.[2] BCM is composed of four academic components: the School of Medicine, the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; the School of Health Professions, and the National School of Tropical Medicine.

The school is part owner, alongside Catholic Health Initiatives (CHI), of Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, the flagship hospital of the CHI St. Luke's Health system. Other affiliated teaching hospitals and research institutes include Harris Health System's Ben Taub Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TIRR Memorial Hermann, the Menninger Clinic, the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, and the Children's Hospital of San Antonio.[3] On November 18, 2020, Baylor College of Medicine announced a new affiliation with Baylor Scott & White Health. This will result in the development of a new regional medical school campus in Temple, Texas which will enroll 40 students per year starting in Fall 2023.

Baylor College of Medicine's academic programs are consistently ranked among the top tier in the country in their respective fields. Additionally, the National School of Tropical Medicine is the only school in the nation dedicated exclusively to patient care, research, education and policy related to neglected tropical diseases.

History[]

Confederate veteran Samuel Hollingsworth Stout, co-founder and founding dean in 1902–1903.

Baylor College of Medicine was founded in 1900 in Dallas, Texas[4] by a group of Dallas physicians as the University of Dallas Medical Department, despite the absence of any institution under the University of Dallas name. This occurred following a meeting of Dallas area physicians on 16 August 1900 for the purpose taking the preliminary steps to establish a medical college.[5] The majority of physicians in attendance opposed the creation of a medical college; however, the remaining physicians in favor set up a committee of medical professional and three laymen to secure a board of directors for the proposed college. The committee elected a 13-member board of directors consisting of both physicians and local citizens, with Dr. Samuel H. Stout chairman of the board and W. J. Moroney as secretary.[6]

The school's charter was filed with the Texas Secretary of State on 15 September 1900 with three physicians as the incorporators: Drs. Samuel E. Milliken, J. B. Titterington, and Lawrence Ashton.[6] The school opened on 19 November 1900 with 81 students in a former synagogue, Temple Emanu-el, located at 292 Commerce Street (today 1306 Commerce Street).[5]

Dr. Albert Ferdinand Beddoe, A.B., M.D. was a co-founder, alongside Samuel Hollingsworth Stout, who served as its founding dean from 1902 to 1903.[7] Meanwhile, Beddoe established the chair of Diseases of Children and became a professor. He built up the free clinic in connection with Baylor hospital.

In 1903, an alliance with Baylor University in Waco was formed and the name was changed to Baylor University College of Medicine.

By 1918, Baylor University College of Medicine was the only private medical school in Texas.

Relocation to Houston[]

The M.D. Anderson Foundation invited Baylor to join the newly formed Texas Medical Center in Houston in 1943. The school opened in the medical center July 12, 1943, in a converted Sears, Roebuck & Co. warehouse, with 131 students. Four years later, Baylor moved to its present site in the Roy and Lillie Cullen Building, the first building completed in the Texas Medical Center.

In 1948, Michael E. DeBakey joined the faculty as chair of the Department of Surgery, and the following year, the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences was established. Baylor's rise in prominence began in the 1950s when DeBakey's surgical techniques garnered international attention. In the 1960s, the college underwent its first major expansion.

Independence and expansion[]

In 1969, the college separated from Baylor University and became an independent institution, which allowed it access to federal research funding, changing its name to Baylor College of Medicine. That same year, BCM negotiated with the Texas Legislature to double its class size in order to increase the number of physicians in Texas.[8]

Disaffiliation from Houston Methodist Hospital[]

In 2004, Baylor did not renew its affiliation agreement with Houston Methodist Hospital, the school's primary private adult teaching hospital, following contentious discussions between the two institutions. This split is notable as the only instance in American medical history of a medical school and one of its primary teaching hospitals parting ways.[9]

Recent history[]

In 2005, Baylor College of Medicine began building a hospital and clinic, to be called the Baylor Clinic and Hospital, slated to open in 2011. In 2009, the college postponed construction for financial reasons, with the outer shell of the hospital completed but the interiors remaining unfinished. In March 2012, BCM decided to convert the building to an outpatient clinic center.[10][11] In 2009, BCM entered into discussions with Rice University regarding a potential merger between the two Houston institutions. After extensive meetings, the boards at both institutions decided that each school would remain independent. In 2010, Baylor University entered into talks with BCM to strengthening ties to each other; however, the merger did not occur. Baylor University Board of Regents appoints 25% of the Baylor College of Medicine's Board of Trustees.

On June 21, 2010, Dr. Paul Klotman was named as the President and CEO of the Baylor College of Medicine.[12]

In January 2014, BCM and CHI St. Luke's announced they would become joint owners of Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, a hospital at the Texas Medical Center (formerly known as St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, then St. Luke's Medical Center after it was purchased by Catholic Health Initiatives in 2013). A partially completed hospital building on the BCM–McNair Campus is slated to open in 2015 and will become BCM's acute-care hospital and main medical teaching facility.

On November 18, 2020, Baylor College of Medicine announced a new affiliation with Baylor Scott & White Health that will result in the development of a new regional medical school campus in Temple, Texas which will enroll 40 students per year starting in Fall 2023.

Reputation[]

The School of Medicine has been consistently considered in the top tier of programs in the country,[13][14][15] and is particularly noted for having the lowest tuition among all private medical schools in the US.[16] The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences is among the top 25 graduate schools in the United States.[17] Within the School of Allied Health Sciences, the Nurse anesthetist program ranks 2nd[18] and the physician assistant program ranks 3rd. A program in Orthotics and Prosthetics began in 2013, with 18 students in the first class. The National School of Tropical Medicine is the only school in the nation dedicated exclusively to patient care, research, education and policy related to neglected tropical diseases. A program in Genetic Counseling began in 2018, with 8 students in the first class.

School of Medicine[]

The dean of the School of Medicine is Jennifer Christner, MD.

Each year the medical school matriculates around 185 students, around 75% of whom are Texas residents. As of April 2020, Baylor College of Medicine is the third least expensive private medical school in the country in terms of tuition.[19]

Curriculum[]

The MD curriculum consists of 1.5 years of preclinical foundational sciences, followed by 2.5 years of clinical curriculum.

It is one of the few medical schools in the United States that is structured with an accelerated 1.5 year preclinical curriculum.[20]

Dual degree programs[]

Baylor offers four programs that give medical students the opportunity to earn a second degree alongside the Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree.

  • MD/PhD with the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
  • MD/MPH with the UTHealth School of Public Health
  • MD/MBA with the Rice University Jesse H. Jones School of Business
  • MD/JD with the University of Houston Law Center

Baylor College of Medicine is one of only 51 medical institutions in the United States to offer a Medical Scientist Training Program.[21] This federally sponsored and highly competitive program allows exceptionally well-qualified students to study for a combined MD and Ph.D. in a medical science to be earned in 7–9 total years. Typically, 8–12 students matriculate into this program per year and receive free tuition in addition to a stipend of $29,000 per academic year.[22]

Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences[]

The Baylor College of Medicine Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences ranks 25th for best Ph.D. program in the biological sciences.[23] Overall, in 2018 BCM ranked 20th in terms of research funding from the National Institutes of Health based on rankings done by the Blue Ridge Institute.[24] Baylor also ranked in the top 20 in eight specialty areas, including number one in the nation for Genetics.

BCM's research faculty includes seven members of the National Academy of Sciences, 14 members of the Institute of Medicine and three members of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

About 100 students join the graduate program each year, of which one half were women and one third were graduates from foreign schools.

Many departments of the graduate school collaborate with Rice University and other institutions within the Texas Medical Center. Currently, 615 graduate students are enrolled in one of the seven PhD programs.

Baylor College of Medicine (BCM)

School of Health Professions[]

Physician Assistant

The School's Physician Assistant Program which began in 1971 as a certificate program, was elevated to Bachelor of Science status in 1975, and on to a Master of Science program in 1989. Today, this program ranks 3rd among the nation's physician assistant programs according to U.S. News & World Report.[25]

Nurse Anesthesia

The 2012 graduates of the Graduate Program in Nurse Anesthesia Program were the first to earn their doctorate of nursing practice from the Program. Developed from a 1968 a certificate program that was offered by the Harris County Hospital District, now the Harris Health System, in 1983, it became a Master of Science degree program under the auspices of Baylor. This program ranks 2nd in the nation among training programs in nurse anesthesia according to U.S. News & World Report.[26]

Orthotics and Prosethetics

The Orthotics and Prosthetics Program welcomed its first students in June 2013. It is a 30-month program, where the first 12 months are dedicated to the didactic curriculum, and the following 18 months are spent on clinical rotations and research. It Is the only program in the country to integrate a series of full-time clinical rotations exposing students to six core areas of expertise designed to meet the requirements of the NCOPE-approved residency.

Genetic Counseling

In 2018, the Genetic Counseling Program welcomed its first students. It is a 21-month program consisting of didactic coursework, clinical rotations, and a student thesis. Genetic counseling students rotate through prenatal, pediatric, adult, cancer, and specialty clinics at Baylor College of Medicine and its affiliated hospitals in and around the Texas Medical Center.

National School of Tropical Medicine[]

Baylor College of Medicine National School of Tropical Medicine is one of the first of its kind in North America devoted to education, healthcare delivery, research and policy related to the neglected diseases that disproportionately afflict "the bottom billion," the world's poorest people who live below the World Bank poverty level.

The School currently offers a Diploma in Tropical Medicine program as well as several non-degree courses and seminars for undergraduates, graduate students and professionals. Plans are in development for masters and doctorate programs.

The School provides clinical services at the Tropical Medicine Clinic at Harris Health System's Smith Clinic, which opened on October 6, 2011. The mission of the Clinic is to prevent, diagnose, and treat common and neglected tropical diseases in the Houston metropolitan population and to improve occupational health for those working in regions where tropical diseases thrive. Baylor Travel Medicine, an affiliate of the National School of Tropical Medicine, opened on May 10, 2012, offers medications, immunizations, counseling, and information customized for each patient's health needs.

The National School of Tropical Medicine also conducts a comprehensive research and development program for producing a new generation of drugs, diagnostics and vaccines for the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) and Neglected Infections of Poverty (NIoPs), as well as fundamental and applied research against these diseases.

Residency training[]

Baylor College of Medicine sponsors Graduate Medical Education in more than 80 ACGME-accredited, and 40 Texas Medical Board (TMB)-approved training programs.[27]

At Baylor College of Medicine residents and fellows learn from one of the most diverse patient populations anywhere in the country. This is partially due to the diversity found within the city of Houston, which has no single majority ethnic group. The hospitals of the Texas Medical Center and Houston's status as a hub for international industry also draw patients from every corner of the globe. Adding to this diversity are the many and varied settings in which residents and fellows have the opportunity to train, including Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center and Baylor's many affiliated hospitals.[28]

Research[]

Biomedical research[]

In 2013, Baylor College of Medicine ranked 19th in terms of research funding from the National Institutes of Health based on rankings done by the Blue Ridge Institute,.[24] Baylor also ranked in the top 20 in eight specialty areas, including number one in the nation for Genetics.

BCM's research faculty includes seven members of the National Academy of Sciences, 14 members of the Institute of Medicine and three members of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Centers[]

The college has dedicated more than 800,000 square feet (70,000 m2) of its space for laboratory research. Housed within this research space are a number of centers and facilities, such as:

Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center[]

BCM is a co-owner of Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, part of CHI St. Luke's Health. It serves as the primary private adult teaching hospital for the college and ranks among the best hospitals in the nation for cardiology and heart surgery, diabetes and endocrinology, gastroenterology and GI surgery, neurology and neurosurgery, and pulmonology in U.S. News & World Report.

Hospital affiliations[]

Major BCM teaching hospitals

BCM is affiliated with many of the hospitals of the Texas Medical Center and in 2013, began an affiliation with Children's Hospital of San Antonio. BCM's affiliations include:

Cooperating patient care institutions

Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative[]

The Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative (BIPAI) at Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital was established in 1996, and has rapidly become the world's largest university-based program dedicated to global pediatric and family HIV/AIDS care and treatment, health professional training and clinical research. Baylor constructed and opened the world's two largest centers for the care and treatment of HIV-infected children and families, the Romanian-American Children's Center in Constanta, Romania in 2001, and the Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Center of Excellence in Gaborone, Botswana in 2003, followed by Uganda, Lesotho, Swaziland, Malawi, and Tanzania, where it has entered into partnership with the Ministries of Health to scale up pediatric HIV/AIDS care and treatment, and build and open new Children's Clinical Centers of Excellence.

BIPAI also has created the Pediatric AIDS Corps, a model program to place up to 250 American pediatricians and infectious disease specialists in its African centers to vastly expand capacity for pediatric HIV/AIDS care and treatment and health professional training. Major funders of BIPAI's activities include NIH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation, Abbott Laboratories, and numerous private and corporate foundations.

Notable faculty members[]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by with reliable sources.
  • Christopher Amos, PhD - Genetic epidemiologist (cancer)
  • Sharmila Anandasabapathy, MD - Gastroenterologist, global health
  • Oluwatoyin Asojo, PhD - Crystallographer, tropical medicine
  • John C. Baldwin, MD - Cardiovascular surgeon. 1st successful heart “auto-transplantation” to repair a cardiac tumor
  • Andrea Ballabio, MD - Geneticist
  • Arthur L. Beaudet, M.D. — Geneticist, member of the National Academy of Sciences.[29]
  • Christine Beeton, PhD - Immunologist
  • Hugo J. Bellen — Developmental biologist; Howard Hughes Medical investigator.
  • Malcolm Brenner, MD, PhD. Geneticist. [30]
  • William "Bill" R. Brinkley — Cell biologist and early contributor to discovery of mitotic spindle apparatus
  • William E. Brownell, PhD - Biophysicist, researcher into mammalian hearing
  • F. Charles Brunicardi, MD — Surgeon. Editor-in-Chief of Schwartz's Principles of Surgery
  • Janet S. Butel, PhD - Molecular virologist
  • Selma Calmes, MD — Anesthesiologist. [31]
  • C. Thomas Caskey — Internist, geneticist and biomedical entrepreneur. Discovered/investigated universality of the genetic code and its stop/start mechanism. Howard Hughes Medical Investigator.
  • Wah Chiu, PhD - Biophysicist
  • Denton Cooley, MD — Cardiovascular surgeon. Innovations include aortic aneurysm repair, heart valve replacement, bloodless cardiac surgery for Jehovah’s Witnesses, 1st successful implantation of artificial heart. Founder of the Texas Heart Institute. Winner, Presidential Medal of Freedom.
  • Michael E. DeBakey, MD — Cardiovascular surgeon. Innovations include coronary bypass, carotid endarterectomy, artificial heart, ventricular assist device, aortic aneurysm repair. Winner, Presidential Medal of Freedom, National Medal of Science, Congressional Gold Medal.
  • David Eagleman, PhD - Neuroscientist, popular writer
  • Hashem El-Serag, MD - Internist and gastroenterologist
  • Ralph Feigin, MD — Pediatrician (infectious diseases). Editor-in-Chief, Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases[32]
  • Charles Fraser, MD - Pediatric surgeon
  • O. H. Frazier, MD — Cardiovascular surgeon (heart transplants).[33]
  • Glen Gabbard, MD - Psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
  • Richard A. Gibbs, PhD — Geneticist
  • Margaret Goodell, PhD - Cancer biologist (stem cells)
  • Wayne Goodman, MD - Psychiatrist. Co-developer, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale
  • David C. Hilmers, MD, MS, MPH - Astronaut, internist, pediatrician
  • Donald Holmquest, MD, PhD, JD - Astronaut, radiologist (nuclear medicine), attorney
  • Peter Hotez, MD, PhD - Pediatrician (infectious diseases), tropical medicine
  • Mark Kline, MD - Pediatrician (infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS).[34]
  • Peter H. Lin, MD - Cardiovascular surgeon
  • James R. Lupski, MD, PhD - Molecular geneticist. Co-discoverer, Potocki-Lupski syndrome
  • Kenneth Mattox, MD - Surgeon
  • Elizabeth McIngvale, PhD - Social worker (OCD advocate)
  • Read Montague, PhD - Neuroscientist
  • Daniel Musher — Microbiologist.[35]
  • David L. Nelson, PhD - Cancer researcher
  • Bert W. O'Malley — Geneticist. National Medal of Science winner. Member, National Academy of Sciences.[36]
  • C. Kent Osborne, MD — Oncologist.[37]
  • David Poplack, MD — Pediatric oncologist.[38]
  • Lorraine Potocki, PhD - Medical geneticist. Co discoverer, Potocki-Lupski syndrome and Potocki-Shaffer syndrome
  • Michael J. Reardon, MD — Cardiovascular surgeon. First successful cardiac auto transplantation for cardiac sarcoma.
  • JoAnne S. Richards, PhD - Cell biologist (ovarian cancer). Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
  • Susan M. Rosenberg, PhD - Cancer researcher (DNA mutations)
  • Kevin Slawin, MD - Urologist
  • David Sugarbaker, MD - Cardiovascular surgeon
  • Huda Zoghbi — Neuropsychiatrist. Member of National Academy of Sciences; Howard Hughes investigator
  • Blaž Zupan, PhD - Computer scientist

In culture[]

The male Asian elephant calf born to Shanti at the Houston Zoo on May 4, 2010 was named Baylor in honor of the college and their research on elephant herpesvirus.[39]

Affiliated schools[]

References[]

  1. ^ As of June 30, 2020. U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  2. ^ "TMC – Leader in Collaborative Medicine and Research – Houston, TX". Texas Medical Center. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  3. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2012-04-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Fast Facts & Figures – Baylor College of Medicine – Houston, Texas
  4. ^ Morrissey, Charles T. "Baylor College of Medicine". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Fordtran, John S. (January 2000). "Medicine in Dallas 100 Years Ago". Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. 13 (1): 34–44. doi:10.1080/08998280.2000.11927640. ISSN 0899-8280. PMC 1312211. PMID 16389323.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b Morsund, Walter H. (1956). A history of Baylor University, College of Medicine, 1900-1953. Houston, Texas: Gulf Printing Company.
  7. ^ "Penn's Leadership in Higher Education Selected Rosters of Alumni, Faculty and Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania who have served as: Founders and First Chief Executives of Other Institutions". Penn University Archives & Records Center. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on June 14, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
  8. ^ BCM History – Baylor College of Medicine – Houston, Texas Archived December 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Andrew Kragie (2016-09-26). "A messy Med Center divorce spurred new partnerships". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  10. ^ "Baylor hospital project to be outpatient center". chron.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  11. ^ "Affiliates". Baylor College of Medicine. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  12. ^ Klotman named president of Baylor College of Medicine – Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Archived June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Issa, Naoum. "Top 10 Medical Schools". studentdoc.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  14. ^ "Rankings". grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  15. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2013-02-02.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^ "Rankings". www.usnews.com. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  17. ^ "Rankings". www.usnews.com. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  18. ^ "USNWR Best CRNA Schools". USNWR. Retrieved 2017-08-20.
  19. ^ "Rankings". www.usnews.com. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  20. ^ "Top 25 Medical Schools - DegreeQuery.com". degreequery.com. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  21. ^ "Medical Scientist Training Program – National Institute of General Medical Sciences". nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  22. ^ Acceptance and Funding – Medical Scientist Training Program – Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Archived July 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ "Best Biological Science Programs – Top Science Schools – US News Best Graduate Schools". rankingsandreviews.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b "Total NIH Awards to each Medical School in 2018 including Percentage of Direct and Indirect Costs". brimr.org. Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  25. ^ "Rankings". grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  26. ^ "Rankings". grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  27. ^ "Residency and Fellowship Programs". Baylor College of Medicine. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  28. ^ "Education Affiliates". Baylor College of Medicine. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  29. ^ "Beaudet named to National Academy of Sciences". Baylor College of Medicine. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-20.
  30. ^ "Dr. Malcolm Brenner Biography". Texas Children's Cancer Center.
  31. ^ "Selma Calmes". Changing the Face of Medicine. NIH. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  32. ^ "Dr. Feigin Biography". Texas Children's Hospital. Archived from the original on March 17, 2007.
  33. ^ "O.H. Frazier, M.D." Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2009-08-02. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
  34. ^ Ackerman, Todd (26 February 2020). "Pediatric AIDS chief doctor steps down at Texas Children's Hospital in Houston". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  35. ^ https://www.tpr.org/post/risk-factors-covid-19-transmission-and-potential-impact-caution-fatigue
  36. ^ Templeton, David (2008-08-29). "Pitt graduate given highest science honor in the U.S." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
  37. ^ "Dr. C. Kent Osborne Biography". Baylor College of Medicine.
  38. ^ "Dr. David Poplack Biography". Texas Children's Cancer Center.
  39. ^ "She's as Sweet as Tupelo Honey! – Trunk Tales – the Elephants of the Houston Zoo". houstonzooblogs.org. Archived from the original on 2010-12-18. Retrieved 4 April 2018.

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