Boris Johnson

The Right Honourable Boris Johnson MP
Official portrait, 2019
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Incumbent
Assumed office 24 July 2019
Monarch	Elizabeth II
First Secretary	Dominic Raab
Preceded by	Theresa May
Leader of the Conservative Party
Incumbent
Assumed office 23 July 2019
Preceded by	Theresa May
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
In office 13 July 2016 – 9 July 2018
Prime Minister	Theresa May
Preceded by	Philip Hammond
Succeeded by	Jeremy Hunt
Mayor of London
In office 3 May 2008 – 9 May 2016
Preceded by	Ken Livingstone
Succeeded by	Sadiq Khan
Member of Parliament for Uxbridge and South Ruislip
Incumbent
Assumed office 7 May 2015
Preceded by	John Randall
Majority	7,210 (15.0%)[1]
Member of Parliament for Henley
In office 7 June 2001 – 4 June 2008
Preceded by	Michael Heseltine
Succeeded by	John Howell
Personal details
Born	Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (1964-06-19) 19 June 1964 (age 57) New York City, US
Citizenship	United Kingdom United States (1964–2016)[2]
Political party	Conservative
Spouse(s)	Allegra Mostyn-Owen ​ ​ (m. 1987⁠–⁠1993)​ Marina Wheeler ​ ​ (m. 1993; div. 2020)​ Carrie Symonds ​ (m. 2021)​
Children	At least 6[a]
Parents	Stanley Johnson Charlotte Fawcett
Relatives	Rachel Johnson (sister) Jo Johnson (brother) Julia Johnson (half-sister) James Fawcett (grandfather) Edmund Fawcett (uncle) Ali Kemal (great grandfather) Elias Avery Lowe (great grandfather) Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter (great grandmother)
Residence	10 Downing Street
Education	Eton College
Alma mater	Balliol College, Oxford
Signature
Website	Boris Johnson website

Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (/ˈfɛfəl/;^[6] born 19 June 1964) is a British politician and writer serving as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party since July 2019. He was Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from 2016 to 2018 and Mayor of London from 2008 to 2016. Johnson has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Uxbridge and South Ruislip since 2015 and was previously MP for Henley from 2001 to 2008. He has been described as adhering to the ideology of one-nation and national conservatism.^[7]

Johnson was educated at Eton College and studied Classics at Balliol College, Oxford. He was elected President of the Oxford Union in 1986. In 1989, he became the Brussels correspondent, and later political columnist, for The Daily Telegraph, where his articles exerted a strong Eurosceptic influence on the British right-wing of politics. He was editor of The Spectator magazine from 1999 to 2005. After being elected to Parliament in 2001, Johnson was a shadow minister under Conservative leaders Michael Howard and David Cameron. In 2008, he was elected Mayor of London and resigned from the House of Commons; he was re-elected as mayor in 2012. During his mayoralty, Johnson oversaw the 2012 Summer Olympics and the cycle hire scheme, both initiated by his predecessor, along with introducing the New Routemaster buses, the Night Tube, and the Thames cable car and promoting the Garden Bridge. He also banned alcohol consumption on much of London's public transport.

In the 2015 election, Johnson was elected MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip. The following year, he did not seek re-election as mayor. He became a prominent figure in the successful Vote Leave campaign for Brexit in the 2016 EU membership referendum. Theresa May appointed him foreign secretary after the referendum; he resigned the position two years later in protest at May's approach to Brexit and the Chequers Agreement. After May resigned in 2019, he was elected Conservative leader and appointed prime minister. Johnson re-opened Brexit negotiations and in early September controversially prorogued Parliament; the Supreme Court ruled the action unlawful later that month.^[b] After agreeing a revised Brexit withdrawal agreement with the EU, which replaced the Irish backstop with a new Northern Ireland Protocol, but failing to win parliamentary support for the agreement, Johnson called a snap election for December 2019 in which he led the Conservative Party to a landslide win with 43.6% of the vote, and the party's largest seat share since 1987. On 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom withdrew from the EU, entering into a transition period and trade negotiations leading to the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement. Johnson has led the United Kingdom's ongoing response to the COVID-19 pandemic.^[8]

Johnson is considered a controversial figure in British politics.^[9][10] Supporters have praised him as humorous and entertaining,^[11] with an appeal stretching beyond traditional Conservative voters.^[12][13] Conversely, his critics have accused him of elitism, cronyism, and bigotry.^[14][15][16] Commentators have described his political style as opportunistic or pragmatic.^[17][18]

Early life

Childhood

Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson was born on 19 June 1964 in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City,^[19][20] to 23-year-old Stanley Johnson, then studying economics at Columbia University,^[21] and 22-year-old Charlotte Fawcett,^[22] an artist from a family of liberal intellectuals. Johnson's parents had married in 1963 before moving to the US.^[23] In September 1964, they returned to their native England, so that Charlotte could study at the University of Oxford;^[24] during this time, she lived with her son in Summertown, a suburb of Oxford, and in 1965 she gave birth to a daughter, Rachel.^[25] In July 1965, the family moved to Crouch End in north London,^[26] and in February 1966 they relocated to Washington, D.C., where Stanley had gained employment with the World Bank.^[27] A third child, Leo, was born in September 1967.^[28] Stanley then took a job with a policy panel on population control, and moved the family to Norwalk, Connecticut, in June.^[29]

In 1969, the family returned to England and settled into West Nethercote Farm, near Winsford in Somerset, Stanley's remote family home on Exmoor in the West Country.^[30] There, Johnson gained his first experiences of fox hunting.^[31] Stanley was regularly absent from Nethercote, leaving Johnson to be raised largely by his mother, assisted by au pairs.^[32] As a child, Johnson was quiet and studious^[26] and suffered from deafness, resulting in several operations to insert grommets into his ears.^[33] He and his siblings were encouraged to engage in highbrow activities from a young age,^[34] with high achievement being greatly valued; Johnson's earliest recorded ambition was to be "world king".^[35] Having few or no friends other than their siblings, the children became very close.^[36]

In late 1969, the family moved to Maida Vale in West London, while Stanley began post-graduate research at the London School of Economics.^[37] In 1970, Charlotte and the children briefly returned to Nethercote, where Johnson attended Winsford Village School, before returning to London to settle in Primrose Hill,^[38] where they were educated at Primrose Hill Primary School.^[39] A fourth child and third son, Joseph, was born in late 1971.^[40]

After Stanley secured employment at the European Commission, he moved his family in April 1973 to Uccle, Brussels, where Johnson attended the European School, Brussels I and learnt to speak French.^[41][42] Charlotte suffered a nervous breakdown and was hospitalised with clinical depression, after which Johnson and his siblings were sent back to England in 1975 to attend Ashdown House, a preparatory boarding school in East Sussex.^[43] There, he developed a love of rugby and excelled at Ancient Greek and Latin,^[44] but the teachers' use of corporal punishment appalled him.^[45] Meanwhile, in December 1978 his parents' relationship broke down; they divorced in 1980,^[46] and Charlotte moved into a flat in Notting Hill, west London, where her children joined her for much of their time.^[47]

Eton and Oxford: 1977–1987

Johnson gained a King's Scholarship to study at Eton College, the elite independent boarding school near Windsor in Berkshire.^[49] Arriving in the autumn term of 1977,^[50] he began using his middle name Boris rather than his first name Alexander,^[51] and developed "the eccentric English persona" for which he became famous.^[52] He abandoned his mother's Catholicism and became an Anglican, joining the Church of England.^[53] School reports complained about his idleness, complacency and lateness,^[54] but he was popular and well known at Eton.^[52] His friends were largely from the wealthy upper-middle and upper classes, his best friends then being Darius Guppy and Charles Spencer, both of whom later accompanied him to the University of Oxford and remained friends into adulthood.^[55] Johnson excelled in English and the Classics, winning prizes in both,^[56] and became secretary of the school debating society,^[57] and editor of the school newspaper, The Eton College Chronicle.^[58] In late 1981, he was elected a member of Pop,^[59] the small, self-selecting elite and glamorous group of prefects. Later in Johnson's career it was a point of rivalry with David Cameron, who had failed to enter Pop. On leaving Eton, Johnson went on a gap year to Australia, where he taught English and Latin at Timbertop, an Outward Bound-inspired campus of Geelong Grammar, an elite independent boarding school.^[60][61][62]

Johnson won a scholarship to read Literae Humaniores at Balliol College, Oxford, a four-year course in the study of the Classics, ancient literature and classical philosophy.^[63] Matriculating at the university in late 1983,^[64] he was one of a generation of Oxford undergraduates who were later to dominate British politics and media in the second decade of the 21st century; among them David Cameron, William Hague, Michael Gove, Jeremy Hunt and Nick Boles all went on to become senior Conservative Party politicians.^[65] To his later regret, he joined the Old Etonian-dominated Bullingdon Club, an exclusive drinking society notorious for acts of vandalism on host premises.^[66][67][68] Many years later, a group photograph including himself and Cameron in Bullingdon Club formal dress led to much negative press coverage. He began a relationship with Allegra Mostyn-Owen, cover girl for Tatler magazine and daughter of Christie's Education chairman William Mostyn-Owen. She was a glamorous and popular fellow student from his own social background; they became engaged while at university.^[69]

Johnson was popular and well known at Oxford.^[70] Alongside Guppy, he co-edited the university's satirical magazine Tributary.^[71] In 1984, Johnson was elected secretary of the Oxford Union,^[72] and campaigned unsuccessfully for the career-enhancing and important position of Union President.^[73] In 1986, Johnson ran successfully for president,^[74] but his term was not particularly distinguished or memorable^[75] and questions were raised regarding his competence and seriousness.^[76] Finally, Johnson was awarded an upper second-class degree,^[77][78] and was deeply unhappy he did not receive a first.^[79]

Early career

The Times and The Daily Telegraph: 1987–1994

In September 1987, Johnson and Mostyn-Owen were married in West Felton, Shropshire, accompanied by a duet for violin and viola Allegra e Boris^[81] specially commissioned for the wedding from Hans Werner Henze.^[82] After a honeymoon in Egypt, they settled in West Kensington, West London,^[83] when he secured work for a management consultancy company, L.E.K. Consulting; he resigned after a week.^[84] In late 1987, through family connections, he began work as a graduate trainee at The Times.^[85] Scandal erupted when Johnson wrote an article on the archaeological discovery of King Edward II's palace for the newspaper, having invented a quote for the article which he falsely attributed to the historian Colin Lucas, his godfather. After the editor Charles Wilson learnt of the matter, he dismissed Johnson.^[86]

Johnson secured employment on the leader-writing desk of The Daily Telegraph, having met its editor, Max Hastings, during his Oxford University Union presidency.^[87] His articles appealed to the newspaper's conservative, middle-class, middle-aged "Middle England" readership,^[88] and were known for their distinctive literary style, replete with old-fashioned words and phrases and for regularly referring to the readership as "my friends".^[89] In early 1989, Johnson was appointed to the newspaper's Brussels bureau to report on the European Commission,^[90] remaining in the post until 1994.^[91] A strong critic of the integrationist Commission President Jacques Delors, he established himself as one of the city's few Eurosceptic journalists.^[92] He wrote articles about euromyths such as the EU wanting to ban prawn cocktail crisps and British sausages and standardise condom sizes because Italians had smaller penises.^[93] Many of his fellow journalists there were critical of his articles, opining they often contained lies designed to discredit the Commission.^[94] The Europhile Conservative politician Chris Patten later stated at that time Johnson was "one of the greatest exponents of fake journalism".^[91]

Johnson biographer Andrew Gimson believed these articles made him "one of [Euroscepticism's] most famous exponents".^[80] According to later biographer Sonia Purnell – who was Johnson's Brussels deputy^[91] – he helped make Euroscepticism "an attractive and emotionally resonant cause for the Right", whereas it had been associated previously with the British Left.^[95] Johnson's articles established him as the favourite journalist of the Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher,^[96] but Johnson annoyed her successor, the Europhile John Major, who spent a great deal of time attempting to refute what Johnson said.^[97] Johnson's articles exacerbated tensions between the Conservative Party's Eurosceptic and Europhile factions. As a result, he earned the mistrust of many party members.^[98] His writings were also a key influence on the emergence of the EU-opposing UK Independence Party (UKIP) in the early 1990s.^[95] Conrad Black, then proprietor of the Telegraph, said Johnson "was such an effective correspondent for us in Brussels that he greatly influenced British opinion on this country's relations with Europe".^[99]

In February 1990, Johnson's wife Allegra left him; after several attempts at reconciliation, their marriage ended in April 1993.^[100][101] He then entered a relationship with a childhood friend, Marina Wheeler, who had moved to Brussels in 1990,^[102] and in May 1993, they were married at Horsham in Sussex,^[103] soon after which Marina gave birth to a daughter.^[104] Johnson and his new wife settled in Islington, North London,^[105] an area known as the home of the left-liberal intelligentsia. Under the influence of this milieu, and of his wife, Johnson moved in a more liberal direction on issues like climate change, LGBT rights and race relations.^[106] Whilst in Islington, the couple had three more children, all given the surname Johnson-Wheeler.^[107] They were sent to the local Canonbury Primary School and then to private secondary schools.^[108] Devoting much time to his children, Johnson wrote a book of verse, Perils of the Pushy Parents – A Cautionary Tale, which was published to largely poor reviews.^[109]

Political columnist: 1994–1999

Back in London, Hastings turned down Johnson's request to become a war reporter,^[110] instead promoting him to the position of assistant editor and chief political columnist.^[111] Johnson's column received praise for being ideologically eclectic and distinctively written, and earned him a Commentator of the Year Award at the What the Papers Say awards.^[112] Some critics condemned his writing style as bigotry; in various columns he used the words "piccannies" and "watermelon smiles" when referring to Africans, championed European colonialism in Uganda^{[113][114][115]} and referred to gay men as "tank-topped bumboys".^[116]

Contemplating a political career, in 1993, Johnson outlined his desire to stand as a Conservative candidate to be a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in the 1994 European Parliament elections. Andrew Mitchell convinced Major not to veto Johnson's candidacy, but Johnson could not find a constituency.^[117] He subsequently turned his attention to obtaining a seat in the UK House of Commons. After being rejected as Conservative candidate for Holborn and St. Pancras, his party selected him the candidate for Clwyd South in north Wales, then a Labour Party safe seat. Spending six weeks campaigning, he attained 9,091 votes (23%) in the 1997 general election, losing to the Labour candidate.^[118]

Scandal erupted in June 1995 when a recording of a 1990 telephone conversation between Johnson and his friend Darius Guppy was made public.^[119] In the conversation, Guppy said that his criminal activities involving insurance fraud were being investigated by News of the World journalist Stuart Collier, and he asked Johnson to provide him with Collier's private address, seeking to have the latter beaten to the extent of "a couple of black eyes and a cracked rib or something like that". Johnson agreed to supply the information, although he expressed concern that he would be associated with the attack.^[119] When the phone conversation was published in 1995, Johnson stated that ultimately he had not obliged Guppy's request. Hastings reprimanded Johnson but did not dismiss him.^[119]

Johnson was given a regular column in The Spectator, sister publication to The Daily Telegraph, which attracted mixed reviews and was often thought rushed.^[120] In 1999, he was also given a column reviewing new cars in the magazine GQ.^[121] His behaviour regularly disgruntled his editors; the large number of parking fines that Johnson acquired while testing cars at frustrated GQ staff.^[116] At The Telegraph and The Spectator, he was consistently late delivering his copy, forcing many staff to stay late to accommodate him; some related that if they published without his work included, he would get angry and shout at them with expletives.^[122]

Johnson's appearance on an April 1998 episode of the BBC's satirical current affairs show Have I Got News for You brought him national fame.^[123] He was invited back on to later episodes, including as a guest presenter; for his 2003 appearance, Johnson received a nomination for the BAFTA Television Award for Best Entertainment Performance.^[124][125] After these appearances, he came to be recognised on the street by the public, and was invited to appear on other television shows, such as Top Gear, Parkinson, Breakfast with Frost, and the political show Question Time.^[126]

The Spectator and MP for Henley: 1999–2008

In July 1999, Conrad Black offered Johnson the editorship of The Spectator on the condition he abandon his parliamentary aspirations; Johnson agreed.^[127] While retaining The Spectator's traditional right-wing bent, Johnson welcomed contributions from leftist writers and cartoonists.^[128] Under Johnson's editorship, the magazine's circulation grew by 10% to 62,000 and it began to turn a profit.^[129] His editorship also drew criticism; some opined that under him The Spectator avoided serious issues,^[130] while colleagues became annoyed that he was regularly absent from the office, meetings, and events.^[131] He gained a reputation as a poor political pundit because of incorrect political predictions made in the magazine.^[130] His father-in-law Charles Wheeler and others strongly criticised him for allowing Spectator columnist Taki Theodoracopulos to publish racist and antisemitic language in the magazine.^[132][133]

Journalist Charlotte Edwardes wrote in The Times in 2019 alleging that Johnson had squeezed her thigh at a private lunch in the offices of the Spectator in 1999 and that another woman had told her he had done the same to her. A Downing Street spokesman denied the allegation.^[134][135]

In 2004, Johnson published an editorial in The Spectator after the murder of Ken Bigley suggesting that Liverpudlians were wallowing in their victim status and also "hooked on grief" over the Hillsborough disaster, which Johnson partly blamed on "drunken fans".^[136][137] In an appendix added to a later edition of his 2005 book about the Roman empire, The Dream of Rome, Tell MAMA and the Muslim Council of Britain strongly criticised Johnson for arguing Islam has caused the Muslim world to be "literally centuries behind" the West.^[138]

Becoming an MP

Following Michael Heseltine's retirement, Johnson decided to stand as Conservative candidate for Henley, a Conservative safe seat in Oxfordshire.^[140] The local Conservative branch selected him although it was split over Johnson's candidacy. Some thought him amusing and charming whole others disliked his flippant attitude and lack of knowledge of the local area.^[141] Boosted by his television fame, Johnson won the seat in the 2001 general election with a majority of 8,500 votes.^[142] Alongside his Islington home, Johnson bought a farmhouse outside Thame in his new constituency.^[143] He regularly attended Henley social events and occasionally wrote for the Henley Standard.^[144] His constituency surgeries proved popular, and he joined local campaigns to stop the closure of Townlands Hospital and the local air ambulance.^[145]

In Parliament, Johnson was appointed to a standing committee assessing the Proceeds of Crime Bill, but missed many of its meetings.^[146] Despite his credentials as a public speaker, his speeches in the House of Commons were widely deemed lacklustre; Johnson later called them "crap".^[147] In his first four years as MP, he attended just over half of the Commons votes; in his second term, this declined to 45%.^[148] He usually supported the Conservative party line but rebelled against it five times in this period.^[149] In free votes, he demonstrated a more socially liberal attitude than many colleagues, supporting the Gender Recognition Act 2004 and the repeal of Section 28.^[150][151] (However, in 2001, Johnson had spoken out against plans to repeal Section 28, saying it was "Labour's appalling agenda, encouraging the teaching of homosexuality in schools".^[152][153]) After initially stating he would not, he voted in support of the government's plans to join the US in the 2003 invasion of Iraq,^[143] and in April 2003 visited occupied Baghdad.^[154] In August 2004, he backed unsuccessful impeachment procedures against Prime Minister Tony Blair for "high crimes and misdemeanours" regarding the war,^[155] and in December 2006 described the invasion as "a colossal mistake and misadventure".^[156]

Although labelling Johnson "ineffably duplicitous" for breaking his promise not to become an MP, Black decided not to dismiss him because he "helped promote the magazine and raise its circulation".^[157] Johnson remained editor of The Spectator, also writing columns for The Daily Telegraph and GQ, and making television appearances.^[158] His 2001 book, Friends, Voters, Countrymen: Jottings on the Stump, recounted that year's election campaign,^[159] while 2003's Lend Me Your Ears collected together previously published columns and articles.^[160] In 2004, Harper Collins published his first novel: Seventy-Two Virgins: A Comedy of Errors revolved around the life of a Conservative MP and contained various autobiographical elements.^[161] Responding to critics who argued he was juggling too many jobs, he cited Winston Churchill and Benjamin Disraeli as exemplars who combined their political and literary careers.^[162] To manage the stress, he took up jogging and cycling,^[163] and became so well known for the latter that Gimson suggested he was "perhaps the most famous cyclist in Britain".^[164]

Following William Hague's resignation as Conservative leader, Johnson backed Kenneth Clarke, regarding Clarke as the only candidate capable of winning a general election; the party elected Iain Duncan Smith.^[165] Johnson had a strained relationship with Duncan Smith, and The Spectator became critical of his party leadership.^[166] Duncan Smith was removed from his position in November 2003 and replaced by Michael Howard; Howard deemed Johnson to be the most popular Conservative politician with the electorate and appointed him vice-chairman of the party, responsible for overseeing its electoral campaign.^[167] In his Shadow Cabinet reshuffle of May 2004, Howard appointed Johnson to the position of shadow arts minister.^[168] In October, Howard ordered Johnson to apologise publicly in Liverpool for publishing a Spectator article – anonymously written by Simon Heffer – which said the crowds at the Hillsborough disaster had contributed towards the incident and that Liverpudlians had a predilection for reliance on the welfare state.^[169][170]

In November 2004, tabloids revealed that since 2000 Johnson had been having an affair with Spectator columnist Petronella Wyatt, resulting in two terminated pregnancies. Johnson initially called the claims "piffle".^[171] After the allegations were proven, Howard asked Johnson to resign as vice-chairman and shadow arts minister for publicly lying; when Johnson refused, Howard dismissed him from those positions.^[172][173] In July 2005, Who's the Daddy?, a play by The Spectator's theatre critics Toby Young and Lloyd Evans being performed at Islington's King's Head Theatre, satirised the scandal.^[174]

Second term

In the 2005 general election, Johnson was re-elected MP for Henley, increasing his majority to 12,793.^[175] Labour won the election and Howard stood down as Conservative leader; Johnson backed David Cameron as his successor.^[176] After Cameron was elected, he appointed Johnson as the shadow higher education minister, acknowledging his popularity among students.^[177] Interested in streamlining university funding,^[178] Johnson supported Labour's proposed top-up fees.^[179] He campaigned in 2006 to become the Rector of the University of Edinburgh, but his support for top-up fees damaged his campaign, and he came third.^[180][181]

In April 2006, the News of the World alleged that Johnson was having an affair with the journalist Anna Fazackerley; the pair did not comment, and shortly afterwards Johnson began employing Fazackerley.^[182][183] That month, he attracted further public attention for rugby-tackling former footballer Maurizio Gaudino in a charity football match.^[184] In September 2006, Papua New Guinea's High Commission protested after he compared the Conservatives' frequently changing leadership to cannibalism in Papua New Guinea.^[185]

In 2005, The Spectator's new chief executive, Andrew Neil, dismissed Johnson as editor.^[186] To make up for this loss of income, Johnson negotiated with The Daily Telegraph to raise his annual fee from £200,000 to £250,000, averaging at £5,000 per column, each of which took up around an hour-and-a-half of his time.^[187][188] He presented a popular history television show, The Dream of Rome, which was broadcast in January 2006; a book followed in February.^[189] A sequel, After Rome, focused on early Islamic history.^[190] As a result of his various activities, in 2007, he earned £540,000, making him the UK's third-highest-earning MP that year.^[191]

Mayor of London

Mayoral election: 2007–2008

In July 2007, Johnson announced his candidacy to be the Conservative candidate for Mayor of London in the 2008 mayoral election.^[192][193] In September, he was selected after gaining 79% of the vote in a public London-wide primary.^[194][195]

Johnson's mayoral campaign focused on reducing youth crime, making public transport safer, and replacing the articulated buses with an updated version of the AEC Routemaster.^[13] Targeting the Conservative-leaning suburbs of outer London, it capitalised on perceptions that the Labour Mayoralty had neglected them in favour of inner London.^[196] His campaign emphasised his popularity, even among those who opposed his policies,^[197] with opponents complaining a common attitude among voters was: "I'm voting for Boris because he is a laugh."^[13] The campaign of Labour incumbent Ken Livingstone portrayed Johnson as an out-of-touch toff and bigot, citing racist and homophobic language used in his columns; Johnson responded these quotes had been taken out of context and were meant as satire.^[198]

In the election, Johnson received 43% and Livingstone 37% of first-preference votes; when second-preference votes were added, Johnson proved victorious with 53% to Livingstone's 47%.^[199][200] Johnson then announced his resignation as MP for Henley.^[201][202]

First term: 2008–2012

Settling into the City Hall mayoral office,^[203] Johnson's first official engagement was an appearance at the Sikh celebrations for Vaisakhi in Trafalgar Square.^[204] Rather than bringing a team of assistants with him to the job as Livingstone had done, Johnson built his team over the following six months.^[205] Those in City Hall who were deemed too closely allied to Livingstone's administration had their employment terminated.^[206] Johnson appointed Tim Parker to be first Deputy Mayor, but after Parker began taking increasing control at City Hall and insisted that all staff report directly to him, Johnson dismissed him.^[207] Because of these problems, many in the Conservative Party initially distanced themselves from Johnson's administration, fearing it would be counterproductive to achieving a Conservative victory in the 2010 general election.^[208]

He received criticism during the early weeks of his administration, largely because he was late for two official functions in his first week on the job, and because after three weeks he went on holiday to Turkey.^[206] In July 2008, Johnson visited the closing ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, there offending his Chinese hosts with his attire.^[209] During the electoral campaign, Johnson had confided to Brian Paddick he was unsure how he would maintain his lifestyle while relying upon the mayoral salary of £140,000 a year.^[210] To resolve this problem, he agreed to continue his Telegraph column alongside his mayoral job, thus earning a further £250,000 a year.^[211] His team believed this would cause controversy and made him promise to donate a fifth of his Telegraph fee to a charitable cause providing bursaries for students. Johnson resented this, and ultimately did not pay a full fifth.^[212] Controversy erupted when he was questioned about his Telegraph fee on BBC's HARDtalk; there, he referred to the £250,000 as "chicken feed", something that was widely condemned, given that this was roughly 10 times the average yearly wage for a British worker.^{[213][214][215]}

During his first administration, Johnson was embroiled in several personal scandals. After moving to a new house in Islington, he built a shed on his balcony without obtaining planning permission; after neighbours complained, he dismantled it.^[216] The press also accused him of having an affair with Helen Macintyre and of fathering her child, allegations that he did not deny.^{[217][218][219][220]} Controversy arose when Johnson was accused of warning the MP Damian Green that police were planning to arrest him; Johnson denied the claims and did not face criminal charges under the Criminal Justice Act.^[221] He was accused of cronyism,^[222] in particular for appointing Veronica Wadley, a former Evening Standard editor who had supported him, as the chair of London's Arts Council when she was widely regarded as not being the best candidate for the position.^{[223][224][225]} He was caught up in the parliamentary expenses scandal and accused of excessive personal spending on taxi journeys. His deputy mayor Ian Clement was found to have misused a City Hall credit card, resulting in his resignation.^[226] Johnson remained a popular figure in London with a strong celebrity status.^[227] In 2009, he rescued Franny Armstrong from anti-social teenagers who had threatened her while he was cycling past them.^{[228][229][230]}

Policies

Johnson made no major changes to the mayoral system Livingstone developed.^[231] He reversed several measures implemented by Livingstone's administration, ending the city's oil deal with Venezuela, abolishing The Londoner newsletter, and scrapping the half-yearly inspections of black cabs, which was reinstated three years later.^[232] Abolishing the western wing of the congestion charging zone,^[233] he cancelled plans to increase the congestion charge for four-wheel-drive vehicles.^[234] He was subsequently accused of failing to publish an independent report on air pollution commissioned by the Greater London Authority, which revealed the city breached legal limits on nitrogen dioxide levels.^[235][236]

Johnson retained Livingstone projects such as Crossrail and the 2012 Olympic Games, but was accused of trying to take credit for them.^[237] He introduced a public bicycle scheme that had been mooted by Livingstone's administration; colloquially known as "Boris Bikes", the part privately financed system cost £140 million and was a significant financial loss but proved popular.^[238][239] Despite Johnson's support of cycling in London, and his much-publicised identity as a cyclist, some cycling groups who argued he had failed to make the city's roads safer for cyclists criticised his administration.^[240] As per his election pledge, he commissioned the development of the New Routemaster buses for central London.^[241] He also ordered the construction of a cable car system that crossed the River Thames between Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal Docks.^[242]

Johnson's first policy initiative was a ban on drinking alcohol on public transport.^[243][244] At the beginning of his tenure as mayor, Johnson announced plans to extend pay-as-you-go Oyster cards to national rail services in London.^[245] A pledge in Johnson's election manifesto was to retain Tube ticket offices, in opposition to Livingstone's proposal to close up to 40 London Underground ticket offices.^[246] On 2 July 2008, the Mayor's office announced the closure plan was to be abandoned and that offices would remain open.^[247] On 21 November 2013, Transport for London announced that all London Underground ticket offices would close by 2015.^[248] In financing these projects, Johnson's administration borrowed £100 million,^[249] while public transport fares were increased by 50%.^[250]

During his first Mayoral term, Johnson was perceived as having moved leftward on certain issues, for instance, supporting the London Living Wage and endorsing an amnesty for illegal migrants.^[251] He tried placating critics who had deemed him a bigot by appearing at London's gay pride parade and praising ethnic minority newspapers.^[252] In 2012, he banned London buses from displaying the adverts of Core Issues Trust, a Christian group, which compared homosexuality to an illness.^[253] In August 2008, Johnson broke from the traditional protocol of those in public office not publicly commenting on other nations' elections by endorsing Barack Obama for the presidency of the United States.^[254][255]

Relations with police, finance, and the media

Johnson appointed himself chair of the Metropolitan Police Authority (MPA), and in October 2008 successfully pushed for the resignation of Metropolitan Police Commissioner Ian Blair after the latter was criticised for allegedly handing contracts to friends and for his handling of the death of Jean Charles de Menezes.^{[256][257][258]} This earned Johnson great respect among Conservatives, who interpreted it as his first act of strength.^[259] Johnson resigned as MPA chairman in January 2010,^[251] but throughout his mayoralty was highly supportive of the Metropolitan Police, particularly during the controversy surrounding the death of Ian Tomlinson.^[260] Overall crime in London fell during his administration, but his claim that serious youth crime had decreased proved to be false, and he acknowledged the error.^[261][262] Similarly, his claim that Metropolitan Police numbers had increased was characterised as untrue,^[261] but the fact-checkers at Full Fact felt that both Johnson's and his critics' positions are defensible.^[263] He was criticised for his response to the 2011 London riots; holidaying with his family in British Columbia when the rioting broke out, he did not return immediately to London, only doing so 48 hours after it had begun and addressing Londoners 60 hours thereafter. Upon visiting shopkeepers and residents affected by the riots in Clapham, elements within the crowds booed and jeered him.^[264]

Johnson championed London's financial sector and denounced what he saw as "banker bashing" following the financial crisis of 2007–08,^[265] condemning the anti-capitalist Occupy London movement that appeared in 2011.^[266] He spent much time with those involved in the financial services and criticised the government's 50p tax rate for higher earners.^[267] He collected donations from the city's wealthy for a charitable enterprise, the Mayor's Fund, which he had established to aid disadvantaged youths. It initially announced the fund would raise £100 million, but by 2010 it had only spent £1.5 million.^[268] He also maintained extensive personal contacts throughout the British media,^[269] which resulted in widespread favourable press coverage of his administration.^[269] In turn he remained largely supportive of his friends in the media – among them Rupert Murdoch – during the News International phone hacking scandal.^[270]

The formation of the Forensic Audit Panel was announced on 8 May 2008. The panel was tasked with monitoring and investigating financial management at the London Development Agency and the Greater London Authority.^[271] Johnson's announcement was criticised by Labour for the perceived politicisation of this nominally independent panel, who asked whether the appointment of key Johnson allies to the panel – "to dig dirt on Ken Livingstone" – was "an appropriate use of public funds".^[272] The head of the panel, Patience Wheatcroft, was married to a Conservative councillor^[273] and three of the four remaining panel members also had close links to the Conservatives: Stephen Greenhalgh (Conservative Leader of Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council),^[274] Patrick Frederick (Chairman of Conservative Business Relations for South East England and Southern London), and Edward Lister (Conservative Leader of Wandsworth London Borough Council).^[275]

Re-election campaign

Up for re-election in 2012, Johnson again hired Crosby to orchestrate his campaign.^[276] Before the election, Johnson published Johnson's Life of London, a work of popular history that the historian A. N. Wilson characterised as a "coded plea" for votes.^[277] Polls suggested that while Livingstone's approach to transport was preferred, voters in London placed greater trust in Johnson over issues of crime and the economy.^[278] During the 2012 Mayoral election, Johnson sought re-election, while Livingstone was selected as the Labour candidate again. Johnson's campaign emphasised the accusation that Livingstone was guilty of tax evasion, for which Livingstone called Johnson a "bare-faced liar".^[279] The political scientist Andrew Crines believed that Livingstone's campaign focused on criticising Johnson rather than presenting an alternate and progressive vision of London's future.^[280] In 2012, Johnson was re-elected as mayor.^[281]

Second term: 2012–2016

London was successful in its bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics while Ken Livingstone was still mayor in 2005. Johnson's role in the proceedings was as the co-chair of an Olympic board which oversaw the games.^[282] Two of his actions after taking on this role were to improve transportation around London by making more tickets available and laying on more buses around the capital during the busy period, when thousands of spectators were temporary visitors in London.^[283][284] Johnson was accused of covering up pollution ahead of the games by deploying dust suppressants to remove air particulates near monitoring stations.^[235] In November 2013, Johnson announced major changes to the operation of London Underground, including the extension of Tube operating hours to run through the night at weekends. The announcement revealed that all staffed Underground ticket offices would be closed to save over £40 million a year, with automated ticketing systems provided instead.^[285][286]

Johnson had a close friendship with American technology entrepreneur, former DJ^[287] and model Jennifer Arcuri, with The Sunday Times describing him as a regular visitor to her flat,^[288] and implying they were in a sexual relationship.^[289] In 2013, a mayoral fund awarded her company, Innotech, £10,000, followed the next year by Arcuri being awarded £15,000 from a government programme. Johnson intervened to allow her onto three trade mission trips.^[290] The Sunday Times said in September 2019 that Johnson failed to declare his personal relationship as a conflict of interest.^[291] Later that month, the Greater London Authority referred Johnson and his actions in the matter to the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) "so it can assess whether or not it is necessary to investigate the former mayor of London for the criminal offence of misconduct in public office". The IOPC was involved because the Mayor is also London's police and crime commissioner.^[292] The London Assembly began its own investigation but paused it at the IOPC's request to avoid overlap. On 9 November 2019 it was revealed that the IOPC, which had been due to publish a report on its investigation, had decided to do so after the general election of 12 December.^[293] The IOPC issued its report in May 2020, concluding that, although there was no basis for any criminal charge, there was evidence that the close relationship between Johnson and Arcuri had influenced decisions by officials. The report found Johnson should have declared an interest concerning Arcuri and that his failure to do this could have breached the London Assembly's code of conduct. On behalf of the London Assembly, the chair of its Greater London Authority Oversight Committee said the committee would now resume its own investigation.^[294]

In February 2012, Johnson criticised London's Saint Patrick's Day gala dinner celebrations, linking them to Sinn Féin and branding the event "Lefty crap";^[295] for which he later apologised.^[296]

In February 2013, during a London Assembly meeting following the publication of London's 2014, Johnson was ejected from the meeting following a vote and because his deputy Victoria Borwick had left the chamber. Realising that the vote meant he would not be questioned on the budget, Johnson referred to his political opponents as "great supine protoplasmic invertebrate jellies".^[297]

Johnson attended the launch of the World Islamic Economic Forum in London in July 2013, where he answered questions alongside Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak. He joked that Malaysian women attended university to find husbands, causing some offence among female attendees.^[298][299]

In 2014, Johnson pushed his biography of Winston Churchill, The Churchill Factor. The media emphasised how Johnson repeatedly compared himself to Churchill throughout the book.^[300] During campaigning in 2016, he said there was an attempt to create the Roman Empire's united Europe. He said, "Napoleon, Hitler, various people tried this out, and it ends tragically. The EU is an attempt to do this by different methods."^[301][302] Also in 2014, he was criticised for saying that "almost half" of his senior staff were female, when London Assembly members stated that only four of fourteen top positions in Johnson's administration were occupied by women.^[303]

In 2015, Johnson criticised then-presidential candidate Donald Trump's false comments that there were no-go zones in London governed by shariah and inaccessible for non-Muslims. Johnson said Trump was "betraying a quite stupefying ignorance that makes him, frankly, unfit to hold the office of president of the United States",^[304] becoming the first senior politician in the UK to declare Trump unfit for office (but rejecting calls for him to be banned from the country).^[305] Johnson added that he "would invite [Trump] to come and see the whole of London and take him round the city – except I wouldn't want to expose Londoners to any unnecessary risk of meeting Donald Trump".^[304] He later called Trump's comments "ill informed" and "complete and utter nonsense", adding that "the only reason I wouldn't go to some parts of New York is the real risk of meeting Donald Trump".^[306] In 2016, he said he was "genuinely worried that he could become president", telling ITV's Tom Bradby of one moment where he was mistaken for Trump in New York as "one of the worst moments" of his life.^[307]

Johnson did not run for a third term for Mayor of London and stepped down on 5 May 2016 following the election of former transport minister, Sadiq Khan. Johnson left office still popular with the people of London. A YouGov poll commissioned at the end of his term revealed that 52% of Londoners believed he did a "good job" as Mayor of London while only 29% believed he did a "bad job".^[308] In 2016, Sadiq Khan announced that three German-made water cannon, which Johnson had bought for the Metropolitan Police without waiting for clearance from the then-Home Secretary Theresa May, were to be sold off with the funds going to youth services.^[309] The vehicles proved unsellable and were eventually sold for scrap in 2018 at a £300,000 loss.^[310]

Return to Parliament

Johnson initially said that he would not return to the House of Commons while remaining mayor.^[227] After much media speculation, in August 2014 he sought selection as the Conservative candidate for the safe seat of Uxbridge and South Ruislip at the 2015 general election,^[311] becoming the party's candidate in September.^[312][313] In the May 2015 general election, Johnson was elected MP. There was much speculation that he had returned to Parliament because he wanted to replace Cameron as Conservative leader and prime minister.^[314]

Brexit campaign: 2015–2016

In February 2016, Johnson endorsed Vote Leave in the "Out" campaign for the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum.^[315] He called Cameron's warnings about leaving "greatly over exaggerated". Following this announcement, which was interpreted by financial markets as making Brexit more probable, the pound sterling slumped by nearly 2% against the US dollar, reaching its lowest level since March 2009.^[316]

In April 2016, in an article for The Sun, in response to a comment by President Barack Obama that Britain should remain in the European Union, Johnson said an "ancestral dislike" of Britain owing to his "part-Kenyan" background may have shaped Obama's views.^[301] Conservative MP Sir Nicholas Soames branded the comments "idiotic" and "deeply offensive".^[317] Several Labour and Liberal Democrat politicians condemned them as racist and unacceptable.^[318][319] In light of the remark, a King's College London student society revoked a speaking invitation it had extended to him.^[320] Conversely, both the Conservative Iain Duncan Smith and UK Independence Party (UKIP) leader Nigel Farage defended his comments.^[318][321]

Johnson supported Vote Leave's statement that the government was committed to Turkish accession to the EU at the earliest possible opportunity, contradicting the Britain Stronger in Europe campaign's view that Turkey "is not an issue in this referendum and it shouldn't be". Vote Leave was accused of implying that 80 million Turks would come to the UK if it stayed in the EU. When interviewed in January 2019, he said he had not mentioned Turkey during the campaign.^[322][323] On 22 June 2016, Johnson declared 23 June could be "Britain's independence day" in a televised debate in front of a 6,000-member audience at Wembley Arena.^[324] David Cameron, British prime minister at the time, specifically addressed Johnson's claim, publicly stating, "the idea that our country isn't independent is nonsense. This whole debate demonstrates our sovereignty."^[325]

Following the victory of the "Leave" campaign, Cameron resigned as Conservative leader and prime minister. Johnson was widely regarded as the front-runner to succeed him.^[326][327] Johnson announced he would not stand in the Conservative leadership election.^[328] Shortly before, Michael Gove, hitherto a Johnson ally, concluded that Johnson "cannot provide the leadership or build the team for the task ahead".^[329][330] The Telegraph called Gove's comments "the most spectacular political assassination in a generation".^[331] Johnson endorsed Andrea Leadsom's candidature,^[332] but she dropped out of the race a week later, leaving Theresa May to be elected uncontested.

Foreign Secretary: 2016–2018

After Theresa May had become Conservative Party leader and prime minister, she appointed Johnson Foreign Secretary in July 2016.^[333] Analysts saw the appointment as a tactic to weaken Johnson politically: the new positions of "Brexit secretary" and international trade secretary left the foreign secretary as a figurehead with few powers.^[333][334] Johnson's appointment ensured he would often be out of the country and unable to organise and mobilise backbenchers against her, while forcing him to take responsibility for problems caused by withdrawing from the EU.^[335][336]

Some journalists and foreign politicians criticised Johnson's appointment because of his history of controversial statements about other countries.^{[337][338][339]} His tenure in the role has attracted criticism from diplomats and foreign policy experts.^[340][341] A number of diplomats, FCO staff and foreign ministers who worked with Johnson compared his leadership unfavourably to previous foreign secretaries for his perceived lack of conviction or substantive positions on British foreign policy issues.^[340][341] Former Swedish prime minister Carl Bildt said: "I wish it was a joke."^[342] A senior official in Obama's government suggested Johnson's appointment would push the US further towards Germany at the expense of the Special Relationship with the UK.^[343] On one occasion Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi walked out of a meeting with Johnson after a meeting did not "get beyond the pleasantries".^[340]

Johnson's visit to Turkey from 25 to 27 September 2016 was somewhat tense because he had won Douglas Murray's offensive poetry competition about the President of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, four months earlier.^[344] When questioned by a journalist whether he would apologise for the poem, Johnson dismissed the matter as "trivia".^[345] Johnson pledged to help Turkey join the EU and expressed support for Erdogan's government.^[346] Johnson supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen and refused to block UK arms sales to Saudi Arabia,^[347] stating there was no clear evidence of breaches of international humanitarian law by Saudi Arabia in the war in Yemen.^[348] In September 2016, human rights groups accused him of blocking the UN inquiry into Saudi war crimes in Yemen.^[349] Given the UK-Saudi alliance, in December, he attracted attention for commenting the Saudis were akin to the Iranians in "puppeteering and playing proxy wars" throughout the Middle East.^{[350][351][352]} May said his comments did not represent the government's view.^[353]

In November 2016, Johnson told the Foreign Affairs Select Committee that Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe—a British-Iranian dual citizen serving a five-year prison sentence in Iran after being arrested for training citizen journalists and bloggers in a BBC World Service Trust project—had been "simply teaching people journalism". Zaghari-Ratcliffe had said that her visit had been made simply for her daughter to meet her grandparents. Facing criticism, Johnson stated he had been misquoted and that nothing he said had justified Zaghari-Ratcliffe's sentence.^[354][355] In May 2018, Johnson backed^[356][357] the Iran nuclear deal framework, despite Donald Trump's withdrawal.^[358] Johnson said the deal brought economic benefits to the Iranian people.^[359] Johnson described the Gülen movement as a "cult" and supported Turkey's post-coup purges. He said that Turkey's coup attempt "was deeply violent, deeply anti-democratic, deeply sinister and it was totally right that it was crushed".^[360]

In April 2017, Johnson said that Gibraltar's sovereignty was "not going to change" after Brexit.^[361] Johnson promised while in Northern Ireland that Brexit would leave the Irish border "absolutely unchanged".^[362] In May 2017, during the 2017 United Kingdom general election, a woman criticised him for discussing ending tariffs on Indian whisky in a Sikh temple in Bristol (Sikhism prohibits alcohol use). He later expressed regret that the protester held differing views to his on alcohol.^[363]

Johnson visited the islands of Anguilla, and Tortola (in the British Virgin Islands) on 13 September 2017 to confirm the United Kingdom's commitment to helping restore British territories devastated by Hurricane Irma.^[364][365] He said he was reminded of photos of Hiroshima after the atom bomb had landed on it.^[366]

In September 2017, he was criticised for reciting lines from Rudyard Kipling's poem Mandalay while visiting a Myanmar temple; the British ambassador, who was with him, suggested it was "not appropriate".^{[367][368][369]} In October 2017, he faced criticism for stating the Libyan city of Sirte could become an economic success like Dubai: "all they have to do is clear the dead bodies away".^[370][371] Johnson did not condemn the actions of the Spanish government and police during the outlawed Catalan independence referendum on 1 October 2017.^[372]

Johnson has backed a more aggressive policy towards Russia.^[373][374] Following the March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in Salisbury, an act which the UK government blamed on Russia,^[375][376] Johnson compared Vladimir Putin's hosting of the World Cup in Russia to Adolf Hitler's hosting of the Olympic Games in Berlin in 1936.^[377] Russia's Foreign Ministry denounced Johnson's "unacceptable and unworthy" parallel towards Russia, a "nation that lost millions of lives in fighting Nazism".^[378] Johnson described the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline from Russia to Germany as "divisive" and a "threat" that left Europe dependent on a "malign Russia" for its energy supplies.^[379]

Johnson has condemned the persecution of Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar.^[380] He compared the Rohingya situation with the displacement of Palestinians in 1948.^[381] Johnson supported the Turkish invasion of northern Syria aimed at ousting the Syrian Kurds from the enclave of Afrin.^[382]

In a September 2017 op-ed, Johnson reiterated the UK would regain control of £350m a week after Brexit, suggesting it go to the National Health Service (NHS).^[383] Cabinet colleagues subsequently criticised him for reviving the assertion and accused of "clear misuse of official statistics" by the chair of the UK Statistics Authority, Sir David Norgrove.^[384][385] The authority rejected the suggestion that it was quibbling over newspaper headlines and not Johnson's actual words.^[385] Following the 2017 general election, Johnson denied media reports he intended to challenge May's leadership.^[386] In a February 2018 letter to May, Johnson suggested that Northern Ireland may have to accept border controls after Brexit and that it would not seriously affect trade, having initially said a hard border would be unthinkable.^[387]

In March 2018, Johnson apologised for his "inadvertent sexism" after being criticised for calling Shadow Foreign Secretary Emily Thornberry as "Lady Nugee"; Thornberry was married to Christopher Nugee but did not use his surname.^[388] In June, he was reported as having said "fuck business" when asked about corporate concerns regarding a 'hard' Brexit.^{[389][390][391][392]}

Johnson said that US recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital is a "moment of opportunity" for peace.^[393] In June 2018, Johnson accused the UNHRC of focusing disproportionately on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories.^[394]

Secret recordings obtained by BuzzFeed News in June 2018 revealed Johnson's dissatisfaction with Prime Minister Theresa May's negotiating style, accusing her of being too collaborative with the European Union in Brexit negotiations. Comparing May's approach to that of the US President Donald Trump – who at the time was engaged in a combative trade war with the EU because it raised tariffs on metal – Johnson said: "Imagine Trump doing Brexit. He'd go in bloody hard ... There'd be all sorts of breakdowns, all sorts of chaos. Everyone would think he'd gone mad. But actually you might get somewhere. It's a very, very good thought." He also called Philip Hammond and the Treasury "the heart of Remain" and accused individuals of scaremongering over a Brexit "meltdown", saying "No panic. Pro bono publico, no bloody panic. It's going to be all right in the end."^[395]

During trips to the United States as foreign secretary, Johnson had repeated meetings with Trump adviser and speechwriter Stephen Miller, which were held off White House grounds and kept quiet from May. During the meetings, Miller and Johnson "swapped speech-writing ideas and tips".^[396]

In July 2018, three days after the cabinet had its meeting at Chequers to agree on a Brexit strategy,^[397] Johnson, along with Brexit Secretary David Davis,^[398] resigned his post.^[399]

Return to the backbenches: 2018–2019

By resigning as foreign secretary, Johnson returned to the role of a backbench MP. In July, he delivered a resignation speech, stating that ministers were "saying one thing to the EU about what we are really doing, and pretending another to the electorate". Johnson added that "it is not too late to save Brexit. We have time in these negotiations. We have changed tack once and we can change once again".^[400] Buzzfeed reported Johnson had been in contact with Steve Bannon, Donald Trump's former chief adviser. In interviews, Bannon had praised Johnson and said he should challenge Theresa May for the party leadership.^[401][402] In January 2019, Johnson came under criticism for remarks he had made during the 2016 Leave campaign regarding the prospect of Turkish accession to the European Union; he denied making such remarks.^[403] In March 2019, Johnson said that expenditure on investigating historic allegations of child abuse, instead of more police on the streets, was money "spaffed up the wall".^[404] A victim, anti-abuse organisations, a police chief and Shadow police minister Louise Haigh strongly criticised this.^[405]

Journalism

In July 2018, Johnson signed a 12‑month contract to write articles for the Telegraph Media Group.^[406] In August, the Advisory Committee on Business Appointments (ACoBA) reported that this employment was a breach of the Ministerial Code.^[406][407] In December, Johnson was ordered to apologise to Parliament for failing to declare £50,000 of earnings. The Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards found the errors were not inadvertent, and that Johnson had failed on nine occasions to make declarations within the rules.^[408]

In September 2018, Johnson wrote: "We have opened ourselves to perpetual political blackmail. We have wrapped a suicide vest around the British constitution – and handed the detonator to Michel Barnier." Senior Tories heavily criticised him, with Alan Duncan of the Foreign Office vowing to ensure the comments marked "the political end of Boris Johnson".^[409][410]

In April 2019, the Independent Press Standards Organisation ruled that a claim in a 6 January 2019 article in The Daily Telegraph, "The British people won't be scared into backing a woeful Brexit deal nobody voted for", authored by Johnson,^[411] that a no-deal Brexit was "by some margin preferred by the British public" was false, and "represented a failure to take care over the accuracy of the article in breach of Clause 1 (i)" of its guidelines, and required that a correction to the false claim be published in the print edition, and appended to the online version.^[412]

2019 Conservative Party leadership election

On 16 May 2019, Johnson confirmed he would stand in the forthcoming Conservative Party leadership election following Theresa May's anticipated resignation.^[413] On 7 June, Johnson formally launched his campaign, saying, "we must leave the EU on 31 October. We must do better than the current Withdrawal Agreement that has been rejected three times by Parliament—and let me clear that I am not aiming for a no-deal outcome. I don't think that we will end up with any such thing. But it is only responsible to prepare vigorously and seriously for no deal."^[414] On the campaign trail, Johnson warned of "catastrophic consequences for voter trust in politics" if the government pushed the EU for further delays. He advocated removing the backstop from any Brexit deal and replacing it with alternative arrangements. On 25 and 26 August, he announced plans to retain £7 or £9 billion of the £39 billion divorce payment the UK is due to transfer to the EU upon withdrawal.^[415][416]

Johnson initially pledged to cut income tax for earners of more than £50,000 by raising the 40% tax threshold to £80,000, but backed away from this plan in June 2019 after coming under assault in a televised BBC debate.^[417] He has also said he plans to raise the level at which low-paid workers start to pay National Insurance.^[418]

A poll of party members published on 13 June showed Johnson to be the clear front-runner.^[419] He received 114 votes in the first ballot of party MPs,^[420] 126 in the next, 143 votes in the third and 157 in the fourth. In the last ballot, on 20 June, he reached 160 votes and was named one of the final two candidates, alongside Jeremy Hunt.^[421]

The members' vote closed on 22 July. The following day, Johnson was elected leader with 92,153 votes (66%) to Hunt's 46,656 (34%).^[422]

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

First Ministry (July–December 2019)

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Boris Johnson: First Speech as Prime Minister

On 24 July 2019, the day following Johnson's election as Conservative Party leader, Queen Elizabeth II accepted Theresa May's resignation and appointed Johnson as prime minister. This made Johnson the second prime minister to be born outside of the British Isles, after fellow Conservative Bonar Law, and the first to be born outside British territories.^[423] Johnson appointed Dominic Cummings, whom he worked with on the Vote Leave campaign, as his senior adviser.^[424]

Brexit policy

In his first speech as PM, Johnson said that the United Kingdom would leave the European Union on 31 October 2019 with or without a deal, and promised to remove the Irish backstop from the Brexit withdrawal agreement.^[425][426] Johnson declared his intention to re-open negotiations on the withdrawal agreement, but talks did not immediately resume as the EU refused to accept Johnson's pre-condition that the backstop be removed.^[427] The government subsequently announced £2.1bn of funding to prepare for a no-deal Brexit on 31 October.^[428] On 28 August 2019, UK and EU negotiators agreed to resume regular meetings to discuss the withdrawal agreement.^[429]

Also on 28 August 2019, Johnson declared he had asked the Queen to prorogue parliament from 10 September, narrowing the window in which parliament could block a no-deal Brexit and causing a political controversy.^[430] The Queen at Privy Council approved prorogation later the same day, and it began on 10 September, scheduled to last until 14 October.^[431] Some suggested^[432] that this prorogation amounted to a self-coup, and on 31 August 2019, protests occurred in towns and cities throughout the United Kingdom.^[433][434] As of 2 September 2019, three separate court cases challenging Johnson's action were in progress or scheduled to take place,^[435] and on 11 September, three Scottish judges ruled the prorogation of the UK Parliament to be unlawful.^[436][437] On 12 September, Johnson denied lying to the Queen over suspension of the parliament, while a Belfast Court rejected claims that his Brexit plans will have a negative impact on Northern Ireland's peace policy.^[438] On 24 September, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that Johnson's advice to prorogue parliament was unlawful, and therefore the prorogation was rendered null and of no effect.^{[439][440][441]}

When parliament resumed on 3 September 2019, Johnson indicated he would call a general election under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act after opposition and rebel Conservative MPs successfully voted against the government to take control of the order of business to prevent a no-deal exit.^[442] Despite government opposition, the Benn Act, a bill to block a no-deal exit, successfully passed the Commons on 4 September 2019, causing Johnson to propose a general election on 15 October.^[443] His motion was unsuccessful as it failed to command the support of two-thirds of the House.^[444]

In October 2019, following bilateral talks between Johnson and Taoiseach Leo Varadkar,^[445] the UK and EU agreed to a revised deal, which replaced the backstop with a new Northern Ireland protocol.^{[446][447][448]}

First Cabinet

Johnson appointed his Cabinet on 24 July 2019, describing it as a "Cabinet for modern Britain",^[449] with The Guardian branding it "an ethnically diverse but ideologically homogeneous statement of intent".^[450] While forming his government, Johnson dismissed 11 senior ministers and accepted the resignation of six others, a purge described by Johnson's ally Nigel Evans as "not so much a reshuffle as a summer's day massacre".^[451][452] The mass dismissal was the most extensive Cabinet reorganisation without a change in then ruling party in postwar British political history, exceeding the seven Cabinet ministers dismissed in the "Night of the Long Knives" of 1962;^[453][454]

Among other appointments, Johnson made Dominic Raab the First Secretary of State and foreign secretary, and appointed Sajid Javid and Priti Patel as the Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary, respectively. Johnson increased the number of ministers attending the Cabinet to 33, four more than had attended the May Cabinet. One quarter of those appointed were women, and the Cabinet set a record for ethnic minority representation, with four secretaries of state and two additional ministers coming from minority backgrounds. Nearly two-thirds of those appointed went to fee-paying schools, and almost half had attended Oxbridge universities.^[449] Johnson also created a new ministerial role to be held by himself, Minister for the Union, fulfilling a campaign pledge he had made in the leadership election.^[455]

Spending plans

Shortly after he had become prime minister, Johnson's government announced increased public sector spending. In particular, it was announced that an extra 20,000 police officers would be hired, the roll-out of high-speed broadband would be sped up, the funding per school pupil would be increased to a minimum of £5,000 and £1.8 billion for upgrades and new equipment at hospitals. £1 billion of the money for hospitals was money that NHS providers had saved over the past three years and then previously been told they could not spend, rather than being new money.^[456] The Chancellor Sajid Javid also announced that the spending review would be fast-tracked to September. Javid said that this was so that departments would be free to plan for the planned Brexit date of 31 October 2019, but there was speculation that the increased spending was to gain popularity in preparation for a possible election in autumn 2019.^[457][458]

Foreign policy

Johnson said his government would be very "pro-China" in an interview with the Hong Kong broadcaster Phoenix TV. He voiced support for Chinese President Xi Jinping's infrastructure investment effort, the Belt and Road Initiative, and promised to keep the United Kingdom "the most open economy in Europe" for Chinese investment.^[459]

Johnson supported the European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement,^[460] which would form one of the world's largest free trade areas.^[461] Johnson's government placed importance on maintaining the "Special Relationship" with the United States.^[462][463]

In December 2019, Johnson said: "quite a large number of people coming in from the whole of the EU – 580 million population – [had been] able to treat the UK as though it's basically part of their own country and the problem with that is there has been no control at all".^[464] The co-founder of The 3 Million accused Johnson of "demonising" EU migrants.^[465][466]

The United Kingdom and Mauritius dispute the sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean.^[467] In February 2019, the International Court of Justice in The Hague issued an advisory opinion stating that the UK must transfer the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius. In June 2020, 30 British MPs – including Labour, SNP and Liberal Democrats – signed a letter calling on Prime Minister Johnson to act immediately on the ICJ ruling.^[468] Johnson disputed Mauritian claims to sovereignty over the Chagos.^[469]

Loss of working majority

On 3 September 2019, Phillip Lee crossed the floor to the Liberal Democrats following a disagreement with Johnson's Brexit policy. This left the government without a working majority in the House of Commons.^[470] Later that day, 21 Conservative MPs, including the Father of the House and former Chancellor Kenneth Clarke, and another former Chancellor Philip Hammond, had the party whip withdrawn for defying party orders and supporting an opposition motion.^[471] (The whip was restored to 10 former Conservative ministers on 29 October.^[472])

On 5 September 2019, Johnson's brother Jo Johnson resigned from the government and announced that he would step down as MP, describing his position as "torn between family and national interest".^[473] Two days later, Amber Rudd resigned as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and from the Conservative Party, describing the withdrawal of the party whip from the MPs as an "assault on decency and democracy".^[474]

2019 general election

In October 2019, Parliament was dissolved, and an election called for 12 December. The election resulted in the Conservative Party winning 43.6% of the vote and a parliamentary landslide majority of 80 seats—its biggest since 1987 under Margaret Thatcher.^[475]

Second Ministry (December 2019–present)

Second Cabinet

Johnson reshuffled his cabinet on 13 February 2020.^[476] Five Cabinet ministers were sacked, including the Northern Ireland Secretary Julian Smith, a decision that was criticised by several politicians and commentators following his success in restoring the Northern Ireland Executive devolved government.^[477] Chancellor of the Exchequer Sajid Javid resigned from the Cabinet after refusing a demand from Johnson and Dominic Cummings that he dismiss his advisers.^[478] Javid was replaced as Chancellor by Rishi Sunak; Javid later returned to Johnson's Cabinet as Secretary of State for Health and Social Care in June 2021 following the resignation of Matt Hancock.

COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic emerged as a serious crisis within the first few months of Johnson's second term.^[479] Throughout the pandemic, Johnson made a number of policy decisions to curb the pandemic some time after the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE) advised them contradicting his previous pledges and statements.^{[480][481][482][483][484][485]} Johnson's non-attendance of five COBR briefings during the early months of the pandemic and the failure of the UK government to prepare for and control the outbreak has been criticised.^{[486][487][488][489]} The UK was amongst the last major European states to encourage social distancing, close schools, ban public events and order a lockdown.^[490][491] This slow response is thought to have contributed to the UK's high death toll from COVID-19, among the highest in the world in total and by population.^{[487][492][493]} Johnson's public communication over the virus has also been criticised.^[487][494]

On 3 March, Johnson admitted to shaking hands with COVID patients in hospital on the same day that the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE) had advised the government to warn the public not to shake hands and minimise physical contact.^[495][496] On 20 March, Johnson requested the closure of pubs, restaurants, gyms, entertainment venues, museums and galleries that evening, though with some regret, saying, "We’re taking away the ancient, inalienable right of free-born people of the United Kingdom to go to the pub."^[497][498] On 23 March, this was strengthened into a "stay at home" order throughout the UK, except for a few limited purposes, backed up by new legal powers.^[499]

On 27 March, it was announced that Johnson had tested positive for COVID-19.^{[500][501][502]} On 5 April, with his symptoms persisting, he was admitted to St Thomas' Hospital in London for tests.^[503] The next day, his condition having worsened, he was moved to the hospital's intensive care unit;^[504][505] Dominic Raab was appointed to deputise for him.^[505] Johnson left intensive care on 9 April,^[506] and left hospital three days later to recuperate at Chequers.^[507] After a fortnight at Chequers, he returned to Downing Street on the evening of 26 April and was said to be chairing a government coronavirus "war cabinet" meeting.^[508]

A scandal in May 2020 involved Johnson's chief political advisor Dominic Cummings, who made a trip with his family to Durham during the March 2020 lockdown while suffering from COVID-19 symptoms. Both Cummings and Johnson rejected widespread calls that Cummings resign.^{[509][510][511]} Calls for Johnson to sack Cummings came from MPs both within and outside the Conservative party, scientific advisors and media. Johnson's defence of Cummings and his refusal to sack him caused a widespread backlash.^[512] This resulted in a loss of confidence in the government and specifically its response to the pandemic, referred to as 'the Cummings effect' in a study in The Lancet. Concerns were raised in the study that this could affect the public's compliance with pandemic restrictions.^[513][514]

The Johnson ministry has been accused of cronyism in their assignment of contracts related to the pandemic response. Procurement of government contracts for key COVID-19 supplies and measures has become less transparent as a result of emergency measures which have bypassed the usual competitive tendering process.^[515][15] In October 2020, Johnson conceded that the UK's test and trace system and its specially developed contact tracing app, which had been criticised for their cost and operational issues, had caused "frustrations" and needed improvement.^{[487][516][517]}

Johnson reportedly resisted calls from SAGE and within the government to enact a second lockdown throughout September as COVID-19 infections rose.^[484][518] In April 2021, Johnson denied allegations he had said he would rather "let the bodies pile high in their thousands" than enact a second national lockdown on 30 October 2020.^{[519][520][521]} The government enacted a second national lockdown on 31 October.^[482]

Throughout December 2020, COVID-19 cases across the UK rose significantly, putting additional strain on emergency services and hospitals^[522][523] s the novel variant Lineage B.1.1.7 spread widely.^[524] In response, the government enacted further restrictions to large parts of southern and eastern England and shortened a planned household mixing period over Christmas on 21 December.^[483] A third lockdown for the whole of England was announced on 4 January 2021.^[522] Record numbers of infections and daily deaths were recorded in the UK throughout January, and the government began exploring quarantine procedures on arrival.^[525] Johnson said he was "deeply sorry" and "take[s] full responsibility" as the UK passed 100,000 deaths from COVID-19, the first European country to do so, on 26 January.^[526]

The UK was the first country in the world to begin its COVID-19 vaccination programme on 8 December 2020.^[522] Half of UK adults had received at least their first vaccine dose by 20 March 2021. Johnson received his first dose of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine on the previous day.^[527]

Hong Kong

On 3 June 2020, Johnson announced that if China were to continue pursuing the Hong Kong national security law, the UK would offer 350,000 Hong Kong residents who are British National (Overseas) passport holders, and 2.6 million other eligible individuals, the chance to move to the UK, with the possibility of later applying for citizenship.^[528] China accused the UK of interfering in its internal affairs.^[529]

Afghanistan

On 8 July 2021, the day after saying he was "apprehensive" about the future of Afghanistan following what was then the impending withdrawal of US troops, whilst announcing the near completion of British troop withdrawal from Afghanistan, Johnson expressed the view that there was "no military path to victory for the Taliban".^[530][531] A few weeks later, following the fall of Kabul to the Taliban, he blamed the United States for the crisis caused by the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan,^[532][533] saying that NATO alliance members "could not continue this US-led mission, a mission conceived and executed in support of America, without American logistics, without US air power and without American might".^[534]

UK–EU trade negotiation

On 16 October 2020 Johnson said that the UK "must get ready" for no trade deal with the EU.^[535] After last-minute negotiations, it was announced on 24 December that a trade deal had been agreed.^[536] Entitled the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, it came into force provisionally on 1 January 2021.

Departure of Dominic Cummings and Lee Cain

On 12 November 2020, Downing Street Director of Communications Lee Cain resigned amid infighting within the cabinet. He had been offered a promotion to chief of staff before his departure.^[537] On 13 November, Johnson ordered Chief Adviser Dominic Cummings, a longtime colleague of Cain, to vacate Downing Street. Despite this, reports stated Cummings and Cain would continue to work for the cabinet "from home" until mid-December.^[538][539] Several months after his dismissal, on 26 May 2021, Cummings claimed during a seven-hour testimony delivered to parliament that Johnson was "unfit for the job" and that "tens of thousands of people died who didn't need to die" during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic due to what he claimed to be "criminal, disgraceful behaviour" within Downing Street under the supervision of Health Secretary Matt Hancock.^[540][541] Johnson and Hancock denied some of Cummings' claims but refused to acknowledge others, such as Cummings claiming Johnson attempted to play down the threat of COVID-19 by claiming it was "only killing 80-year-olds" during the pandemic's early stages.^[542][543]

Legislative agenda

At the State Opening of Parliament on 11 May 2021, a range of proposed laws were announced that are expected to be enacted during Johnson's second term. These measures include the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill, which would restore the royal prerogative to dissolve Parliament; a Higher Education (Freedom of Speech) Bill to combat deplatforming at universities;^[544] an Online Safety Bill that would impose a statutory duty of care on online companies and empower Ofcom to block particular websites;^[545] and an Animal Welfare (Sentience) Bill that would legally recognise animal sentience. Further laws would introduce mandatory voter identification at general elections and reform the national immigration system.^[544]

Political positions and ideology

Ideologically, Johnson has described himself as a "One-Nation Tory".^[546][547] In 2012, the political scientist Tony Travers described Johnson as "a fairly classic—that is, small-state—mildly eurosceptic Conservative" who, like his contemporaries Cameron and George Osborne, also embraced "modern social liberalism".^[548] The Guardian stated that while mayor, Johnson blended economic and social liberalism,^[549] with The Economist saying that in doing so Johnson "transcends his Tory identity" and adopts a more libertarian perspective.^[550] Stuart Reid, Johnson's colleague at The Spectator, described the latter's views as being those of a "liberal libertarian".^[551] Business Insider commented that as London mayor, Johnson gained a reputation as "a liberal, centre-ground politician".^[552]

Johnson's biographer and friend Andrew Gimson said that while "in economic and social matters, [Johnson] is a genuine liberal", he retains a "Tory element" to his personality through his "love of existing institutions, and a recognition of the inevitability of hierarchy".^[553] His liberal stance on matters such as social policy, immigration and free trade were also commented on in 2019.^[554][555] In 2019, Al Jazeera editor James Brownswell said that although Johnson had "leaned to the right" since the Brexit campaign, he remained "slightly more socially liberal" than much of his party.^[556] In 2019, former Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party Michael Heseltine said Johnson "has no right to call himself a one-nation Conservative" and wrote: "I fear that any traces of liberal conservatism that still exist within the prime minister have long since been captured by the rightwing, foreigner-bashing, inward-looking view of the world that has come to characterise his fellow Brexiters."^[557]

Stuart Wilks-Heeg, executive director of Democratic Audit, said that "Boris is politically nimble",^[548] while biographer Sonia Purnell stated that Johnson regularly changed his opinion on political issues, commenting on what she perceived to be "an ideological emptiness beneath the staunch Tory exterior".^[558] She later referred to his "opportunistic – some might say pragmatic – approach to politics".^[17] In 2014, former Mayor Ken Livingstone said in an interview with the New Statesman that, while he had once feared Johnson as "the most hardline right-wing ideologue since Thatcher", over the course of Johnson's mayoralty he had instead concluded he was "a fairly lazy tosser who just wants to be there" while doing very little work.^[559]

Writing for Prospect, Philip Collins suggested that Johnson and other Brexiteers in the Conservative Party were "British Gaullists" who were "drawing on a conception of the nation in which the dormant spirit of liberty is being reborn". He suggested this was a form of nationalism, albeit not of the "chauvinistic" variety.^[560] In Politico, Michael Hirsch compared Johnson to Trump, suggesting that both were advocates of a "New Nationalism".^[561] Johnson responded he is "not a nationalist if by that you mean I'm a xenophobe or someone who deprecates other countries and cultures".^[562]

Purnell has argued Johnson "is nothing if not an elitist".^[563] In a 2000 article titled "Long Live Elitism", Johnson stated that "without elites and elitism man would still be in his caves".^[564] Since the Brexit campaign, he has criticised the "cynicism of the elite" about Brexit,^[565] described an "elite conspiracy to thwart Brexit",^[566] and accused the elite of being "frankly indifferent to the suffering that their policies are causing".^[567] Some media sources have therefore called him a "populist".^{[568][569][570]} The historian Richard J. Evans has described Boris Johnson as "a firm believer in the 'great man' theory of history".^[571]

Environmentalism

Despite frequently speaking about climate change and environmental issues, New Scientist noted that Johnson "generally voted against measures to prevent climate change" as an MP.^[572] Michael Gove has said that while at Oxford, Johnson introduced himself as a "green Tory".^[573] In 2019, Johnson's government aimed to achieve "net-zero" greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.^[574] He warned against Britain "napping" on the issue^[575] and said "as Saudi Arabia is to oil, the UK is to wind".^[576]

The Observer, however, has disputed Johnson's environmental record.^[577] Former Minister of State for Energy and Clean Growth Claire O'Neill has said that Johnson has "admitted to [her] that he doesn't really understand" climate change.^[578] In 2015, Johnson published a column in The Daily Telegraph that suggested the warm weather in December was not attributable to global warming and cited a factually incorrect claim by meteorologist and conspiracy theorist Piers Corbyn about how reduced solar activity could lead to a "mini-Ice Age".^[572][579] Bloomberg noted that Johnson's interest in climate change appears to have increased since becoming Prime Minister, and suggested this could be influenced by his partner Carrie Symonds and father Stanley Johnson, who are both active environmental campaigners.^[578]

In November 2020, Johnson announced a 10-point plan for a "green industrial revolution", which would include the end the sale of petrol and diesel cars and vans by 2030,^[c] quadruple the amount of offshore wind power capacity within a decade, fund a variety of emissions-cutting proposals, and spurn a green post-COVID recovery.^[581] Representatives of Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth criticised Johnson's comments on plans to introduce "enforceable limits" on carbon emissions for other countries ahead of the COP26 summit that the UK will host, which they accused of being unsubstantive.^[582]

In 2021, the UK government under Johnson's leadership announced plans to cut carbon emissions by 78% by 2035,^[583] and the MI6 secretly began "green spying" to investigate if foreign nations were genuinely keeping their climate change pacts.^[584]

Immigration and the European Union

Purnell believed it was the influence of Johnson's maternal family, the left-wing Fawcetts, that led to him developing "a genuine abhorrence of racial discrimination".^[585] In 2003, Johnson said of the EU, "I am not by any means an ultra-Eurosceptic. In some ways, I am a bit of a fan of the European Union. If we did not have one, we would invent something like it."^[586] As Mayor of London, Johnson was known as a supporter of immigration.^[586] From 2009, he advocated a referendum on Britain's EU membership.^{[586][587][588]}

In 2018, during the Brexit negotiations, he called for Britain to leave the Single Market^[586] and advocated a more liberal approach to immigration than that of Prime Minister Theresa May.^[589] He stated many people believed that Britain's EU membership had led to the suppression of the wages of its "indigenous" people and said the EU was intent on creating a "superstate" that would seek to rob Britain of its sovereignty.^[586] In 2019, Johnson said he would take Britain out of the EU on 31 October whether there was a trade deal in place or not.^[590] Johnson also stated his opposition to a referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement.^[591]

On 19 August 2019, Johnson wrote a letter to the EU and asked for the removal of the "backstop" accord, which had previously been agreed and signed by Theresa May during her premiership. The president of the European Council, Donald Tusk, rejected the proposal.^[592] On 26 August 2019, Johnson said that Britain would not pay £39 billion for the withdrawal agreement were the UK to leave without a deal on 31 October. The European Parliament Brexit coordinator Guy Verhofstadt said there would be no further negotiation on the trade deal unless the UK agreed to pay the entire sum.^[593]

Unionism and devolution

Speaking in Northern Ireland, Johnson described himself as a "fervent and passionate unionist".^[594] He has proposed building a bridge between Scotland and Northern Ireland.^[595][596]

The devolved administrations have criticised the Internal Market Bill for its re-centralisation of control over commerce, reversing the devolution of power in the United Kingdom.^[597] In 2020, Johnson reportedly said that "devolution has been a disaster" in Scotland, and said Scottish devolution was Tony Blair's "biggest mistake".^[598] He later clarified he was merely criticising the "performance of devolution" in Scotland under the SNP and did not "oppose devolution as a concept in itself".^[599]

Public persona

Often known simply as Boris,^[600] Johnson has attracted a variety of nicknames, including "BoJo", a portmanteau of his forename and surname.^[601] Biographer Sonia Purnell described his public persona as "brand Boris", noting he developed it while at the University of Oxford.^[602] Max Hastings referred to this public image as a "façade resembling that of P. G. Wodehouse's Gussie Fink-Nottle, allied to wit, charm, brilliance and startling flashes of instability",^[603] while political scientist Andrew Crines stated Johnson displayed "the character of a likable and trustworthy individual with strong intellectual capital".^[604] Private Eye editor Ian Hislop has defined him as "Beano Boris" due to his perceived comical nature, saying: "He's our Berlusconi ... He's the only feel-good politician we have, everyone else is too busy being responsible."^[605] To the journalist Dave Hill, Johnson was "a unique figure in British politics, an unprecedented blend of comedian, conman, faux subversive showman and populist media confection".^[606]

Johnson purposely cultivates a "semi-shambolic look",^[607] for instance, by specifically ruffling his hair in a certain way when he makes public appearances.^[608] Purnell described him as "a manic self-promoter" who filled his life with "fun and jokes".^[609] Described by Crines as "a joker",^[604] Johnson has said that "humour is a utensil that you can use to sugar the pill and to get important points across".^[609] Purnell wrote colleagues regularly expressed the view that Johnson used people to advance his own interests,^[610] with author Andrew Gimson saying that Johnson was "one of the great flatterers of our times".^[611] Purnell commented he deflected serious questions using "a little humour and a good deal of bravado".^[612] According to Gimson, Johnson was "a humane man" who "could also be staggeringly inconsiderate of others" when pursuing his own interests.^[613] Gimson added Johnson has "an excessive desire to be liked".^[614]

According to Sonia Purnell, [Johnson] is blessed with immense charisma, wit, sex appeal and celebrity gold dust; he is also recognised and loved by millions—although perhaps less so by many who have had to work closely with him (let alone depend on him). Resourceful, cunning and strategic, he can pull off serious political coups when the greater good happens to coincide with his personal advantage but these aspirations are rarely backed up by concrete achievements, or even detailed plans.^[615] Furthermore, Purnell said Johnson was a "highly evasive figure" when it came to his personal life,^[616] who remained detached from others and who had very few if any intimate friends.^[617] Among friends and family, Johnson is more commonly known as Al (short for his forename Alexander), rather than his middle name Boris.^[618] Gimson stated Johnson "has very bad manners. He tends to be late, does not care about being late, and dresses without much care."^[619] Highly ambitious and very competitive, Johnson was, Gimson wrote, born "to wage a ceaseless struggle for supremacy".^[620] He would be angered with those he thought insulted aspects of his personal life; for instance, when an article in The Telegraph upset Johnson, he emailed commissioning editor Sam Leith with the simple message "Fuck off and die."^[621] Thus, according to Purnell, Johnson hides his ruthlessness "using bumbling, self-deprecation or humour",^[622] and was a fan of "laddish banter and crude sexual references".^[623]

Personal life

Having been born in New York City to British parents, Johnson at first held British-American dual citizenship. In 2014, he acknowledged he was disputing a demand for capital gains tax from the US tax authorities on a property that he inherited in the United Kingdom,^[624][625] which ultimately he paid.^[626] In February 2015, he announced his intention to renounce his US citizenship to demonstrate his loyalty to the UK,^[627][628] which he did in 2016.^[629] Johnson has a knowledge of French, Italian, German, Spanish,^[90] Latin, and Ancient Greek,^[630] frequently employing and alluding to classical references in both his newspaper columns and his speeches.^[602] His favourite movie is The Godfather, due to "the multiple retribution killings at the end".^[631]

In 2007, Johnson said he had smoked cannabis before he went to university.^[632] He has also said he had used cocaine.^[633]

Religion

Johnson was baptised a Catholic and later confirmed into the Church of England,^[53] but has said that his faith "comes and goes"^[634] and that he is not a serious practising Christian.^[635] In 2020, his son Wilfred was baptised Catholic, prompting suggestions that Johnson had returned to Catholicism.^[636] Johnson and Symonds married in a Catholic ceremony at Westminster Cathedral on 29 May 2021.^[637] To be married in the Catholic Church, Johnson needed to have his two previous marriages proven to be invalid by reason of lack of canonical form. Since he was baptised Catholic, but his previous weddings were not conferred by the Catholic Church, they are considered putatively invalid.^[638][639]

Johnson holds ancient Greek statesman and orator Pericles as a personal hero.^[640][641] According to Johnson's biographer, Andrew Gimson, regarding ancient Greek and Roman polytheism: "it is clear that [Johnson] is inspired by the Romans, and even more by the Greeks, and repelled by the early Christians".^[642] Johnson views secular humanism positively and sees it as owing more to the classical world than to Christian thinking.^[643] However, in 2021, Johnson was asked if he held pre-Christian beliefs, which he denied, saying, "Christianity is a superb ethical system and I would count myself as a kind of very, very bad Christian[.] No disrespect to any other religions, but Christianity makes a lot of sense to me."^[644]

Relationships

In 1987, Johnson married Allegra Mostyn-Owen, daughter of the art historian William Mostyn-Owen and Italian writer Gaia Servadio.^[645] The couple's marriage ended in divorce or annulment in 1993^[d] and 12 days later Johnson married Marina Wheeler, a barrister, daughter of journalist and broadcaster Charles Wheeler.^[649] Five weeks later, Wheeler and Johnson's first child was born.^[650][651] The Wheeler and Johnson families have known each other for decades,^[652] and Marina Wheeler was at the European School, Brussels, at the same time as her future husband. They have four children: Lara Lettice, Milo Arthur, Cassia Peaches, and Theodore Apollo.^[653]

Between 2000 and 2004, Johnson had an affair with Spectator columnist Petronella Wyatt when he was its editor, resulting in a terminated pregnancy and a miscarriage.^[171] In April 2006, the News of the World alleged that Johnson was having an affair with Guardian journalist Anna Fazackerley. The pair did not comment and shortly afterwards Johnson employed Fazackerley.^[182][183]

In 2009, Johnson fathered a daughter with Helen MacIntyre, an arts consultant. In 2013, the Court of Appeal discharged an injunction banning reporting of his daughter's existence. The judge ruled the public had a right to know about Johnson's "reckless" behaviour.^{[220][654][655]} Johnson has not disclosed how many children he has.^[4][5][654]

In September 2018, Johnson and Wheeler issued a statement confirming that after 25 years of marriage they had separated "several months ago", and had begun divorce proceedings.^[656] They reached a financial settlement in February 2020,^[657] and the divorce was finalised by November 2020.^[658]

In October 2020, Jennifer Arcuri, asked whether her 'friendship' with Johnson was in fact an affair, said "I think that goes without saying ... But I'm not going to talk about it."^[659] In March 2021, she went into more detail about the alleged affair in an interview with the Sunday Mirror, saying it lasted from 2012 to 2016.^[660][661]

In 2019, Johnson was living with Carrie Symonds, the daughter of Matthew Symonds, co-founder of The Independent newspaper. Symonds had worked for the Conservative party since 2009 and worked on Johnson's 2012 campaign to be re-elected as Mayor.^[662] On 29 February 2020, Johnson and Symonds announced they had become engaged in late 2019, and that Symonds was expecting a baby in early summer.^[663] Their son, Wilfred Lawrie Nicholas Johnson,^[664] was born on 29 April 2020 at University College Hospital in London.^[3][665]

On 29 May 2021, Johnson married Symonds in a secret ceremony at Westminster Cathedral attended by thirty guests,^[637][666] becoming the first prime minister to marry in office since Lord Liverpool married Mary Chester in 1822.^[667] On 31 July 2021, it was announced that they are expecting their second child together.^[668]

Family and ancestors

Johnson is the eldest of the four children of Stanley Johnson, a former Conservative member of the European Parliament and an employee of the European Commission and the World Bank, and the painter Charlotte Johnson Wahl (née Fawcett),^[22] the daughter of Sir James Fawcett, a barrister^[669][670] and president of the European Commission of Human Rights.^[671] His younger siblings are Rachel Johnson, a writer and journalist; Leo Johnson, a partner specialising in sustainability at accountancy firm PricewaterhouseCoopers;^[672] and Jo Johnson, ex-minister of state and former Conservative MP for Orpington, who resigned from his brother's government in September 2019^[473] and is now a member of the House of Lords. Johnson's stepmother, Jenny, the second wife of his father Stanley, is the stepdaughter of Teddy Sieff, the former chairman of Marks & Spencer.^[673] Having been a member of the Conservatives between 2008 and 2011, Rachel Johnson joined the Liberal Democrats in 2017.^[674] She stood as a candidate for Change UK in the 2019 European Elections.^[675] Johnson also has two half-siblings, Julia and Maximilian, through his father's later marriage to Jennifer Kidd. ^[676][677]

Johnson's paternal great-grandfather was the Ottoman journalist Ali Kemal who was of Turkish and Circassian origin,^{[678][679][680]} and a secular Muslim. Johnson's paternal grandfather, Wilfred Johnson, Ali Kemal's son, was an RAF pilot in Coastal Command during the Second World War.^[681] His father's other ancestry includes English, German and French; one of his German ancestors was said to be the illegitimate daughter of Prince Paul of Württemberg and thus a descendant of King George II of Great Britain.^[682] This would make him and Elizabeth II sixth cousins twice removed. Through Mary of Teck's connection to Duke Frederick II Eugene of Württemberg, they would in that case also have a closer genealogical link as fifth cousins twice removed. Johnson's mother is the granddaughter of Elias Avery Lowe, a palaeographer, who was a Russian Jewish immigrant to the US,^[683] and Pennsylvania-born Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter, a translator of Thomas Mann.^[684] Referring to his varied ancestry, Johnson has described himself as a "one-man melting pot" with a combination of Abrahamic religious great-grandparents.^[685] Johnson was given the middle name "Boris" after a Russian émigré his parents had once met.^[21] An episode of Who Do You Think You Are? explored the German origins of his middle name Pfeffel.^{[6][686][687]} Through this family line, Johnson is a descendant in the seventh generation of Anna Catharina Bischoff, whose mummified corpse was found in 1975 and identified in 2018.^[688][689]

Reception

Sonia Purnell described Johnson as "the most unconventional, yet compelling politician of the post-Blair era".^[616] She added he was "beloved by millions and recognised by all".^[616] Giles Edwards and Jonathan Isaby commented Johnson appealed to "a broad cross-section of the public",^[690] with his friends characterising him as a "Heineken Tory" who can appeal to voters that other Conservatives cannot (a reference to the Heineken beer advertisement).^[12] Gimson expressed the view that "people love him because he makes them laugh",^[11] noting that he had become "the darling of the Tory rank and file".^[691]

Purnell recognised that during the 2008 mayoral election he was "polarising opinions to the extreme",^[692] with critics viewing him as "variously evil, a clown, a racist and a bigot".^[16] Writing in The Guardian, journalist Polly Toynbee referred to him as a "jester, toff, self-absorbed sociopath and serial liar",^[693] while Labour politician Hazel Blears called him "a nasty right-wing elitist, with odious views and criminal friends".^[14] He has also been accused of sexism after referring to Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn as "a big girl's blouse"^[694] and former prime minister David Cameron as a "girly swot".^[695] Cameron has said of Johnson: "The thing about the greased piglet is that he manages to slip through other people's hands where mere mortals fail."^[696]

In 2016, Johnson evoked comparisons (both ideological and physical) with United States President Donald Trump.^{[697][698][699]} In June 2016, Nick Clegg described him as "like Donald Trump with a thesaurus",^[700] while fellow Conservative MP Kenneth Clarke described him as a "nicer Donald Trump".^[701] Trump acknowledged the comparison, saying British people refer to Johnson as "Britain Trump".^[702] Johnson was critical of Trump on several occasions before Trump's election;^[307][703] he praised Trump as president,^[704] but disagreed with some of his policies.^[705][706] Upon Trump's 2020 defeat, Johnson said that he had a "refreshing" conversation with his successor, Joe Biden.^[707]

In The Economist's 2018 end-of-the-year awards for "the worst in British politics", Johnson received the highest award—that for the "politician who has done most to let down his party and country".^[708] It described Johnson as one of the architects of the Brexit "catastrophe", and "the most irresponsible politician the country has seen for many years".^[708]

Johnson has been described as a divisive and controversial figure in British politics.^[709][9][10] In 2019, The Irish Times described him as "a deeply polarising figure, cherished by many older Conservatives but viewed by others as a serial liar and an amoral opportunist who sold Brexit to the British people on the basis of false promises".^[18] In 2019, Johnson's former boss at The Daily Telegraph Max Hastings described him as "a brilliant entertainer", but accused him of "[caring] for no interest save his own fame and gratification", criticised his leadership abilities and described him as "unfit for national office".^[710]

Allegations of racism and Islamophobia

In August 2018, The Daily Telegraph published a satirical article by Johnson criticising the then newly implemented Danish law against the wearing of the burqa or niqab. In it, he defended the right of women to wear whatever they chose. He agreed the burqa is oppressive and that "it is weird and bullying to expect women to cover their faces" and also commented that he could "find no scriptural authority for the practice in the Koran" and that it seemed "absolutely ridiculous that people should choose to go around looking like letter boxes" and that "[i]f a female student turned up at school or at a university lecture looking like a bank robber" that he "should feel fully entitled – like Jack Straw – to ask her to remove it so that [he] could talk to her properly."^[711] The Muslim Council of Britain (MCM) accused Johnson of "pandering to the far right", while Conservative peer Baroness Warsi accused him of dog-whistle politics.^[712][713] Several senior Conservatives, including May, called on Johnson to apologise.^[714][715] Others, such as MP Nadine Dorries, argued that his comments did not go far enough and that face veils should be banned.^[716] A Sky News poll found 60% thought Johnson's comments were not racist, to 33% who did; 48% thought he should not apologise, while 45% thought he should.^[717] An independent panel was set up to review Johnson's comments.^[718] In December, the panel cleared him of wrongdoing, stating that while his language could be considered "provocative", he was "respectful and tolerant" and was fully entitled to use "satire" to make his point.^[719]

Writing for the Telegraph in 2002, Johnson referred to a visit by then prime minister Tony Blair: "What a relief it must be for Blair to get out of England. It is said that the Queen has come to love the Commonwealth, partly because it supplies her with regular cheering crowds of flag-waving piccaninnies", in the same article he referred to African people as having "watermelon smiles".^[720]

In his 2004 comic novel Seventy-Two Virgins, Johnson described the thoughts of a black parking inspector who had been subjected to racist abuse: "Faced with such disgusting behaviour, some traffic wardens respond with a merciless taciturnity. The louder the rant of the traffic offenders, the more acute are the wardens' feelings of pleasure that they, the stakeless, the outcasts, the niggers, are a valued part of the empire of law, and in a position to chastise the arrogance and selfishness of the indigenous people." In the same book, the narrator refers to the media being controlled by Jewish oligarchs.^[721]

In September 2019, Labour MP Tanmanjeet Singh Dhesi called on Johnson to apologise for the comments he had made about burqa-wearing Muslim women in the Telegraph. Johnson declined to apologise, stating that his remarks had come as part of a "strong liberal defence of everybody's right to wear whatever they want."^[722] In 2021 the political journalist and author Peter Oborne, who has written several books about the lies told by politicians, published a book about the lies told by Johnson, in which he wrote "I have never encountered a senior British politician who lies and fabricates so regularly, so shamelessly and so systematically as Boris Johnson."^[723]

Depictions

The political career of Johnson has been the subject of several television docudramas:

• Stuart McQuarrie in the 2005 television film A Very Social Secretary^[724]
• Christian Brassington in the More4 drama documentary When Boris Met Dave^[725]
• Will Barton in the 2017 BBC-produced drama Theresa vs. Boris: How May Became PM^[726][727]
• Richard Goulding in the 2019 HBO and Channel 4 drama Brexit: The Uncivil War^[728][729]

Johnson's bumbling mannerisms and distinctive hairstyle have also made him the subject of parody:

• Johnson is voiced by Lewis MacLeod in the fourth and fifth series of 2DTV^[730]
• MacLeod also voices Johnson in Newzoids^[731]
• Johnson is portrayed as half-man and half dog, who would engage in acts of canine behaviour, chasing his tail rather than answering questions, in Headcases. He is voiced by Jon Culshaw^[732]
• In 2019, James Corden portrayed Johnson in a sketch on Saturday Night Live^[733]
• In the 2020 revival of Spitting Image, Johnson's puppet is voiced by Matt Forde^[734]
• Singer Robbie Williams portrays Boris Johnson in the music video for his 2020 festive single ‘Can’t Stop Christmas’^[735]

Honours

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• Honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LLD) from Brunel University London, 2007^[736]
• Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Institute of British Architects (Hon FRIBA),^[737] 2011^[738]
• Honorary Australian of the Year in the UK, 26 January 2014^[739][740]
• Member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, 2016, upon his appointment as Foreign Secretary. This gave him the honorific title "The Right Honourable" for life.

Bibliography

• Johnson's Column (Continuum International – Academi) ISBN 0-8264-6855-1
• Friends, Voters, Countrymen (HarperCollins, 2001) ISBN 0-00-711913-5
• Lend Me Your Ears (HarperCollins, 2003) ISBN 0-00-717224-9
• Seventy-Two Virgins (HarperCollins, 2004) ISBN 0-00-719590-7
• Aspire Ever Higher / University Policy for the 21st century (Politeia, 2006)
• The Dream of Rome (HarperCollins, 2006) ISBN 0-00-722441-9
• Have I Got Views For You (HarperPerennial, 2006) ISBN 0-00-724220-4
• Life in the Fast Lane: The Johnson Guide to Cars (HarperPerennial, 2007) ISBN 0-00-726020-2
• The Perils of the Pushy Parents: A Cautionary Tale (HarperPress 2007) ISBN 0-00-726339-2
• Johnson's Life of London (HarperPress 2011) ISBN 0-00-741893-0
• The Churchill Factor (Hodder & Stoughton 2014) ISBN 978-1-44-478302-5

See also

• Electoral history of Boris Johnson
• List of foreign ministers in 2017
• Racism in the UK Conservative Party § Accusations against Boris Johnson

References

Footnotes

Sources

Notes

Further reading

• Gimson, Andrew. Boris: The Adventures of Boris Johnson (Simon and Schuster, 2012).

• Dale, Iaian. The Little Book of Boris. (Harriman House Ltd., 2007) ISBN 978-1-905641-64-2
• O'Toole, Fintan, "The King of Little England", The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVIII, no. 10 (10 June 2021), pp. 44–46.
• Vasudevan, A. The Thinking Man's Idiot: The Wit and Wisdom of Boris Johnson (New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd., 2008) ISBN 978-1-84773-359-7

External links

• Boris Johnson official website
• Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom
• Contributions in Parliament at Hansard
• Boris Johnson column archives at The Daily Telegraph
• Portraits of Boris Johnson at the National Portrait Gallery, London
• Works by or about Boris Johnson in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Appearances on C-SPAN

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