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COVID-19 pandemic in the United States

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COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
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About this image
COVID-19 cases per 100,000 people by state, as of August 16
DiseaseCOVID-19
Virus strainSARS-CoV-2
LocationUnited States
First outbreakWuhan, Hubei province, China[1]
Index caseChicago, Illinois (earliest known arrival)[2]
Everett, Washington (first case report)[3]
Arrival dateJanuary 13, 2020[4]
(1 year, 7 months, 1 week and 4 days ago)
Confirmed cases
  • 36,556,516 (CDC)[5]
  • 36,631,893 (JHU)[6]
Suspected cases‡120,259,370 (CDC estimate in May 2021)[7]
Recovered
Deaths
618,591 (CDC)[5]
Fatality rate
  • 1.69% (CDC)
  • 1.7% (JHU)
Vaccinations
  • 197,685,048 (59%) (people with at least one dose)
  • 168,090,925 (51%) (fully vaccinated people)
Government website
coronavirus.gov
‡Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.

The COVID-19 pandemic in the United States is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). More than 37.9 million confirmed cases have been reported since January 2020, with more than 629,000 deaths, the most of any country, and the twenty-third-highest per capita worldwide.[6][9] As many infections have gone undetected, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that, as of May 2021, there could be a total 120.2 million infections in the United States, or more than a third of the total population.[10][7] The U.S. has about one-fifth of the world's confirmed cases and deaths. COVID-19 was the third-leading cause of death in the U.S. in 2020, behind heart disease and cancer.[11] U.S. life expectancy dropped by 3 years for Hispanic Americans, 2.9 years for African Americans, and 1.2 years for white Americans from 2019 to 2020.[12]

On December 31, 2019, China announced the discovery of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan. The first American case was reported on January 20, and President Donald Trump declared the U.S. outbreak a public health emergency on January 31. Restrictions were placed on flights arriving from China,[13][14] but the initial U.S. response to the pandemic was otherwise slow, in terms of preparing the healthcare system, stopping other travel, and testing.[15][16][17][a] Meanwhile, Trump remained optimistic and was accused by his critics of underestimating the severity of the virus.

The first known American deaths occurred in February. On March 6, 2020, Trump allocated $8.3 billion to fight the outbreak and declared a national emergency on March 13. The government also purchased large quantities of medical equipment, invoking the Defense Production Act of 1950 to assist.[19] By mid-April, disaster declarations were made by all states and territories as they all had increasing cases. A second wave of infections began in June 2020, following relaxed restrictions in several states, leading to daily cases surpassing 60,000. By mid-October, another surge of cases led to over 200,000 infections daily by January 2021.[20][21]

Vaccines became available in December 2020 under emergency use, and one was officially approved by the FDA on August 23, 2021.[22] Vaccine hesitancy in parts of the country, however, has hampered vaccination efforts since they became available.[23] Dr. Anthony Fauci, President Biden's chief medical adviser, blamed misinformation for most of the hesitancy, suggesting that previous pandemics, such as Polio, would still be spreading today without vaccines.[24] A number of celebrities thoughout 2021 have advocated receiving a vaccine, publishing their own vaccinations as an example.

A fourth rise in infections began in late March amidst the rise of the Alpha variant, a more easily transmissible variant from the United Kingdom. That was followed by a rise of the Delta variant, an even more infectious mutation, leading to encreased efforts to ensure safety. State and local responses to the pandemic have included mask mandates, prohibition and cancellation of large-scale gatherings (including festivals and sporting events), stay-at-home orders, and school closures.[25] Disproportionate numbers of cases have been observed among Black and Latino populations,[26][27][28] as well as elevated levels of vaccine hesitancy,[29][30] and there were reported incidents of xenophobia and racism against Asian Americans.[31] Clusters of infections and deaths have occurred in many areas.[b]

Timeline

Main articles: Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2020) and Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2021)
See also: List of early cases of COVID-19 in the United States and Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019
COVID-19 cases in the United States  (
  • v
  • t
)
     Deaths        Recoveries        Active cases
20202021
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAug
Last 15 days
Date
# of cases
# of deaths
2021-08-09
​
​
​
 33,141,330(+0.55%) 583,759(+0.09%)
2021-08-10
​
​
​
 33,226,710(+0.26%) 584,492(+0.13%)
2021-08-11
​
​
​
 33,340,414(+0.34%) 584,814(+0.06%)
2021-08-12
​
​
​
 33,440,174(+0.3%) 585,395(+0.1%)
2021-08-13
​
​
​
 33,711,583(+0.81%) 587,325(+0.33%)
2021-08-14
​
​
​
 33,755,895(+0.13%) 587,626(+0.05%)
2021-08-15
​
​
​
 33,811,934(+0.17%) 587,773(+0.03%)
2021-08-16
​
​
​
 33,983,145(+0.51%) 588,369(+0.1%)
2021-08-17
​
​
​
 34,086,455(+0.3%) 589,256(+0.15%)
2021-08-18
​
​
​
 34,217,125(+0.38%) 590,426(+0.2%)
2021-08-19
​
​
​
 34,333,441(+0.34%) 591,308(+0.15%)
2021-08-20
​
​
​
 34,614,519(+0.82%) 593,906(+0.44%)
2021-08-21
​
​
​
 34,688,313(+0.21%) 594,399(+0.08%)
2021-08-22
​
​
​
 34,728,406(+0.12%) 594,632(+0.04%)
2021-08-23
​
​
​
 34,923,552(+0.56%) 595,418(+0.13%)
Cumulative totals reported to date,[c] excluding repatriated cases

Sources: Official reports from state health officials

December 2019 to April 2020

In late November 2019, coronavirus infections had first broken out in Wuhan, China.[34][35] China publicly reported the cluster on December 31, 2019.[3] After China confirmed that the cluster of infections was caused by a novel infectious coronavirus[3] on January 7, 2020, the CDC issued an official health advisory the following day.[36] On January 20, the World Health Organization (WHO) and China both confirmed that human-to-human transmission had occurred.[37] The CDC immediately activated its Emergency Operations Center (EOC) to respond to the outbreak in China.[38] Also, the first report of a COVID-19 case in the U.S. was publicly reported,[3] though the All of Us study (released in 2021) showed five states already had cases weeks earlier.[39] After other cases were reported, on January 30, the WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) – its highest level of alarm[40] – warning that "all countries should be prepared for containment."[41][42][d] The same day, the CDC confirmed the first person-to-person case in the U.S.[44] The next day, the country declared a public health emergency.[45] Although by that date there were only seven known cases in the U.S., the HHS and CDC reported that there was a likelihood of further cases appearing in the country.[45]

The Trump administration evacuated American nationals from Wuhan in late January.[46] On February 2, the U.S. enacted travel restrictions to and from China.[14] On February 6, the earliest confirmed American death with COVID-19 (that of a 57-year-old woman) occurred in Santa Clara County, California. The CDC did not report its confirmation until April 21,[47] by which point nine other COVID-19 deaths had occurred in Santa Clara County.[48] The virus had been circulating undetected at least since early January and possibly as early as November.[49] On February 25, the CDC warned the American public for the first time to prepare for a local outbreak.[50][51] The next day, New York City saw the sickening of its "patient zero", Manhattan attorney Lawrence Garbuz, then thought to be the first community-acquired case.[52][53][54] In February, Vice President Mike Pence took over for Secretary Alex Azar as chair of the White House Coronavirus Task Force.[55]

March 6: President Trump and Alex Azar at the signing of Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 into law

By March 11, the virus had spread to 110 countries, and the WHO officially declared a pandemic.[25] The CDC had already warned that large numbers of people needing hospital care could overload the healthcare system, which would lead to otherwise preventable deaths.[56][57] Dr. Anthony Fauci said the mortality from the coronavirus was ten times higher than the common flu.[58] By March 12, diagnosed cases of COVID-19 in the U.S. exceeded a thousand.[59] On March 16, the White House advised against any gatherings of more than ten people.[60] Three days later, the United States Department of State advised U.S. citizens to avoid all international travel.[61]

By the middle of March, all fifty states were able to perform tests with a doctor's approval, either from the CDC or from commercial labs. However, the number of available test kits remained limited, which meant the true number of people infected had to be estimated.[62] As cases began spreading throughout the nation, federal and state agencies began taking urgent steps to prepare for a surge of hospital patients. Among the actions was establishing additional places for patients in case hospitals became overwhelmed.[63]

Throughout March and early April, several state, city, and county governments imposed "stay at home" quarantines on their populations to stem the spread of the virus.[64] By March 27, the country had reported over 100,000 cases.[65] On April 2, at President Trump's direction, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and CDC ordered additional preventive guidelines to the long-term care facility industry.[66] On April 11, the U.S. death toll became the highest in the world when the number of deaths reached 20,000, surpassing that of Italy.[67] On April 19, the CMS added new regulations requiring nursing homes to inform residents, their families and representatives, of COVID-19 cases in their facilities.[68] On April 28, the total number of confirmed cases across the country surpassed 1 million.[69]

May to August 2020

By May 27, less than four months after the pandemic reached the U.S., 100,000 Americans had died with COVID-19.[70] State economic reopenings and lack of widespread mask orders resulted in a sharp rise in cases across most of the continental U.S. outside of the Northeast.[71] A study conducted in May 2020 indicated that the true number of COVID-19 cases in the United States was much higher than the number of confirmed cases with some locations having 6–24 times higher infections, which was further confirmed by a later population-wide serosurvey.[72][73][74]

On July 6, the United States Department of State announced the country's withdrawal from WHO effective July 6, 2021.[75] On July 10, the CDC adopted the Infection Fatality Ratio (IFR), "the number of individuals who die of the disease among all infected individuals (symptomatic and asymptomatic)", as a new metric for disease severity.[76] In July, U.S. PIRG and 150 health professionals sent a letter asking the federal government to "shut it down now, and start over".[77] In July and early August, requests multiplied, with a number of experts asking for lockdowns of "six to eight weeks"[78] that they believed would restore the country by October 1, in time to reopen schools and have an in-person election.[79]

In August, over 400,000 people attended the 80th Sturgis Motorcycle Rally in Sturgis, South Dakota, and from there, at least 300 people in more than 20 states were infected.[80] The CDC followed up with a report on the associated 51 confirmed primary event-associated cases, 21 secondary cases, and five tertiary cases in the neighboring state of Minnesota, where one attendee died of COVID-19.[81] The U.S. passed 5 million COVID-19 cases by August 8.[82]

September to December 2020

See also: White House COVID-19 outbreak

On September 22, the U.S. passed 200,000 deaths, according to data from Johns Hopkins University.[83] In early October, an unprecedented series of high-profile U.S. political figures and staffers announced they had tested positive for COVID-19.[84][85] On October 2, Trump announced on Twitter that both he and the First Lady had tested positive for the coronavirus and would immediately quarantine.[86][85] Trump was given an experimental Regeneron product with two monoclonal antibodies[87][e] and taken to Walter Reed National Military Medical Center,[89] where he was given remdesivir and dexamethasone.[90]

USA Today studied the aftermath of presidential election campaigning, recognizing that causation was impossible to determine. Among their findings, cases increased 35 percent compared to 14 percent for the state after a Trump rally in Beltrami County, Minnesota. One case was traced to a Joe Biden rally in Duluth, Minnesota.[91]

On November 9, President-elect Biden's transition team announced his COVID-19 Advisory Board.[92] On the same day, the total number of cases had surpassed ten million[93] while the total had risen by over a million in the ten days prior, averaging 102,300 new cases per day.[94] Pfizer also announced that its COVID-19 vaccine may be up to ninety percent effective.[95][96] In November, the Trump administration reached an agreement with a number of retail outlets, including pharmacies and supermarkets, to make the COVID-19 vaccine free once available.[97]

In spite of recommendations by the government not to travel, more than 2 million people flew on airlines during the Thanksgiving period.[98] On December 8, the U.S. passed 15 million cases, with about one out of every 22 Americans having tested positive since the pandemic began.[99] On December 14, the U.S. passed 300,000 deaths, representing an average of more than 961 deaths per day since the first known death on February 6. More than 50,000 deaths were reported in the past month, with an average of 2,403 daily deaths occurring in the past week.[100]

On December 24, following concerns over a probably more easily transmissible new SARS-CoV-2 variant from the United Kingdom, later called Alpha, the CDC announced testing requirements for American passengers traveling from the UK, to be administered within 72 hours, starting on December 28.[101][102] On December 29, the U.S. reported the first case of this variant in Colorado. The patient had no travel history, leading the CDC to state, "Given the small fraction of US infections that have been sequenced, the variant could already be in the United States without having been detected."[103]

January to April 2021

See also: COVID-19 vaccination in the United States
President Joe Biden visits a COVID-19 vaccination site at Walter Reed Medical Center.

On January 1, 2021, the U.S. passed 20 million cases, representing an increase of more than a million over the past week and 10 million in less than two months.[104][105] On January 6, the CDC announced that it had found at least 52 confirmed cases of the Alpha variant, and it also stressed that there could already be more cases in the country.[106] In the following days, more cases of the variant were reported in other states, leading former CDC director Tom Frieden to express his concerns that the U.S. will soon face "close to a worst-case scenario".[107] It was believed the variant had been present in the U.S. since October.[108]

On January 19, the U.S. passed 400,000 deaths, just five weeks after the country passed 300,000 deaths.[109] On January 22, the U.S. passed 25 million cases, with one of every 13 Americans testing positive for COVID-19.[110] By March 5, more than 2,750 cases of COVID-19 variants were detected in 47 states; Washington, D.C.; and Puerto Rico.[111] In the first prime time address of his presidency on March 11, Biden announced his plan to push states to make vaccines available to all adults by May 1, with the aim of making small gatherings possible by July 4.[112] On March 24, the U.S. passed 30 million cases, just as a number of states began to expand the eligibility age for COVID-19 vaccines.[113] Experts began warning against public relaxation of COVID-19 mitigation measures as vaccines continue to be administered, with one, CDC director Rochelle Walensky, warning of a new rise in cases.[114]

By April 7, the Alpha variant had become the dominant COVID-19 strain in the U.S.[115] On April 12, the U.S. reported its first cases of a new "double mutant" SARS-CoV-2 variant from India, later called Delta, in California.[116] By April 25, the country's seven-day average of new infections was reported to be decreasing, but concerns were raised about drops in vaccine demand in certain parts of the U.S., which were attributed to vaccine hesitancy.[117][118][119] On April 29, the CDC estimated that roughly 35% of the U.S. population had been infected with the virus as of March 2021, about four times higher than the official reported numbers.[10]

May to August 2021

On May 4, Biden announced a new goal of having 70 percent of all adults in the U.S. receive at least one COVID-19 vaccine shot by July 4, along with steps to vaccinate teenagers and more inaccessible populations.[120] The country ultimately did not reach that goal, with only 67 percent of the overall adult population having done so by July 4.[121] On May 6, a study by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation estimated that the true COVID-19 death toll in the U.S. was more than 900,000 people.[122] On May 9, Dr. Fauci confirmed that the U.S. death toll was likely undercounted.[123]

On May 13, the CDC changed its guidance and said that fully vaccinated individuals do not need to wear masks in most situations.[124] Some states ended their mask mandates shortly after, while others maintained the mandate. The CDC was criticized for the confusion resulting from the announcement, as it did not remove existing state and local mandates. The guidance also did not remove the federal mask mandate on public transportation.[125] On June 15, the U.S. passed 600,000 deaths, though the number of daily deaths had decreased due to vaccination efforts.[126]

By late June, COVID-19 cases rose again, especially in Arkansas, Nevada, Missouri, and Wyoming. The rising numbers were believed to be attributable to the Delta variant.[127] By July 7, the Delta variant had surpassed the Alpha variant to become the dominant COVID-19 strain in the U.S., according to CDC data.[128] By July 20, the Delta variant accounted for 83 percent of all sequenced cases, according to the CDC.[129] On August 1, the U.S. passed 35 million cases.[130]

By early and mid-August, hospitals in some states with low vaccination rates began to exceed capacity. On August 9, Arkansas reported only 8 open ICU beds in the entire state.[131] Southwestern Louisiana, with the lowest vaccination rate in the state, began sending patients to Texas,[132] but in that state at least 50 hospitals had already reached or exceeded 100% of ICU capacity.[133] One New Orleans patient suffering a heart attack was bounced from six hospitals before being allowed into an emergency room.[134] The surge of preventable illnesses among the unvaccinated created a shortage of nurses in hotspots and a request to postpone all elective medical procedures in Texas.[134] Shortages of beds forced patients to wait in emergency rooms, in one case in Hawaii for up to 30 hours. ER backlogs caused patients in some locations to wait for hours in ambulances, causing delays answering 911 medical calls.[134] The entire state of Mississippi, with the second-lowest state vaccination rate in the country, ran out of ICU beds. The only Level 1 Trauma Center began building a field hospital in its parking garage, staffed with medical personnel from states with higher vaccination rates.[135]

One-quarter of the U.S. population resides in eight states—Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada and Texas—but, by mid-August, these states together had one-half of U.S. COVID-19 hospitalizations.[136]

Responses

See also: United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, and COVID-19 vaccination in the United States

On January 28, the CDC updated its China travel recommendations to level 3, its highest alert.[137] On February 8, the WHO's director-general announced that a team of international experts had been assembled to travel to China and he hoped officials from the CDC would also be part of that mission.[138][139] In late January, Boeing announced a donation of 250,000 medical masks to help address China's supply shortages.[140] On February 7, the State Department said it had facilitated the transportation of nearly eighteen tons of medical supplies to China, including masks, gowns, gauze, respirators, and other vital materials.[141] On the same day, U.S. Secretary of State Pompeo announced a $100 million pledge to China and other countries to assist with their fights against the virus.[142]

Contact tracing is a tool to control transmission rates during the reopening process. Some states like Texas and Arizona opted to proceed with reopening without adequate contact tracing programs in place. Health experts have expressed concerns about training and hiring enough personnel to reduce transmission. Privacy concerns have prevented measures such as those imposed in South Korea where authorities used cellphone tracking and credit card details to locate and test thousands of nightclub patrons when new cases began emerging.[143] Funding for contact tracing is thought to be insufficient, and even better-funded states have faced challenges getting in touch with contacts. Congress has allocated $631 million for state and local health surveillance programs, but the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security estimates that $3.6 billion will be needed. The cost rises with the number of infections, and contact tracing is easier to implement when the infection count is lower. Health officials are also worried that low-income communities will fall further behind in contact tracing efforts which "may also be hobbled by long-standing distrust among minorities of public health officials".[144] As of July 1, only four states are using contact tracing apps as part of their state-level strategies to control transmission. The apps document digital encounters between smartphones, so the users will automatically be notified if someone they had contact with has tested positive. Public health officials in California claim that most of the functionality could be duplicated by using text, chat, email, and phone communications.[145]

In the United States, remdesivir is indicated for use in adults and adolescents (aged twelve years and older with body weight at least 40 kilograms (88 lb)) for the treatment of COVID‑19 requiring hospitalization.[146] The FDA issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the combination of baricitinib with remdesivir, for the treatment of suspected or laboratory confirmed COVID-19 in hospitalized people two years of age or older requiring supplemental oxygen, invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).[147] In early March, President Trump directed the FDA to test certain medications to discover if they had the potential to treat COVID-19 patients.[148] Among those were chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, which have been successfully used to treat malaria for over fifty years. A small test in France by researcher Didier Raoult had given positive results, although the study was criticized for design flaws, small sample size, and the fact that it was published before peer review.[149] On March 28, the FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) which allowed certain hospitalized COVID-19 patients to be treated with hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine.[150][148][151][152] On June 15, the FDA revoked the EUA for hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine as potential treatments for COVID-19, saying the available evidence showed "no benefit for decreasing the likelihood of death or speeding recovery".[153] However, Trump continued to promote the use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 by late July.[154]

From early 2020, more than 70 companies worldwide (with five or six operating primarily in the U.S.) began vaccine research.[155][156] In preparation for large-scale production, Congress set aside more than $3.5 billion for this purpose as part of the CARES Act.[157][156] On November 20, 2020, the Pfizer–BioNTech partnership submitted a request for emergency use authorization for its vaccine to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA),[158][159] which was granted on December 11.[160][161] On December 18, 2020, the FDA granted the Moderna vaccine emergency use authorization,[162][163] which Moderna had requested on November 30, 2020.[164][165] Starting on December 14, 2020, the first doses of COVID-19 vaccine were administered.[166]

Polling showed a significant partisan divide regarding the outbreak.[167] In February, similar numbers of Democrats and Republicans believed COVID-19 was "a real threat": 70% and 72%, respectively. By mid-March, 76% of Democrats viewed COVID-19 as "a real threat", while only 40% of Republicans agreed.[168] In mid-March, various polls found Democrats were more likely than Republicans to believe "the worst was yet to come" (79–40%), to believe their lives would change in a major way due to the outbreak (56–26%),[169] and to take certain precautions against the virus (83–53%).[170] The CDC was the most trusted source of information about the outbreak (85%), followed by the WHO (77%), state and local government officials (70–71%), the news media (47%), and Trump (46%).[170] A May 2020 poll concluded that 54% of people in the U.S. felt the federal government was doing a poor job in stopping the spread of COVID-19 in the country. 57% felt the federal government was not doing enough to address the limited availability of COVID-19 testing. 58% felt the federal government was not doing enough to prevent a second wave of COVID-19 cases later in 2020.[171] In September 2020, Pew Research Center found that the global image of the United States had suffered in many foreign nations. In some nations, the United States' favorability rating had reached a record low since Pew began collecting this data nearly twenty years ago. Across thirteen different nations, a median of fifteen percent of respondents rated the U.S. response to the pandemic positively.[172]

Impacts

Economic

Main articles: Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States and COVID-19 recession
Sign reading "we'll get thru this"
Marquee at a closed music venue in Washington, D.C.

The pandemic, along with the resultant stock market crash and other impacts, led a recession in the United States following the economic cycle peak in February 2020.[173] The economy contracted 4.8 percent from January through March 2020,[174] and the unemployment rate rose to 14.7 percent in April.[175] The total healthcare costs of treating the epidemic could be anywhere from $34 billion to $251 billion according to analysis presented by The New York Times.[176] A study by economists Austan Goolsbee and Chad Syverson indicated that most economic impact due to consumer behavior changes was prior to mandated lockdowns.[177] During the second quarter of 2020, the U.S. economy suffered its largest drop on record, with GDP falling at an annualized rate of 32.9 percent. As of June 2020, the U.S. economy was over ten percent smaller than it was in December 2019.[178]

President Trump and Airline CEOs discuss COVID-19's impact on the travel industry on March 4, 2020.

In September, Bain & Company reported on the tumultuous changes in consumer behavior before and during the pandemic. Potentially permanently, they found acceleration towards e-commerce, online primary healthcare, livestreamed gym workouts, and moviegoing via subscription television. Concurrent searches for both low-cost and premium products, and a shift to safety over sustainability, occurred alongside rescinded bans and taxes on single-use plastics, and losses of three to seven years of gains in out-of-home foodservice.[179] OpenTable estimated in May that 25 percent of American restaurants would close their doors permanently.[180]

The economic impact and mass unemployment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has raised fears of a mass eviction crisis,[181][182][183][184] with an analysis by the Aspen Institute indicating 30–40 million are at risk for eviction by the end of 2020.[185][186] According to a report by Yelp, about sixty percent of U.S. businesses that have closed since the start of the pandemic will stay shut permanently.[187]

Impact of the pandemic on various economic variables
Variable Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov
Jobs, level (000s)[188] 152,463 151,090 130,303 133,002 137,802 139,582 140,914 141,720 142,373 142,629
Jobs, monthly change (000s)[188] 251 −1,373 −20,787 2,699 4,800 1,780 1,371 661 653 256
Unemployment rate %[189] 3.5% 4.4% 14.7% 13.3% 11.1% 10.2% 8.4% 7.9% 6.9% 6.7%
Number unemployed (millions)[190] 5.8 7.1 23.1 21.0 17.8 16.3 13.6 12.6 11.1 10.7
Employment to population ratio %, age 25–54[191] 80.5% 79.6% 69.7% 71.4% 73.5% 73.8% 75.3% 75.0% 76.0% 76.0%
Inflation rate % (CPI-All)[192] 2.3% 1.5% 0.4% 0.2% 0.7% 1.0% TBD TBD TBD TBD
Stock market S&P 500 (avg. level)[193] 3,277 2,652 2,762 2,920 3,105 3,230 3,392 3,380 3,270 3,694
Debt held by public ($ trillion)[194] 17.4 17.7 19.1 19.9 20.5 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.3

Social

Main articles: Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States and Impact of COVID-19 on education in the United States

The pandemic has had far-reaching consequences beyond the disease itself and efforts to contain it, including political, cultural, and social implications.

From the earliest days of the pandemic, there were reported incidents of xenophobia and racism against Asian Americans.[31] During the first year, an ad-hoc organization called Stop AAPI Hate received 3,795 reports of racism against Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.[195]

Disproportionate numbers of cases have been observed among Black and Latino populations.[26][27][28] Of four studies published in September 2020, three found clear disparities due to race and the fourth found slightly better survival rates for Hispanics and Blacks.[196] As of September 15, 2020, Blacks had COVID-19 mortality rates more than twice as high as the rate for Whites and Asians, who have the lowest rates.[197] CNN reported in May 2020 that the Navajo Nation had the highest rate of infection in the United States.[198] In June 2021, the CDC confirmed these numbers, reporting that American Indian or Alaska Native, Non-Hispanic persons had the highest rates of both hospitalizations and deaths, while Hispanic and Latino persons suffered the highest rates of COVID compared to White persons. However the CDC noted that only 61% of case reports included race and ethnicity data, which could result in inaccurate estimates of the relative risk among groups. [199] Additionally, a study published by the New England Journal of Medicine in July 2020 revealed that the effect of stress and weathering on minority groups decreases their stamina against COVID.[200]

From 2019 to 2020 in the United States, the life expectancy of a Hispanic American decreased 3 years, for an African American 2.9 years, and for a White American 1.2 years.[12] The COVID Tracking Project[201] published data revealing that people of color were contracting and dying from COVID-19 at higher rates than Whites. An NPR analysis of April–September 2020 data from the COVID Tracking Project found that Black people's share of COVID-19 deaths across the United States was 1.5 times greater (in some states 2.5 times greater) than their share of the U.S. population. Similarly, Hispanics and Latinos were disproportionately infected in 45 states and had a disproportionate share of the deaths in 19 states. Native American and Alaskan Native cases and deaths were disproportionally high in at least 21 states and, in some, as much as five times more than average. White non-Hispanics died at a lower rate than their share of the population in 36 states and D.C.[202]

By April 2020, closed schools affected more than 55 million students.[203]

Elections

Further information: 2020 United States presidential election, Postal voting in the 2020 United States elections, and Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics § United States 3

The pandemic prompted calls from voting rights groups and some Democratic Party leaders to expand mail-in voting, while Republican leaders generally opposed the change. Some states were unable to agree on changes, resulting in lawsuits. Responding to Democratic proposals for nationwide mail-in voting as part of a coronavirus relief law, President Trump said "you'd never have a Republican elected in this country again" despite evidence the change would not favor any particular group.[204] Trump called mail-in voting "corrupt" and said voters should be required to show up in person, even though, as reporters pointed out, he had himself voted by mail in the last Florida primary.[205] Though mail-in vote fraud is slightly higher than in-person voter fraud, both instances are rare, and mail-in voting can be made more secure by disallowing third parties to collect ballots and providing free drop-off locations or prepaid postage.[206]

High COVID-19 fatalities at the state and county level correlated with a drop in expressed support for the election of Republicans, including the reelection of Trump, according to a study published in Science Advances that compared opinions in January–February 2020 with opinions in June 2020.[207]

Vaccination campaign

Further information: COVID-19 vaccination in the United States
Further information: Celebrities who have received the COVID-19 vaccine
Timeline of daily COVID-19 vaccine doses administered in the US.[208]
Timeline of daily COVID-19 vaccine doses administered in the US.svg
See the latest date on the timeline at the bottom.
COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the United States
USA. Percent of people receiving at least one COVID-19 dose reported to the CDC by state or territory for the total population.png
United States. Percentage with at least one vaccination dose. See Commons source for date of last upload. US territories: GU = Guam. AS = American Samoa. RP = Republic of Palau. FM = Federated States of Micronesia. MP = Northern Mariana Islands. MH = Marshall Islands. VI = Virgin Islands.[209]
DateDecember 14, 2020 (2020-12-14) – present
Location United States
Compact of Free Association:[210][211]
 Palau
 Marshall Islands
 Micronesia
CauseCOVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Organized byCenter for Disease Control and Prevention
Participants182,896,080 people have received at least one dose administered of Pfizer–BioNTech, Moderna and Janssen
(July 7, 2021)
157,908,171 people have been fully vaccinated (both doses of Pfizer–BioNTech or Moderna, or one dose of Johnson & Johnson)[212]
Outcome55% of the United States population has received at least one dose of a vaccine
48% of the United States population is fully vaccinated
WebsiteCOVID-19 Vaccine: CDC
These paragraphs are an excerpt from COVID-19 vaccination in the United States.[]

The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the United States is an ongoing mass immunization campaign for the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The FDA granted emergency use authorization to the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine on December 10, 2020;[213] mass vaccinations began on December 14, 2020. The Moderna vaccine was granted emergency use authorization on December 17, 2020,[214] and the Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) vaccine was granted emergency use authorization on February 27, 2021.[215] By April 19, 2021, all U.S. states had opened vaccine eligibility to residents aged 16 and over.[216] On May 10, 2021, the FDA approved the Pfizer vaccine for adolescents aged 12 to 15.[217] On August 23, 2021, the FDA granted full approval to the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine for individuals aged 16 and over.[218]

The U.S. government first initiated the campaign under the presidency of Donald Trump with Operation Warp Speed, a public–private partnership to expedite the development and manufacturing of COVID-19 vaccines. Joe Biden became the new President of the United States on January 20, 2021. Biden began his term with an immediate goal of administering 100 million vaccine doses within his first hundred days in office, signing an executive order which included increasing supplies for vaccination.[219][220][221] This goal was met on March 19, 2021.[222] On March 25, 2021, he announced he would increase the goal to 200 million within his first 100 days in office.[223] This goal was eventually reached on April 21, 2021.[224]

By July 4, 2021, 67% of the United States' adult population had received at least one dose, just short of a goal of 70%. This goal was eventually met on August 2, 2021. While vaccines have helped significantly reduce the number of new COVID-19 infections nationwide, states with below-average vaccination rates began to see increasing numbers of cases credited to the highly infectious Delta variant by July 2021, which led to an increased push by organizations and companies to begin mandating that their employees be vaccinated for COVID-19.

Vaccine mandates

Further information: COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States § Vaccination_mandates

With the final approval by the FDA of a vaccine, President Biden has appealed to public organizations and private companies to require employees to be vaccinated, which companies are now legally allowed to do.[225]

Until recently, many companies were giving bonuses for getting vaccinated.[226] Nonetheless, nearly 2,000 private hospitals and health systems had previously issued vaccine mandates. Many companies outside health care did the same, such as United Airlines, Tyson Foods, and Walmart among them. Washington state had already required vaccines for all state employees and contractors.[226] With the new Delta variant spreading infections more quickly due to its higher transmissibility, companies including Facebook, Google, and Salesforce, have already issued employee vaccine mandates.[227]

According to a USA Today poll, 68% supported a business's right to refuse service to unvaccinated customers, and 62% supported employer's right to mandate vaccinations to its employees. In the same poll, 72% also felt that mandating masks was "a matter of health and safety" and should not be considered an infringement on personal liberty.[228]

Preparations made after previous outbreaks

Further information: Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic § United States

The United States has experienced pandemics and epidemics throughout its history, including the 1918 Spanish flu, the 1957 Asian flu, and the 1968 Hong Kong flu pandemics.[229][230][231] In the most recent pandemic prior to COVID-19, the 2009 swine flu pandemic took the lives of more than 12,000 Americans and hospitalized another 270,000 over the course of approximately a year.[229]

According to the Global Health Security Index, an American-British assessment which ranks the health security capabilities in 195 countries, the U.S. was the "most prepared" nation in 2020.[232][233]

Statistics

Main article: Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
These paragraphs are an excerpt from Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.[]

The CDC publishes official numbers of COVID-19 cases in the United States.

In February 2020, at the beginning of the pandemic, a shortage of tests made it impossible to confirm all possible COVID-19 cases[234][235] and resulting deaths, so the early numbers were likely undercounts.[236][237][238][239] Another way to estimate COVID-19 deaths that includes unconfirmed cases is to use the excess mortality, which is the overall number of deaths that exceed what would normally be expected.[240] From March 1, 2020 through the end of 2020, there were 522,368 excess deaths in the United States, which is 22.9% more than would have been expected in that time period.[241] The CDC estimates that, between February 2020 and May 2021, only 1 in 1.3 COVID-19 deaths were attributed to COVID-19,[242] and the true COVID-19 death toll was 767,000 as of May 2021.[243]

See also

  • COVID Tracking Project
  • COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory
  • COVID-19 pandemic in North America
  • Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic
  • Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
  • United States House Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis
  • United States influenza statistics by flu season

Notes

  1. ^ A lack of mass testing obscured the extent of the outbreak.[18]
  2. ^ Examples of areas in which clusters have occurred include urban areas, nursing homes, long-term care facilities, group homes for the intellectually disabled,[32] detention centers (including prisons), meatpacking plants, churches, and navy ships.[33]
  3. ^ This chart only includes lab-confirmed cases and deaths. Not all states report recoveries. Data for the current day may be incomplete.
  4. ^ The editorial board for The Wall Street Journal suggested the world may have been "better prepared" had the PHEIC been declared a week sooner, when the virus had spread to other countries.[43]
  5. ^ In a news release, Sean Conley, physician to President Trump, incorrectly identified Regeneron's monoclonal antibody product as polyclonal.[88]

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