Chibcha language

Chibcha
Muisca or Muysca
Muysccubun
Pronunciation	mʷɨskkuβun
Native to	Colombia
Region	Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Ethnicity	Muisca
Extinct	ca. 1800[1]
Language family	Chibchan Kuna-Colombian Chibcha
Dialects	Duit
Writing system	only numerals
Language codes
ISO 639-2	chb
ISO 639-3	chb
Glottolog	chib1270
Chibcha was spoken in the southernmost area; Central-Colombia
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Chibcha was a language spoken by the Muisca people of the Muisca Confederation, one of the many indigenous cultures of the Americas. The Muisca inhabited the Altiplano Cundiboyacense of what today is the country of Colombia.

The name of the language Muysc Cubun in its own language means "language of the people" or "language of the men", from muysca ("people" or "men") and cubun ("language" or "word"). Language revitalization is ongoing within the current Muisca communities. The Muisca people remain ethnically distinct and their communities are recognized by the Colombian state.^[2]

Important scholars who have contributed to the knowledge of the Chibcha language include Juan de Castellanos, Bernardo de Lugo, José Domingo Duquesne and Ezequiel Uricoechea.

History[]

In prehistorical times, in the Andean civilizations called preceramic, the population of northwestern South America migrated through the Darién Gap between the isthmus of Panama and Colombia. Other Chibchan languages are spoken in southern Central America and the Muisca and related indigenous groups took their language with them into the heart of Colombia where they comprised the Muisca Confederation, a cultural grouping.

Spanish colonization[]

As early as 1580 the authorities in Charcas, Quito, and Santa Fe de Bogotá mandated the establishment of schools in native languages and required that priests study these languages before ordination. In 1606 the entire clergy was ordered to provide religious instruction in Chibcha. The Chibcha language declined in the 18th century.^[3]

In 1770, King Charles III of Spain officially banned use of the language in the region ^[3] as part of a de-indigenization project. The ban remained in law until Colombia passed its constitution of 1991.

Modern history[]

Modern Muisca scholars have investigated Muysccubun and concluded that the variety of languages was much larger than previously thought. The quick colonization of the Spanish and the improvised use of traveling translators reduced the differences between the versions of Chibcha over time.^[4]

Since 2009 a Spanish–Muysccubun dictionary containing more than 2000 words has been published online. The project was partly financed by the University of Bergen, Norway.^[5]

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Greetings in Chibcha[]

• chibú - hello (to 1 person)
• (chibú) yswa - hello to more people
• chowá? - Are you good? [How are you?]
• chowé - I am / we are good
• haspkwa sihipkwá - goodbye!

^[6]

Alphabet and rough pronunciation[]

Phoneme	Letter
/i/	i
/ɨ/	y
/u/	u
/e/	e
/o/	o
/a/	a
/p/	p
/t/	t
/k/	k
/b~β/	b
/g~ɣ/	g
/ɸ/	f
/s/	s
/ʂ/	ch
/h/	h
/tʂ/	zh
/m/	m
/n/	n
/w/	w
/j/	ï

The muysccubun alphabet consists of around 20 letters. The Muisca didn't have an "L" in their language. The letters are pronounced more or less as follows:^[7][8][9]

a - as in Spanish "casa"; ka - "enclosure" or "fence"
e - as in "action"; izhe - "street"
i - open "i" as in "'inca" - sié - "water" or "river"
o - short "o" as in "box" - to - "dog"
u - "ou" as in "you" - uba - "face"
y - between "i" and "e"; "a" in action - ty - "singing"
b - as in "bed", or as in Spanish "haba"; - bohozhá - "with"

between the vowels "y" it is pronounced [βw] - kyby - "to sleep"

ch - "sh" as in "shine", but with the tongue pushed backwards - chuta - "son" or "daughter"
f - between a "b" and "w" using both lips without producing sound, a short whistle - foï - "mantle"

before a "y" it's pronounced [ɸw] - fyzha - "everything"

g - "gh" as in "good", or as in Spanish "abogado"; - gata - "fire"
h - as in "hello" - huïá - "inwards"
ï - "i-e" as in Beelzebub - ïe - "road" or "prayer"
k - "c" as in "cold" - kony - "wheel"
m - "m" as in "man" - mika - "three"

before "y" it's pronounced [mw], as in "Muisca" - myska - "person" or "people"

in first position before a consonant it's pronounced [im] - mpkwaká - "thanks to"

n - "n" as in "nice" - nyky - "brother" or "sister"

in first position followed by a consonant it's pronounced [in] - ngá - "and"

p - "p" as in "people" - paba - "father"

before "y" it's pronounced [pw] as in Spanish "puente" - pyky - "heart"

s - "s" as in "sorry" - sahawá - "husband"

before "i" changes a little to "sh"; [ʃ] - sié - "water" or "river"

t - "t" as in "text" - yta - "hand"
w - "w" as in "wow!" - we - "house"
zh - as in "chorizo", but with the tongue to the back - zhysky - "head"

The accentuation of the words is like in Spanish on the second-last syllable except when an accent is shown: Bacata is Ba-CA-ta and Bacatá is Ba-ca-TA.

In case of repetition of the same vowel, the word can be shortened: fuhuchá ~ fuchá - "woman".^[8]

In Chibcha, words are made of combinations where sometimes vowels are in front of the word. When this happens in front of another vowel, the vowel changes as follows:^[10] a-uba becomes oba - "his (or her, its) face"
a-ita becomes eta - "his base"
a-yta becomes ata - "his hand" (note: ata also means "one")

Sometimes this combination is not performed and the words are written with the prefix plus the new vowel: a-ita would become eta but can be written as aeta, a-uba as aoba and a-yta as ayta

Numbers[]

Counting 1 to 10 in Chibcha is transl. chb – transl. ata, bozha, mika, myhyká, hyzhká, ta, kuhupkwá, suhuzhá, aka, hubchihiká.^[10] The Muisca only had numbers one to ten and the 'perfect' number 20; gueta, used extensively in their complex lunisolar Muisca calendar. For numbers higher than 10 they used additions; hubchikiká asaqui ata ("ten plus one") for eleven. Higher numbers were multiplications of twenty; gue-hisca would be "twenty times five"; 100.

Structure and grammar[]

Subject[]

The subjects in Chibcha do not have genders or plurals. to thus can mean "male dog", "male dogs", "female dog" or "female dogs". To solve this, the Muisca used the numbers and the word for "man", cha, and "woman", fuhuchá, to specify gender and plural:^[11]

• to cha ata - "one male dog" (literally: "dog" "male" "one")
• to cha mika - "three male dogs" ("dog male three")
• to fuhuchá myhyká - "four female dogs"

Personal pronoun[]

Muysccubun[2]	Phonetic	English
hycha	/hɨʂa/	I
mue	/mue/	thou / you (singular) - informal and formal use
as(y)	/asɨ/ or /as/	he / she / it / they
chie	/ʂie/	we
mie	/mie/	you (plural)

Possessive pronoun[]

The possessive pronoun is placed before the word it refers to.

Muysccubun[11][12]	English
zh(y)- / i-	my
(u)m-	your
a-	his / her / its / their
chi-	our
mi-	your (plural)

• i- is only used in combination with ch, n, s, t or zh; i-to = ito ("my dog")
• zh- becomes zhy- when followed by a consonant (except ï); zh-paba = zhypaba ("my father")
• in case of a ï, the letter is lost: zh-ïohozhá = zhohozhá ("my buttocks")
• m- becomes um- when followed by a consonant; m-ïoky = umïoky ("your book")
• zhy- and um- are shortened when the word starts with w; zhy-waïá & um-waïá = zhwaïá & mwaïá ("mi mother" & "your mother")
• when the word starts with h, zhy- and um- are shortened and the vowel following j repeated; zhy-hué & um-hué = zhuhué & muhué ("my sir" & "your sir")

Verbs[]

The Muisca used two types of verbs, ending on -skua and -suka; bkyskua ("to do") and guitysuka ("to whip") which have different forms in their grammatical conjugations.^[2] bkyskua is shown below, for verbs ending on -suka, see here.

Conjugations[]

Muysccubun	English
kyka	to do

Present tense or imperfect

Muysccubun	English
ze bkyskua	I do or did
um bkyskua	you (singular) do or did
a bkyskua	he / she / it does or did
chi bkyskua	we do/did
mi bkyskua	you do/did
a bkyskua	they do/did

Perfect and pluperfect

Muysccubun	English
ze bky	I did or have done
um bky	you (singular) did or " "
a bky	he / she / it did or has done
chi bky	we did or have done
mi bky	you did or " "
a bky	they did or " "

Future tense

Muysccubun	English
ze bkynga	I shall do
um bkynga	you will do
a bkynga	he / she / it " "
chi bkynga	we shall do
mi bkynga	you will do
a bkynga	they " "

Imperatives[]

Muysccubun	English
kyû	do (singular)
kyuua	do (plural)

Volitive modality

Muysccubun	English
cha kyia	may I do
ma kyia	may you do
kyia	may he / she / it do
chi kyia	may we do
mi kyia	may you do
kyia	may they do

Selection of words[]

This list is a selection from the online dictionary and is sortable. Note the different potatoes and types of maize and their meaning.^[5]

Muysccubun	English
aba	"maize"
aso	"parrot"
ba	"finger" or "finger tip"
bhosioiomy	"potato [black inside]" (species unknown)
chihiza	"vein" (of blood) or "root"
cho	"good"
chyscamuy	"maize [dark]" (species unknown)
chysquyco	"green" or "blue"
coca	"finger nail"
fo	"fox"
foaba	, plant used as soap
fun	"bread"
funzaiomy	"potato [black]" (species unknown)
fusuamuy	"maize [not very coloured]" (species unknown)
gaca	"feather"
gaxie	"small"
gazaiomy	"potato [wide]" (species unknown)
guahaia	"dead body"
guexica	"grandfather" and "grandmother"
guia	"bear" or "older brother/sister"
hichuamuy	"maize [of rice]" (species and meaning unknown)
hosca	"tobacco"
iome	"potato" (Solanum tuberosum)
iomgy	"flower of potato plant"
iomza	"potato" (species unknown)
iomzaga	"potato [small]" (species unknown)
muyhyza	"flea" (Tunga penetrans)
muyhyzyso	"lizard"
nygua	"salt"
nyia	"gold" or "money"
phochuba	"maize [soft and red]" (species and meaning unknown)
pquaca	"arm"
pquihiza	"lightning"
quye	"tree" or "leaf"
quyecho	"arrow"
quyhysaiomy	"potato [floury]" (species unknown)
quyiomy	"potato [long]" (species unknown)
saca	"nose"
sasamuy	"maize [reddish]" (species unknown)
simte	"owl [white]"
soche	"white-tailed deer"
suque	"soup"
tyba	"hi!" (to a friend)
tybaiomy	"potato [yellow]" (species unknown)
xiua	"rain" or "lake"
usua	"white river clay"
uamuyhyca	"fish"; Eremophilus mutisii
xieiomy	"potato [white]" (species unknown)
xui	"broth"
ysy	"that", "those"
zihita	"frog"
zoia	"pot"
zysquy	"head" or "skull"

Comparison to other Chibchan languages[]

Muysccubun	Duit Boyacá	Uwa Boyacá N. de Santander Arauca	Barí N. de Santander	Chimila Cesar Magdalena	Kogui S.N. de Santa Marta	Kuna Darién Gap	Guaymí Panama Costa Rica	Boruca Costa Rica	Maléku Costa Rica	Rama Nicaragua	English	Notes
chie	tia	siʔ	chibai	má	saka	sö	sö	tebej	tlijii	tukan	Moon	[13][14][15][16]
ata	atia	úbistia	intok	ti-tasu/nyé			kwati	éˇxi	dooka		one	[17][18]
muysca			dary	tsá			ngäbe		ochápaká	nkiikna	person man people	[19][20]
aba		eba		á							maize	[21][22]
pquyquy				tò							heart	[23]
bcasqua				yút		purkwe					to die	[24][25]
uê				háta			ju		uu		house	[26][27]
cho				mex				morén			good	[28][29]
zihita				yén					pek-pen		frog	[25][30]

Surviving words and education[]

Words of Muysccubun origin are still used in the department of Cundinamarca of which Bogotá is the capital, and the department of Boyacá, with capital Tunja. These include curuba (Colombian fruit banana passionfruit), toche (yellow oriole), guadua (a large bamboo used in construction) and tatacoa ("snake"). The Muisca descendants continue many traditional ways, such as the use of certain foods, use of coca for teas and healing rituals, and other aspects of natural ways, which are a respected part of culture in Colombia.

As the Muisca did not have words for imported technology or items in early colonial times, they borrowed them from Spanish, such as "shoe"; çapato,^[31] "sword"; espada,^[32] "knife"; cuchillo^[33] and other words.

The only public school in Colombia currently teaching Chibcha (to about 150 children) is in the town of Cota, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) by road from Bogotá. The school is named Jizcamox (healing with the hands) in Chibcha.

Toponyms[]

Most of the original Muisca names of the villages, rivers and national parks and some of the provinces in the central highlands of the Colombian Andes are kept or slightly altered. Usually the names refer to farmfields (ta), the Moon goddess Chía, her husband Sué, names of caciques, the topography of the region, built enclosures (ca) and animals of the region.^[34]

See also[]

• Quechua
• Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations
• Muisca numerals, calendar

References[]

Bibliography[]

• Casilimas Rojas, Clara Inés. 2005. Expresión de la modalidad en la lengua uwa. Amerindia 29/30. 247-262.
• Gamboa Mendoza, Jorge. 2016. Los muiscas, grupos indígenas del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Una nueva propuesta sobre su organizacíon socio-política y su evolucíon en el siglo XVI - The Muisca, indigenous groups of the New Kingdom of Granada. A new proposal on their social-political organization and their evolution in the 16th century. Museo del Oro.
• de Pérez, María Stella González. 2006. Aproximación al sistema fonético-fonológico de la lengua muisca, 53–119. Bogotá Instituto Caro y Cuervo.
• Quesada Pacheco, Miguel Ángel, and Carmen Rojas Chaves. 1999. Diccionario boruca - español, español - boruca, 1-207. Universidad de Costa Rica.
• Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo. 1947. La lengua chimila - The Chimila language. Journal de la Société des Américanistes 36. 15-50.
• Saravia, Facundo Manuel. 2015. Curso de aproximación a la lengua chibcha o muisca - Nivel 1 - Introduction course to the Chibcha or Muisca language - Level 1, 1–81. Fundación Zaquenzipa.

Further reading[]

• Arango, Teresa. 1954. Precolombia: Introducción al estudio del indígena colombiano - PreColombia: Introduction to the Study of Colombian Indigenous People. Sucesores de Rivadeneyra.
• Botiva Contreras, Álvaro; Leonor Herrera; Ana Maria Groot, and Santiago Mora. 1989. Colombia prehispánica: regiones arqueológicas - Pre-Hispanic Colombia: Archeological Regions. Instituto colombiano de Antropología Colcultura.
• Martín, Rafael, and José Puentes. 2008. Culturas indígenas colombianas - Indigenous Cultures of Colombia.
• Triana, Miguel. 1922. La civilización Chibcha, 1–222.
• Wiesner García, Luis Eduardo. 2014. Etnografía muisca - Muisca Ethnography. Central Andean Region IV. 2.

External links[]

Chibcha language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

• (in Spanish) Diccionario y gramática chibcha - World Digital Library
• (in Spanish) Muysc cubun Project - with Muysc cubun–Spanish dictionary
• (in Spanish) Archives and sources on the Chibcha language - Rosetta Project
• (in Spanish) Animated video about the last Muisca rulers - Muysccubun is spoken with Spanish subtitles
• Muisca (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)