Conservative Democrat

Conservative Democrat
Conservative Democrat
Ideology	Centrism; Fiscal conservatism; Factions:; Social conservatism;
Political position	Centre to Center-right
National affiliation	Democratic Party
Colors	Blue
	Politics of United States; Political parties; Elections;

In American politics, a conservative Democrat is a member of the Democratic Party with conservative political views, or with views that are conservative compared to the positions taken by other members of the Democratic Party. Traditionally, conservative Democrats have been elected to office from the Southern states, rural areas, the Rust Belt, and the Midwest.^[11]

Prior to 1964, both parties had influential liberal, moderate, and conservative wings. During this period, conservative Democrats formed the Democratic half of the conservative coalition. After 1964, the conservative wing assumed a greater presence in the Republican Party, although it did not become the mainstay of the party until the nomination of Ronald Reagan in 1980. The Democratic Party retained its conservative wing through the 1970s with the help of urban machine politics.

After 1980, the Republicans became a mostly right-wing party, with conservative leaders such as Newt Gingrich, Trent Lott, and Tom DeLay. The Democrats, while keeping their liberal base intact, grew their centrist wing, the New Democrats, in the 1990s, with leaders such as Bill Clinton, Al Gore, and Evan Bayh. In addition to the New Democrat Coalition, which represents the moderate wing, the Blue Dog Coalition represents conservative Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives.

History[]

1828-1861: Background and Origins[]

1861-1876[]

1876–1964: Solid South[]

The Solid South describes the reliable electoral support of the U.S. Southern states for Democratic Party candidates for almost a century after the Reconstruction era. Except for 1928, when Catholic candidate Al Smith ran on the Democratic ticket, Democrats won heavily in the South in every presidential election from 1876 until 1964 (and even in 1928, the divided South provided most of Smith's electoral votes). The Democratic dominance originated in many Southerners' animosity towards the Republican Party's role in the Civil War and Reconstruction.^[12]

1874–1896: rise of agrarian populism[]

The Populist Party, Greenback Party, and the Agrarianism movement are often cited as the first truly left-wing political movements within the United States.T hey emphasized economic issues that were radical by the political standards of the time. The Democrats opposed them in the South, but sometimnes formed coalitions with them in the North.

In 1896, William Jennings Bryan won the Democratic Party nomination by adopting many of the Populist Party's proposals as his own.^[13] He also won the Populist nomination. Conservative Democrats opposed him especially in the Northeast where "Gold Democrats" were most active. They were supporters of Grover Cleveland, the hero of consevatgived Democrats. They formed the National Democratic Party (United States) and nominated John M. Palmer (politician), former governor of Illinois for president and Simon Bolivar Buckner, former governor of Kentucky for vice-president. They also nominated a few other candidates including William Campbell Preston Breckinridge for Congress in Kentucky, but they won no elections.^[14]

1932–1948: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal coalition[]

The 1932 election brought about a major realignment in political party affiliation, and is widely considered to be a political realignment. Franklin D. Roosevelt was able to forge a coalition of labor unions, liberals, Catholics, African Americans, and southern whites.^[15]^[16] These disparate voting blocs together formed a broad majority and handed the Democrats seven victories out of nine presidential elections to come, as well as control of both houses of Congress during much of this time. In many ways, it was the American civil rights movement that ultimately heralded the demise of the coalition.

Roosevelt's program for alleviating the Great Depression, collectively known as the New Deal, emphasized only economic issues, and thus was compatible with the views of those who supported the New Deal programs but were otherwise conservative. This included the Southern Democrats, who were an important part of FDR's New Deal coalition.

There were a few conservative Democrats who came to oppose the New Deal, including Senator Harry F. Byrd, Senator Rush Holt Sr., Senator Josiah Bailey, and Representative Samuel B. Pettengill. The American Liberty League was formed in 1934, to oppose the New Deal. It was made up of wealthy businessmen and conservative Democrats including former Congressman Jouett Shouse of Kansas, former Congressman from West Virginia and 1924 Democratic presidential candidate, John W. Davis, and former governor of New York and 1928 Democratic presidential candidate Al Smith. In 1936, former U.S. Assistant Secretary of War, Henry Skillman Breckinridge ran against Roosevelt for the Democratic nomination for president. John Nance Garner, of Texas, 32nd Vice President of the United States under Roosevelt, a conservative Southerner, broke with Roosevelt in 1937 and ran against him for the Democratic nomination for president in 1940, but lost.

Political anomalies during the Great Depression[]

During the Roosevelt administration, several radical populist proposals which went beyond what Roosevelt was willing to advocate gained in popularity. It is notable that all four of the main promoters of these proposals, Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Francis Townsend, and Upton Sinclair, were originally strong New Deal supporters but turned against Roosevelt because they believed the New Deal programs didn't go far enough. Like the New Deal programs, these populist proposals were based entirely on single economic reforms, but did not take a position on any other issue and were therefore compatible with those holding otherwise conservative views. Some historians today believe that the primary base of support for the proposals of Coughlin, Long, Townsend, and Sinclair was conservative middle class whites who saw their economic status slipping away during the Depression.^[17] In 1936, Coughlin, Dr. Townsend, and Republican Gerald L. K. Smith backed the Union Party (United States), a third party supporting a populist alternative to the New Deal. They nominated Republican Congressman William Lemke of North Dakota for president and Democrat labor lawyer Thomas C. O'Brien of Massachusetts for vice-president. They also nominated Jacob S. Coxey for Congress in the 16th District of Ohio. All their candidates lost and the party disbanded.

A different source of conservative Democratic dissent against the New Deal came from a group of journalists who considered themselves classical liberals and Democrats of the old school, and were opposed to big government programs on principle; these included Albert Jay Nock and John T. Flynn, whose views later became influential in the libertarian movement.

Conversely, it also held the party to increasing commitment to ending segregationism and Jim Crow, and disengaging itself from its segregationist wing, held to be too far right for the new centrist consensus. This led to a conservative backlash by southern Democrats during the same period.

1948–1968: segregationist backlash[]

The proclamation by President Harry S. Truman and Minneapolis Mayor Hubert Humphrey of support for a civil rights plank in the Democratic Party platform of 1948 led to a walkout of 35 delegates from Mississippi and Alabama. These southern delegations nominated their own "States Rights Democratic Party" (a/k/a "Dixiecrat Party") nominees with South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond leading the ticket (Thurmond would later represent South Carolina in the U.S. Senate, and join the Republicans in 1964). The Dixiecrats held their convention in Birmingham, Alabama, where they nominated Thurmond for president and Fielding L. Wright, governor of Mississippi, for vice president. Dixiecrat leaders worked to have Thurmond-Wright declared the "official" Democratic Party ticket in Southern states.^[18] They succeeded in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina; in other states, they were forced to run as a third-party ticket. Preston Parks, elected as a presidential elector for Truman in Tennessee, instead voted for the Thurmond-Wright ticket. Leander Perez attempted to keep the States Rights Party alive in Louisiana after 1948.

Similar breakaway Southern Democratic candidates running on states' rights and segregationist platforms would continue in 1956 (T. Coleman Andrews), and 1960 (Harry F. Byrd). None would be as successful as the American Independent Party campaign of George Wallace, the Democratic governor of Alabama, in 1968. Wallace had briefly run in the Democratic primaries of 1964 against Lyndon Johnson, but dropped out of the race early. In 1968, he formed the new American Independent Party and received 13.5% of the popular vote, and 46 electoral votes, carrying several Southern states.^[19] The AIP would run presidential candidates in several other elections, including Southern Democrats (Lester Maddox in 1976 and John Rarick in 1980), but none of them did nearly as well as Wallace.

1977–1981: Jimmy Carter[]

When Jimmy Carter entered the Democratic Party Presidential primaries in 1976, he at first was considered to have little chance against nationally better-known politicians. However, the Watergate scandal was still fresh in the voters' minds, and so his position as an outsider distant from Washington, D.C. became an asset. He ran an effective campaign, did well in debates, and won his party's nomination and then the election, receiving 50.1% of the popular vote. The centerpiece of his campaign platform was government reorganization. Carter was the first candidate from the Deep South to be elected president since Antebellum.

He is a born-again Christian and was (until 2000) a member of the Southern Baptist Convention. While the Republican Party began to pursue a strategy of wooing born-again Christians as a voting bloc after 1980, led by activists Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson, in 1976, 56% of the evangelical Christian vote went to Carter. However, he had both liberal fiscal and social policies with liberal views on peace and ecology, with foreign policies oriented toward peace and human rights, making him unsatisfying for most Southern conservative Democrats.

Carter's 1976 electoral sweep of all the states of the former Confederacy except Virginia (which he narrowly lost to Gerald Ford) was the first time a Democrat (excluding the third-party campaigns of George Wallace and Harry Byrd) had swept the South since 1956, and would never be repeated. In 1992 and 1996, Bill Clinton won some southern states, and Barack Obama was successful in some coastal Southern states such as Florida, North Carolina and Virginia (with Obama's former running mate Joe Biden also narrowly winning the coastal southern state of Georgia in 2020), but otherwise the South turned solidly Republican after 1976.

1981–1989: boll weevils of the Reagan era[]

After 1968, with desegregation a settled issue, conservative Democrats, mostly Southerners, managed to remain in the United States Congress throughout the 1970s and 1980s. These included Democratic House members as conservative as Larry McDonald, who was also a leader in the John Birch Society. During the administration of Ronald Reagan, the term "boll weevils" was applied to this bloc of conservative Democrats, who consistently voted in favor of tax cuts, increases in military spending, and deregulation favored by the Reagan administration but were opposed to cuts in social welfare spending.^[20]

Boll weevils was sometimes used as a political epithet by Democratic Party leaders, implying that the boll weevils were unreliable on key votes or not team players. Most of the boll weevils eventually retired from office, or in the case of some such as Senators Phil Gramm and Richard Shelby, switched parties and joined the Republicans. Since 1988 the term boll weevils has fallen out of favor.

Political anomalies during the 1980s and 1990s[]

In 1980, a political unknown named Lyndon LaRouche entered the New Hampshire Democratic Primary and polled 2% of the vote, coming in fourth place. He and his National Democratic Policy Committee were largely ignored until 1984, when he became something of a curiosity by paying for half-hour political ads proclaiming Walter Mondale a Soviet agent of influence, and 1986, when two followers of his won upset victories in Democratic primaries for statewide races in Illinois. After the media began to pay attention, LaRouche was promptly labeled an ultraconservative Democrat by some, and a nut by others, primarily due to the overlap of some of his views with those of the Reagan administration.^[21] Others disputed the label and noted LaRouche's background as a Marxist/Trotskyist from the 1940s until the early 1970s.^[22] Among those to criticize LaRouche as a "leftist" was conservative Democratic Congressman and John Birch Society leader Larry McDonald, who was killed when the passenger aircraft he was travelling in was shot down by Soviet interceptors.^[23]

Aside from LaRouche, some Democratic leaders during the 1980s did turn toward conservative views, albeit very different from the previous incarnations of southern Democrats. In 1988, Joe Lieberman defeated Republican U.S. Senate incumbent Lowell Weicker of Connecticut by running to the right of Weicker and receiving the endorsements of the Moral Majority and the National Rifle Association. Colorado governor Richard Lamm, and former Minnesota Senator and presidential candidate Eugene McCarthy both took up immigration reduction as an issue.^[24] Lamm wrote a novel, 1988, about a third-party presidential candidate and former Democrat running as a progressive conservative, and Lamm himself would go on to unsuccessfully seek the nomination of the Reform Party in 1996. McCarthy began to give speeches in the late 1980s naming the Internal Revenue Service, the Federal Communications Commission, and the Federal Election Commission as the three biggest threats to liberty in the United States.

Arthur Schlesinger Jr., known during the 1950s and 1960s as a champion of "Vital Center" ideology and the policies of Harry S. Truman and John F. Kennedy, wrote a 1992 book, The Disuniting of America critical of multiculturalism.^[25] Jerry Brown, meanwhile, would adopt the flat tax as a core issue during the 1992 Democratic primaries. Bill Clinton, the winner of the 1992 Democratic nomination, ran as a New Democrat and a member of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council, distancing himself from the party's liberal wing.

2009–2017: presidency of Barack Obama[]

2008 United States presidential election[]

During the Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign, he received the endorsement of prominent Obamacons, conservatives and Republicans who supported Obama.^[26] This was due to Bush's unpopularity. Despite receiving support from some Republicans, Obama ran to the left of Bill Clinton.

2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries[]

During the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Hillary Clinton ran to the left of Barack Obama on economic issues but to the right on national security and foreign policy issues. Clinton also proposed a Cabinet-level poverty czar position. Clinton secured more labor union backing than Obama, and Obama did better than Clinton at gaining primary votes from self-identified independents.^[27]

Current trend[]

During the 2006 midterm elections, the Democratic Party ran moderates and even a few conservative Democrats for at-risk Republican seats.^[28] The Blue Dog Democrats gained nine seats during the elections.^[29] The New Democrats had support from 27 of the 40 Democratic candidates running for at-risk Republican seats.^[28] In 2010, the Blue Dog Coalition lost more than half its members. As of 2020, the Blue Dog Coalition had 14 members.

In the 2018 House of Representatives elections, the Democratic Party nominated moderate to conservative candidates in many contested districts and won a majority in the chamber. In the aftermath of the elections, the Blue Dog Coalition expanded to 27 members.^[30]

Modern[]

Congressional caucuses[]

Blue Dog Coalition[]

The Blue Dog Coalition was formed in 1995^[31]^[32]^[33] during the 104th Congress to give members from the Democratic Party representing conservative-leaning districts a unified voice after Democrats' loss of Congress in the 1994 Republican Revolution.^[34]

The term "Blue Dog Democrat" is credited to Texas Democratic U.S. Representative Pete Geren (who later joined the Bush administration). Geren opined that the members had been "choked blue" by Democrats on the left.^[35] It is related to the political term "Yellow Dog Democrat", a reference to Southern Democrats said to be so loyal they would even vote for a yellow dog before they would vote for any Republican. The term is also a reference to the "Blue Dog" paintings of Cajun artist George Rodrigue of Lafayette, Louisiana.^[36]^[37]

The Blue Dog Coalition "advocates for fiscal responsibility, a strong national defense and bipartisan consensus rather than conflict with Republicans". It acts as a check on legislation that its members perceive to be too far to the right or the left on the political spectrum.^[38] The Blue Dog Coalition is often involved in searching for a compromise between liberal and conservative positions. As of 2014, there was no mention of social issues in the official Blue Dog materials.^[39]

New Democrat Coalition[]

Conservative endorsements of Democratic candidates[]

During the 2004 election, several high-profile conservative writers endorsed the Presidential campaign of John Kerry, arguing that the Bush administration was pursuing policies which were anything but conservative. Among the most notable of these endorsements came from Andrew Sullivan and Paul Craig Roberts, while a series of editorials in Pat Buchanan's The American Conservative magazine made a conservative case for several candidates, with Scott McConnell formally endorsing Kerry,^[40] and Justin Raimondo giving the nod to independent Ralph Nader.^[41]

In South Carolina in 2008, the Democratic candidate for United States Senator was Bob Conley, a traditional Catholic, and a former activist for the presidential candidacy of Ron Paul. Conley failed in his bid to defeat Republican Lindsey Graham, receiving 42.4 percent of the vote.^[42]

In his 2010 campaign for reelection, Walter Minnick, U.S. Representative for Idaho's 1st congressional district, was endorsed by Tea Party Express, an extremely rare occurrence for a Democrat.^[43]^[44] Minnick was the only Democrat to receive a 100% rating from the Club for Growth, an organization that typically supports conservative Republicans.^[45] Minnick lost to Raúl Labrador, a conservative Republican, in the general election.

Ideology and polls[]

According to a 2015 poll from the Pew Research Center, 54% of conservative and moderate Democrats supported same-sex marriage in 2015. This figure represented an increase of 22% from a decade earlier.^[46]

In 2019, the Pew Research Center found that 47% of Democratic and Democratic-leaning registered voters identify as liberal or very liberal, 38% identify as moderate, and 14% identify as conservative, or very conservative.^[47]

Current officeholders[]

United States Senators[]

Joe Manchin, United States Senator from West Virginia (Since 2010), Chair of the Senate Energy Committee (Since 2021), and Ranking Member of Senate Energy Committee (2019–2021)^[48]^[49]
Kyrsten Sinema, United States Senator from Arizona (Since 2019)^[50]^[49]

United States Representatives[]

Sanford Bishop, United States Representative from Georgia's 2nd congressional district (Since 1993)^[51]
Jim Cooper, member of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee's 5th congressional district (2003–) and Tennessee's 4th congressional district (1983–1995).^[52]
Jim Costa, member of the United States House of Representatives from California's 16th congressional district (2013–) and California's 20th congressional district (2005–2013), member of the California Senate from the 16th district (1995–2002), and member of the California State Assembly from the 30th district (1978–1994).^[53]
Henry Cuellar, member of the United States House of Representatives from Texas's 28th congressional district (2005–), 102nd Texas Secretary of State (2001), and member of the Texas House of Representatives (1987–2001).^[54]
Josh Gottheimer, member of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey's 5th congressional district (2017–), attorney, and writer.^[55]
Stephanie Murphy, member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida's 7th congressional district (2017–).^[56]
Kurt Schrader, member of the United States House of Representatives from Oregon's 5th congressional district (2009–), member of the Oregon Senate from the 20th district (2003–2008), and member of the Oregon House of Representatives from the 23rd district (1997–2003).^[57]
David Scott, member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia's 13th congressional district (2003–), Chair of the House Agriculture Committee (2021–), member of the Georgia State Senate from the 36th district (1983–2003), and member of the Georgia House of Representatives (1975–1983).^[58]

Governors[]

John Bel Edwards, Governor of Louisiana (2016–).^[59]

Former officeholders[]

Presidents of the United States[]

Andrew Jackson, 7th President of the United States (1829–1837), United States Senator from Tennessee (1797–1798, 1823–1825), 1st Territorial Governor of Florida (1821), Justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court (1798–1804), and member of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee's at-large congressional district (1796–1797), and major general in the United States Army, United States Volunteers, and Tennessee Militia.^[60]
Franklin Pierce, 14th President of the United States (1853–1857), United States Senator from New Hampshire (1837–1842), member of the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire's at-large congressional district (1833–1837), Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives (1831–1833), member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from Hillsborough (1829–1833), Town Meeting Moderator for Hillsborough, New Hampshire (1829–1836), brigadier general in the United States Army (1847–1848), and colonel in the New Hampshire Militia (1831–1847).^[61]
Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States (1865–1869), 16th Vice President of the United States (1865), United States Senator from Tennessee (1875, 1857–1862), Military Governor of Tennessee (1862–1865), 15th Governor of Tennessee (1853–1857), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 1st congressional district (1843–1853), Mayor of Greeneville, Tennessee (1834–1835), and brigadier general in the United States Army (1862–1865).^[62]
Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th President of the United States (1885–1889) and (1893–1897), 28th Governor of New York (1883–1885), 35th Mayor of Buffalo, New York (January 2, 1882 – November 28, 1882), 12th Sheriff of Erie County, New York, (1871–1873). He was a pro-business Bourbon Democrat and fiscal conservative.
Woodrow Wilson, 28th President of the United States (1913–1921), Governor of New Jersey (1911–1913).^{[dubious – discuss]} He began his political career as a conservative Democrat before embracing some aspects of progressivism.^[63]^[64] Despite the progressivism of some of his policies as governor and president, he actively opposed the economic advancement and social integration of African-Americans.^[65]^[66]^[67]

Vice Presidents of the United States[]

John C. Breckinridge, 14th Vice President of the United States (1857–1861), United States Senator from Kentucky (03-04-1861–12-04-1861), Member, United States House of Representatives from Kentucky's 8th District (1851–1855), Member, Kentucky House of Representatives from Fayette County (1849–1850). He was presidential nominee of the southern Democratic Party in 1860.
John C. Calhoun, 7th Vice President of the United States (1825–1832), United States Senator from South Carolina (1845–1850), 16th United States Secretary of State (1844–1845), 10th Secretary of War (1817–1825), Member, United States House of Representatives from South Carolina's 6th District (1811–1817). He was a supporter of slavery, state sovereignty and a proponent of the theory of nullification.
John Nance Garner, 32nd Vice President of the United States (1933–1945), Member, United States House of Representatives from 15th District of Texas (1903–1933), 39th Speaker of the House of Representatives (1931–1933), House Minority Leader (1929–1931), Leader, House Democratic Caucus (1929–1933), Member, Texas House of Representatives from Texas 91st District (1899–1903), County Judge, Uvalde County Texas (1893–1896). He supported the poll tax. Although he served as vice president under Franklin D. Roosevelt, he turned against Roosevelt during his second term, taking a more conservative stance on several issues.
Thomas A. Hendricks, 21st Vice President of the United States (1885), 16th Governor of Indiana (1873–1877), United States Senator from Indiana (1863–1869), and member of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana's 6th congressional district (1853–1855) and Indiana's 5th congressional district (1851–1853).^[68]

United States Governors[]

George Wallace, 45th Governor of Alabama (1983–1987, 1971–1979, and 1963–1979), First Gentleman of Alabama (1967–1968), member of the Alabama House of Representatives from Barbour County (1946–1952), and presidential nominee for the American Independent Party in the 1968 presidential election.^[69]
Lurleen Wallace, 46th Governor of Alabama (1967–1968), First Lady of Alabama (1963–1967).^[70]^[71]
Bill Ritter, 41st Governor of Colorado (2007–2011) and District Attorney of Denver (1995–2005). Ritters has aligned himself with the left wing of the Democratic Party, supporting abortion rights and funding, universal healthcare, environmental protection, a progressive energy policy, raising taxes, and welfare, but strongly opposed same-sex marriage,^[72] illegal immigration, and labor unions^[73] as well as supporting a tough-on-crime policy.^[74]
James E. Broome, 3rd Governor of Florida (1853–1857).^[75]
C. Farris Bryant, 34th Governor of Florida (1961–1965), Director of the Office of Emergency Planning (1966–1967), Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives (1953–1954), and member of the Florida House of Representatives from Marion County (1946–1956).^[76]
Eugene Talmadge, 67th Governor of Georgia (1941–1943, 1933–1937).^[a]^[77]
Chauncey Sparks, 41st Governor of Alabama (1943–1947).^[78]
Lester Maddox, 75th Governor of Georgia (1967–1971), 7th Lieutenant Governor of Georgia (1971–1975), presidential nominee for the American Independent Party in the 1976 presidential election.^[79]
Joan Finney, 42nd Governor of Kansas (1991–1995), 33rd Kansas State Treasurer (1975–1991). Former Republican (before 1974). She was anti-abortion.^[80]
Francis T. Nicholls, 28th Governor of Louisiana (1888–1892, 1877–1880), brigadier general in the Confederate States Army (1861–1865), and 2nd lieutenant in the United States Army (1855–1856).^[81]
John Marshall Stone, 31st and 33rd Governor of Mississippi (1876–1882, 1890–1896), member of the Mississippi State Senate from Tishomingo County (1869–1876), and colonel in the Confederate States Army (1861–1865).^[82]
Ross Barnett, 53rd Governor of Mississippi (1960–1964).^[83]
John Bell Williams, 55th Governor of Mississippi (1968–1972), member of the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi's 3rd congressional district (1963–1968), Mississippi's 4th congressional district (1953–1963), and Mississippi's 7th congressional district (1947–1953).^[84]
George B. McClellan, 24th Governor of New Jersey (1878–1881), Commanding General of the United States Army (1861–1862), major general in the United States Army (1846–1857), and presidential nominee for the Democratic Party in the 1864 presidential election. His term as governor was marked by careful, conservative management.^[85]
Horatio Seymour, 18th Governor of New York (1863–1864, 1853–1854), Speaker of the New York State Assembly (1845), member of the New York State Assembly from Oneida County (1844–1845, 1842), Mayor of Utica, New York (1842–1843), and presidential nominee for the Democratic Party in the 1868 presidential election. He ran for president as "the White Man's candidate."^[86]
Samuel J. Tilden, 25th Governor of New York (1875–1876), member of the New York State Assembly from Manhattan's 18th district (1872) and Manhattan's at-large, multi-member district (1846–1847), Chair of the New York Democratic Party (1866–1874), Corporation Counsel of New York City (1843–1844), and presidential nominee for the Democratic Party in the 1876 presidential election. He was a conservative "hard money" Democrat.^[87]^[88]
William H. Murray, 9th Governor of Oklahoma (1931–1935), member of the United States House of Representatives from Oklahoma's 4th congressional district (1915–1917) and Oklahoma's at-large congressional district (1913–1915), 1st Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives (1907–1909), and member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives (1907–1909).^[89]^[90]
Bob Casey Sr., 42nd Governor of Pennsylvania (1987–1995), 45th Auditor General of Pennsylvania (1969–1977), and member of the Pennsylvania State Senate from the 22nd district (1963–1968).^[91]
Duncan Clinch Heyward, 88th Governor of South Carolina, (1903–1911).^[92]
George Bell Timmerman Jr., 105th Governor of South Carolina (1955–1959) and 76th Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina (1947–1951).^[93]
Phil Bredesen, 48th Governor of Tennessee (2003–2011), and 66th Mayor of Nashville (1991–1999).^[94]
James E. Ferguson, 26th Governor of Texas (1915–1917), First Gentleman of Texas (1933–1935, 1925–1927), and presidential nominee for the American Party in the 1920 presidential election.^[95]
Miriam A. Ferguson, 29th and 32nd Governor of Texas (1925–1927, 1933–1935) and First Lady of Texas (1915–1917). She was a fiscal conservative.^[95]
Coke R. Stevenson, 35th Governor of Texas (1941–1947), 31st Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1939–1941), Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives (1933–1939), and member of the Texas House of Representatives from the 86th district (1929–1939).^[96]
John Connally, 39th Governor of Texas (1963–1969), 61st United States Secretary of the Treasury (1971–1972), 56th United States Secretary of the Navy (1961), and lieutenant commander in the United States Navy. Joined the Republican Party in 1973.^[97]
Sam H. Jones, 46th Governor of Louisiana (1940–1944). He endorsed Barry Goldwater for president in 1964. He said he would continue to be a Democrat so he could vote in the Democratic primary, although he was disillusioned with the Democratic Party.
Jimmie Davis, 47th Governor of Louisiana (1944–1948) and (1960–1964). He was a defender of segregation.
Jim Hogg, 20th Governor of Texas (1891–1895), Attorney General of Texas (1887–1891), He was a follower of the conservative New South Creed which was popular after the Civil War and was also associated with populism.
John A. Quitman, 10th and 16th Governor of Mississippi (1835–1836, acting), and (1850–1851), Member, United States House of Representatives, Mississippi 5th District (1855–1858), Member, Mississippi State Senate (1835–1836), Member, Mississippi House of Representatives (1832–1835). He was a Fire-Eater and supporter of the theory of nullification. Originally a Whig, he switched to Democrat.
Tom Terral 27th Governor of Arkansas (1925–1927), Arkansas Secretary of State (1917–1921). He was a member of the Ku Klux Klan.
Clifford Walker 64th Governor of Georgia (1923–1927), Attorney General of Georgia (1915–1920). He was a member of the Ku Klux Klan.
Orval Faubus 36th Governor of Arkansas (1955–1967), presidential nominee of the right-wing National States Rights Party in 1960.
Fielding L. Wright 49th and 50th Governor of Mississippi (1946–1952), member, Mississippi House of Representatives (1932–1940), Speaker of Mississippi House of Representatives (1936–1940), member, Mississippi State Senate, 20th District (1928–1932), vice-presidential candidate of the States Rights' Democratic Party (Dixiecrats) in 1948.
Charley Eugene Johns, 32nd Governor of Florida (1953–1955), Member, Florida Senate (1947–1953) and (1955–1966). He was head of the Florida Legislative Investigation Committee, which investigated Communists, homosexuals and civil rights activists.
Mills Godwin, 60th and 62nd Governor of Virginia (1966–1970), and (1974–1978), 28th Lieutenant Governor of Virginia (1962–1968), Member, Virginia House of Delegates, for Nansemond and Suffolk (1948–1952). He was a Democrat until his second term as governor, when he was elected as a Republican.
Hugh L. White 45th and 51st Governor of Mississippi (1936–1940) and (1952–1956). In 1948, he helped form the States' Rights Democratic (Dixiecrat) Party.
Frank M. Dixon 40th Governor of Alabama (1939–1943) in 1948, he helped organize the States' Rights Democratic (Dixiecrat) Party and lobbied for conservative causes in the legislature.
W. Haydon Burns 35th Governor of Florida (1965–1967), 35th Mayor of Jackson, Florida, (1949–1965).
Albertis Harrison 59th Governor of Virginia (1962–1966), Justice, Supreme Court of Virginia (1968–1981), 28th Attorney General of Virginia (1958–1961), Member, Virginia State Senate, 77th District (1948–1958). He was a member of the conservative Byrd Organization who supported Massive Resistance to desegregation of Virginia public schools until it became obvious that this was futile.
Mike Foster (American politician), 53rd Governor of Louisiana (1996–2004), Member, Louisiana State Senate, 21st District (1988–1996). He was elected governor on a conservative platform to run Louisiana as a business. He was a Democrat until 1995, when he switched to Republican.
Thomas B. Stanley, 57th Governor of Virginia (1954–1958), Chairman, National Governors Association, (1956–1957), Member, United States House of Representatives, 5th District of Virginia (1946–1953), Member, Virginia House of Delegates, for Henry, (1930–1932), Member Virginia House of Delegates for Henry and Martinsville (1932–1946). He was a member of the conservative Byrd Organization. An opponent of school desegregation, he devised the Stanley plan to circumvent desegregation in accordance with the policy of Massive Resistance to integration, which was later struck down.
Charles Brantley Aycock, 50th Governor of North Carolina (1901 -1906), United States Attorney for Eastern District of North Carolina (1893 1897). He was a strong supporter of segregation and white supremacy.
Colgate Darden, 54th Governor of Virginia (1942–1946), member, United States House of Representatives, Virginia's 2nd district (1939–1941), and Virginia's At Large District (1933–1942), he was a part of the conservative Byrd organization.
Dan Moody, 30th Governor of Texas (1927–1931), Texas Attorney General (1925–1927), Williamson County District Attorney (1922–1925), he was a conservative Democrat who opposed the New Deal
Leon C. Phillips, 11th Governor of Oklahoma (1939–1943), member, Oklahoma House of Representatives (1933–1936), Speaker of the House in 1935. He was considered an obstructionist to New Deal policies.
Albert Ritchie, 49th Governor of Maryland (1920–1935), Attorney General of Maryland (1915–1919). He was a conservative.
Allan Shivers, 37th Governor of Texas (1949–1957), 33rd Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1947–1949), member, Texas Senate, 4th District (1935–1947), he was opposed to school desegregation, equated liberals with Communists and advocated the death penalty for membership in the Communist party.
Simon Bolivar Buckner, 30th Governor of Kentucky (1887–1891), he was a conservative Bourbon Democrat who was vice-presidential candidate of the Bourbon Democrat National Democratic Party in 1896.
Lamartine Griffin Hardman, 65th Governor of Georgia (1927–1931), he advocated that the state government be run like a business.
Roger D. Branigin, 42nd Governor of Indiana (1966 - 1969), he was considered a conservative Democrat.
Homer Martin Adkins, 32nd Governor of Arkansas (1941 - 1945), he was a proponent of States' Rights and was a social conservative.
William Walton Kitchin, 52nd Governor of North Carolina (1909 - 1913), member, United States House of Representatives from North Carolina's 5th District (1892 - 1909), he helped with the Wilmington insurrection of 1898, which resulted in the deaths of many African-Americans and supported an amendment to the North Carolina Constitution which limited the rights of African-Americans.
Robert F. Kennon, 48th Governor of Louisiana (1952 - 1956), Chairman, National Governors Association (1954 - 1955), Judge, Louisiana Second Circuit Court of Appeals (1945 - 1952), Associate Justice of Louisiana Supreme Court (1945 - 1946), District Attorney of Bossier and Webster Parishes (1930 - 1941), Mayor of Minden, Louisiana (1926 - 1928), he was a conservative who, although he was a Democrat, supported Republican presidential candidates from Dwight D. Eisenhower through Ronald Reagan.
John Milton, 5th Governor of Florida (1861 - 1865), member of Florida House of Representatives (in office 1850). He was a supporter of States' rights.

United States Senators[]

Mark Pryor, United States Senator from Arkansas (2003–2015), 53rd Attorney General of Arkansas (1999–2003), and member of the Arkansas House of Representatives (1991–1995).^[98]^[99]
Joe Lieberman, United States Senator from Connecticut (1989–2013), Chair of the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee (2007–2013, 2001–2003, 2001), 21st Attorney General of Connecticut (1983–1989), member of the Connecticut State Senate from the 10th district (1973–1981) and 11th district (1971–1973), and vice presidential nominee for the Democratic Party in the 2000 presidential election.^[100]^[101] Became an Independent in 2006.
Zell Miller, United States Senator from Georgia (2000–2005), 79th Governor of Georgia (1991–1999), 8th Lieutenant Governor of Georgia (1975–1991), member of the Georgia State Senate from the 50th district (1963–1965) and 40th district (1961–1965), and sergeant in the United States Marine Corps (1953–1956).^[102]^[103]
Herman Talmadge, United States Senator from Georgia (1957–1981), Chair of the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry (1971–1981), and 71st Governor of Georgia (1948–1955 and 1947).^[104]
Joe Donnelly, United States Senator from Indiana (2013–2019) and member of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana's 2nd congressional district (2007–2013).^[105]^[49]
Wendell Ford, United States Senator from Kentucky (1974–1999), Senate Minority Whip (1995–1999), Senate Majority Whip (1991–1995), 53rd Governor of Kentucky (1971–1974), 45th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky (1967–1971), and member of the Kentucky Senate from the 8th district (1966–1967).^[106]
Mary Landrieu, United States Senator from Louisiana (1997–2015), Chair of the Senate Energy Committee (2014–2015), Chair of the Senate Small Business Committee (2009–2014), Treasurer of Louisiana (1988–1996), and member of the Louisiana House of Representatives (1980–1988).^[107]^[108]
Ben Nelson, United States Senator from Nebraska (2001–2013), 37th Governor of Nebraska (1991–1999), and Director of the Nebraska Department of Insurance (1975–1976).^[109]
Kent Conrad, United States Senator from North Dakota (1992–2013, 1987–1992), Chair of the Senate Budget Committee (2007–2013, 2001–2003), and 19th Tax Commissioner of North Dakota (1981–1986).^[110]^[111]
Heidi Heitkamp, United States Senator from North Dakota (2013–2019), 28th Attorney General of North Dakota (1992–2000), and 20th Tax Commissioner of North Dakota (1986–1992).^[112]^[49]
Arlen Specter, United States Senator from Pennsylvania (1981–2011), Chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee (2005–2007), Chair of the Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee (2003–2005, 1997–2001), Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee (1995–1997), 19th District Attorney of Philadelphia (1966–1974), and first lieutenant in the United States Air Force (1951–1953). Republican from 1965 to 2009.^[113]
Coleman Livingston Blease, United States Senator from South Carolina (1925–1931), 90th Governor of South Carolina, (1911–1915), president pro tempore of the South Carolina Senate (1907–1909), member of the South Carolina Senate from Newberry County (1907–1909), and member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from Newberry County (1899–1901, 1890–1894).^[114]^[115]
Strom Thurmond, United States Senator from South Carolina (1956–2003, 1954–1956), president pro tempore emeritus of the United States Senate (2001–2003) president pro tempore of the United States Senate (2001, 1995–2001, 1981–1987), Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee (0995–1999), Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee (1981–1987), 103rd Governor of South Carolina (1947–1951), member of the South Carolina Senate from Edgefield County (1933–1938), and presidential nominee for the State's Rights Democratic Party in the 1948 presidential election. Joined the Republican Party in 1964.^[116]^[117]
Lloyd Bentsen, United States Senator from Texas (1971–1993), 69th United States Secretary of the Treasury (1993–1994), Chair of the Senate Finance Committee (1987–1993), member of the United States House of Representatives from Texas's 15th congressional district (1948–1955), and vice presidential nominee for the Democratic Party in the 1988 presidential election.^[118]^[119]
John H. Overton, United States Senator from Louisiana (1933–1948), Member United States House of Representatives, 8th District, Louisiana (1931–1933). Originally a supporter of Huey Long, while in the Senate, he generally voted with the Conservative Coalition.^{[citation needed]}
Absalom Willis Robertson, Unites State Senator from Virginia (1946–1966), Member, United States House of Representatives, Virginia At Large District (1933–1935), 7th District (1935–1946), Commonwealth Attorney, Rockbridge County, Virginia (1922–1928). He was a Dixiecrat and member of the Conservative Coalition who opposed Civil Rights.
James Eastland, United States Senator from Mississippi (1941) and (1943–1978).
John C. Stennis, United States Senator from Mississippi (1947–1989).
Harry F. Byrd, United States Senator from Virginia (1933–1965), Governor of Virginia (1926–1930).
Harry F. Byrd, Jr., United States Senator from Virginia (1965–1983), Virginia State Senate 24th District (1958–1965), Virginia State Senate, 25th District (1948–1958). He was a Democrat before 1970 and an independent after 1970.
Richard Russell, Jr., United States Senator from Georgia (1933–1971), 66th governor of Georgia (1931–1933)' He was a founder of the conservative coalition.
John Brown Gordon, United States Senator from Georgia (1873–1878 and 1891–1897), 53rd governor of Georgia 1886–1890). He was a member of the Ku Klux Klan.
Robert Rice Reynolds, United States Senator from North Carolina (1932–1945). He was a strong isolationist who was accused of being a fascist.
Ellison D. Smith, United States Senator from South Carolina (1902–1944), Member, South Carolina House of Representatives (1897–1901). He was a noted advocate of white supremacy.
Pat McCarran, United States Senator from Nevada (1933–1954), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nevada (1917–1919) Associate Justice, Supreme Court of Nevada (1913–1917), Nye County, Nevada District Attorney (1907–1909), Member, Nevada Assembly, Washoe County (1903–1905).
W. Lee O'Daniel, United States Senator from Texas (1941–1949), 34th Governor of Texas (1939–1941). He endorsed the Texas Regulars.
Rush Holt, Sr., United States Senator from West Virginia (1935–1941), Member, West Virginia House of Delegates (1931–1935), 1942–1953), (1954–1955). He was ranked the third most conservative Democrat serving in the Senate from 1932 and 1977. He was a Democrat before 1944 and a Republican afterward.
Howell Heflin, United States Senator from Alabama (1979–1997), Chairman, Senate Ethics Committee (1987–1992), 24th Chief Justice, Alabama Supreme Court (1971–1977).
Joseph E. Brown, United States Senator from Georgia (1880–1891), 42nd Governor of Georgia (1857–1865), Chief Justice of the Georgia Supreme Court (1868 to 1870). He was a strong supporter of states' rights.
Daniel W. Voorhees, United States Senator from Indiana (1877–1895), Member United States House of Representatives from Indiana 6th District (1865–1873) and 7th District (1861–1866). He was known for his devotion to the Constitution and states' rights.
Edward Douglass White, United States Senator from Louisiana (1891–1894), Justice of Louisiana Supreme Court (1879–1880), Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1894–1910), 9th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1910–1921)
Allen J. Ellender, United States Senator from Louisiana (1937–1972), President Pro Tempore, United States Senate (1971–1972), Chairman, Senate Committee on Agriculture (1955–1971), Chairman, Senate Committee on Appropriations (1971–1972), 54th Speaker of the Louisiana House of Representatives (1932–1936), He voted with the Conservative Coalition 77% of the time.^[120] He signed the Southern Manifesto in 1956.
John L. McClellan, United States Senator from Arkansas (1943–1977), Member, United States House of Representative from the 6th District, Arkansas (1935–1939).
Spessard Holland, United States Senator from Florida (1946–1971), 28th Governor of Florida (1941–1945), Member Florida Senate, 7th District (1932–1940).
Earle Bradford Mayfield, United States Senator from Texas (1923–1929), member, Texas Railroad Commission (1913–1923), member Texas Senate, 27th District, (1907–1913). He was openly aligned with the Ku Klux Klan.
John Tyler Morgan, United States Senator from Alabama (1877–1907), He was a proponent of Jim Crow laws, States' Rights, racial segregation, and lynching to support white supremacy.
Edmund Pettus, United States Senator from Alabama (1897–1907). He was a Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan.
George S. Houston, United States Senator from Alabama (03-04-1879–12-31-1879), 24th Governor of Alabama (1874–1878), Member, United States House of Representatives, Alabama 5th District (1843–1849) and (1851–1861), Alabama At Large District (1841–1843), Chairman, House Democratic Caucus (1859–1861). He was a Bourbon Democrat.
Murphy J. Foster, United States Senator from Louisiana (1901–1913), 31st Governor of Louisiana (1892 -1900), Member, Louisiana State Senate (1880–1892). He was a White supremacist who supported Jim Crow laws to restrict African-American voting.
Carter Glass, United States Senator from Virginia (1920–1946), President Pro-Tempore of the Senate (1941–1945), Chairman, Senate Appropriation Committee (1933–1946), 47th Secretary of the Treasury (1918–1920), member, United States House of Representatives from 6th District of Virginia (1902–1918), Chairman, House Banking Committee (1913–1918), Member, Virginia State Senate, District 20 (1899–1902). He was a member of the Conservative Byrd Machine who opposed the New Deal and supported States Rights and fiscal conservatism.
John S. Barbour, Jr., United States Senator from Virginia (1889–1892),Member United States House of Representatives, Virginia 8th District of Virginia (1881–1887). He was the founder of a conservative political machine, later known as the Byrd Organization, which dominated Virginia politics for 80 years.
Fritz Hollings, United States Senator from South Carolina (1966–2005), 106th Governor of South Carolina (1959–1965), 77th Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina (1955–1959).
Benjamin Tillman, United States Senator from South Carolina (1895–1918), 84th Governor of South Carolina (1890–1894). He was an extreme white supremacist who defended lynching African-Americans.
Wade Hampton III, United States Senator from South Carolina (1879–1891), 77th Governor of South Carolina (1877–1879), Member, South Carolina State Senate from Richland County, South Carolina (1858–1961), Member, South Carolina General Assembly from Richland County (1852–1858). He was a Bourbon Democrat.
Louis Wigfall, United States Senator from Texas (1859–1861), member, Texas Senate District 9 (1857–1859). He did not believe in equality of the races.
Andrew Butler, United States Senator from South Carolina (1846–1857), Judge, South Carolina Court of Common Pleas (1833–1846).
Matthew Butler, United States Senator from South Carolina (1872–1893), Member, South Carolina House of Representatives from Edgefield County (1860–1861) and (1865–1866).
Robert Rhett, United States Senator from South Carolina (1850–1852), Member, United States House of Representatives from South Carolina's 2nd District (1837–1843) and 7th District (1843–1849), Attorney General of South Carolina (1832–1837). He was one of the Fire-Eaters.
Robert Toombs United States Senator from Georgia (1853–1861), Member, United States House of Representatives from Georgia's 8th District (1845–1853), Member, Georgia House of Representatives from Wilkes County (1837–1843). He opposed African-American equality and citizenship.
Edward R. Burke United States Senator from Nebraska (1935–1941), Member, United States House of Representatives (1933–1935), Member, Omaha Board of Education (1927–1930), originally a supporter of the First New Deal, he opposed the Second New Deal, Franklin D. Roosevelt's court packing plan, elements of his foreign policy and opposed his reelection in 1940.
Clyde R. Hoey, United States Senator from North Carolina (1945–1954), 59th Governor of North Carolina (1937–1941), Member, United States House of Representatives from North Carolina's 9th District (1919–1921), Member, North Carolina State Senate (1902–1904), Member, North Carolina House of Representatives (1898–1902). He was a conservative and a segregationist.
Jeff Davis (Arkansas governor) United States Senator from Arkansas (1907–1913), 20th Governor of Arkansas (1901–1907), 24th Arkansas Attorney General (1899–1901), prosecuting attorney, Arkansas 5th judicial district (1892–1896). He was a staunch segregationist and white supremacist, who defended lynching of blacks.
Francis Preston Blair, Jr., United States Senator from Missouri (1871–1873), Member, United States House of Representatives from Missouri 1st District (1857–1859), and (1860–1864), in 1868, he was Democratic nominee for Vice-President of the United States. Although previously a supporter of abolition of slavery, he campaigned as a white supremacist, calling blacks savages wanting white women. He was a Democrat before 1848, and from 1868 to 1875 and a Republican from 1854 to 1866.
David Worth Clark, United States Senator from Idaho (1939–1945), member, United States House of Representatives from Idaho's Second District (1935–1939)
James A. Reed, United States Senator from Missouri (1911–1929), Mayor of Kansas City, Missouri (1904–1906), city councilor, Kansas City, (1897–1998), county prosecutor Jackson County, Missouri (1898–1900). He opposed the League of Nations and supported immigration reform to exclude Asian and African immigration.
David I. Walsh, United States Senator, Massachusetts (1926–1947), 46th Governor of Massachusetts (1914–1916), 43rd Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (1913–1914). He was an isolationist member of the America First Committee.
John M. Palmer (politician), United States Senator from Illinois (1891–1897), 15th Governor of Illinois (1869–1873), he was a conservative Bourbon Democrat, who was the presidential candidate of the Bourbon Democratic National Democratic Party (United States) in 1896.
Willis Smith, United States Senator from North Carolina (1950–1953), North Carolina House of Representatives (1928–1932), when he ran for the Senate in 1950, the liberal wing of the party opposed him, but he was aided by conservative Jesse Helms.
Alton Lennon, United States Senator from North Carolina (1953–1954), member, United States House of Representatives from North Carolina's 7th District (1957–1973), member North Carolina Senate (1947–1953), judge, New Hanover County Recorder's Court (1934–1942), he voted against civil rights and social legislation.
M. Hoke Smith, United States Senator from Georgia (1911–1921), 58th Governor of Georgia (1907–1909) and (07-01-11–11-16-11), 19th United States Secretary of the Interior (1893–1896). He was a supporter of a conservative sound money policy and a white supremacist who supported Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise African-Americans.
Thomas E. Watson, United States Senator from Georgia (1921–1922), member United States House of Representatives from Georgia's 10th District (1891–1893), he was vice-presidential candidate of the left-wing Populist Party in 1896, and its candidate for president in 1904 and 1908. Although he was originally a left-wing Populist, in his later career he moved to the right and denounced socialism and became a white supremacist.^[121]^[122]

Cameron A. Morrison, United States Senator from North Carolina (1930 - 1932), 55th Governor of North Carolina (1921 - 1925), member, United States House of Representatives, North Carolina 10th District (1943 - 1945), he was a white supremacist who opposed the teaching of the Theory of Evolution in the public schools.

Members of the U.S. House of Representatives[]

Dale Alford, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Arkansas 5th District (1959–1963), Member, Little Rock School Board (1955–1959)
William Barksdale, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi At Large District (1853–1955) and 3rd District (1855–1861). He was killed at the Battle of Gettysburg.
John Barrow, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia's 12th congressional district (2005–2015).^[123]
Iris Faircloth Blitch, Member of United States House of Representatives from Georgia's 8th District (1955–1963), Member, Georgia Senate (1947–1949) and (1953–1954), Member, Georgia House of Representatives (1947–1949), Georgia Democratic Party National Committee member (1948–1954). She was a signer of the 1956 Southern Manifesto. In 1964, she changed her party affiliation from Democrat to Republican and endorsed Barry M. Goldwater for president.
Dan Boren, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Oklahoma's 2nd district (2005–2013) and Member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives from the 28th district (2002–2004)^[124]
Glen Browder, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama's 3rd district (1989–1997), Secretary of State of Alabama (1987–1989) and Member of the Alabama House of Representatives (1983–1986)^[125]
Bill Brewster, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Oklahoma's 3rd district (1991–1997), and Oklahoma House of Representatives (1983 – 1990)^[125]
Scotty Baesler, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky's 6th district (1993–1999), Mayor of Lexington, Kentucky (1981 – 1993) and Judge of the Fayette County District Court (1979 – 1981)^[125]
Clifford Davis (politician), Member, United States House of Representatives, Tennessee 9th District (1940-1943),and (1953-1965), Tennessee 10th District (1943-1953), City Judge, Memphis, Tennessee (1923- 1927), Vice-Mayor, Memphis, Tennessee (1928-1940), he was a member of the Ku Klux Klan and a signer of the 1956 Southern Manifesto opposing the Supreme Court decision ordering school desegregation.
Martin Dies, Jr., Member, United States House of Representatives, Texas 2nd District (1931–1945) and Texas At Large District (1953–1959), Chairman, House Committee Investigating Un-American Activities (1936–1944). A conservative, he was a signer of the Southern Manifesto.
William Jennings Bryan Dorn, Member, United States House of Representatives, South Carolina 3rd District (1947–1949) and (1951–1974), Chairman, United States Veterans Affairs Committee (1973–1974), Member, South Carolina State Senate from Greenwood County (1941–1942), Member, South Carolina House of Representatives, Greenwood county (1939–1940), He was a signer of the Southern Manifesto. In 1966, it was reported that the conservative Liberty Lobby had given him a "Statesman of the Republic" award for his conservative voting record.
Henry A. Edmundson, Member, United States House of Representatives from Virginia's 12th District (1849–1861). He supported slavery.
Walter Flowers, Member, United States House of Representatives, Alabama 5th District (1969–1973), 7th District (1973–1979), a conservative Democrat, he was national chairman of George Wallace's campaign for president in 1972.
John Flynt, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia 4th District (1954–1965) and 6th District (1965–1979), Member, Georgia House of Representatives (1947–1948). He was considered one of the most conservative Democrats in the House in his time.
Ezekiel C. Gathings, Member of the United States House of Representatives from the Fourth District of Arkansas (1939–1969), Chairman of the House Select Committee on Current Pornographic Materials in 1952, member, Arkansas Senate, 32nd District (1935–1939. He was a conservative segregationist.
Gabby Giffords, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Arizona's 8th district (2007–2012), Member of the Arizona Senate from the 28th district (2003–2005), Member of the Arizona House of Representatives from the 13th district (2001–2003)^[126] (Former Republican)
Pete Geren, United States Secretary of the Army (2007–2009), United States Under Secretary of the Army (2006–2007), Acting United States Secretary of the Air Force (2005), Member of the United States House of Representatives from Texas's 12th district (1989–1997)^[125]
George Gordon (Civil War general), Member, United States House of Representatives from Tennessee 10th District (1907-1911), he was an original organizer of the Ku Klux Klan and first Grand Dragon for Tennessee.
Ralph Hall, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Texas 4th District (1981–2015), Chairman of House Science Committee (2011–2013), Member, Texas Senate, 9th District (1963–1973), county judge, Rockwell County, Texas (1950–1962). He described himself as a conservative Democrat, until 2004, when he switched to Republican.
Burr Harrison, Member of the United States House of Representatives from 7th District of Virginia (1946–1963), member Virginia State Senate, 25th District (1940–1943). He was a member of the conservative Byrd Organization who supported Massive Resistance to desegregation and was a signer of the Southern Manifesto against the Supreme Court decision requiring desegregation of public schools.
F. Edward Hebert, Member of the United States House of Representatives from the 1st District of Louisiana (1941–1977), Chairman, Armed Services Committee (1971–1975). He was an opponent of desegregation and signed the Southern Manifesto. He served on the House Committee on Un-American Activities.
Louise Day Hicks, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts 9th District (1971–1973), member, Boston School Committee (1961–1970), Chairman, Boston School Committee (1963–1965), member, Boston City Council (1979 1981). She was best known for her opposition to school busing to achieve racial balance in public schools.
Andy Ireland, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida's 8th District (1977–1983) and 10th District (1983–1993). He was a Democrat until 1984, when he switched to Republican.
Laurence M. Keitt, Member of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina 3rd District (1856–1860)
Dan Lipinski, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois's 3rd district (2005–2021)^[127]
Alexander Long, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio's 2nd District (1863–1865), Member, Ohio House of Representatives from Hamilton County (1846–1850). Elected as a "free-soil" Democrat, he became a "copperhead" opponent of the Civil War, who supported states' rights and opposed emancipation and suffrage for African-Americans.
Speedy Long, Member of the United States House of Representatives from the 8th District of Louisiana (1965–1973), District Attorney for the 28th Judicial District of Louisiana (1973–1985), he was an outspoken segregationist.
Bill Orton, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Utah's 3rd district (1991–1997)^[128]
John Otho Marsh, Jr., Member of the United States House of Representatives from the 7th District of Virginia (1963–1971), Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs (1973–1979), Counselor to the President (1974–1977), 14th Secretary of the Navy (1981–1989). He was a Democrat until the 1980s and a Republican afterwards.
Ben McAdams, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Utah's 4th congressional district (2019–2021), Mayor of Salt Lake County (2013–2019), and Member of Utah Senate (2009–2012).^[129]
Jim Matheson, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Utah's 2nd congressional district (2001–2013) and Member of the United States House of Representatives from Utah's 4th congressional district (2013–2015).^[130]
Larry McDonald, Member, United States House of Representatives, Georgia, 7th District (1975–1983), second president of the John Birch Society beginning in 1983.
William Porcher Miles, Member, United States House of Representatives, South Carolina's 2nd District (1857–1860). He regarded slavery as a "divine institution."
Otto Passman, Member, United States House of Representatives, Louisiana 5th District (1947–1977). He was known for his opposition to Foreign Aid spending.
Collin Peterson, Chair of the House Agriculture Committee (2007–2011; 2019–2021), Member of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota's 7th district (1991–2021)^[131]
Samuel B. Pettengill, Member, United States House of Representatives, Indiana Second District, (1933–1939), Indiana 13th District (1931–1933), Although he served in Congress as a Democrat, he later switched to Republican and was elected Chairman of the Republican National Finance Committee in 1942. He was the author of several conservative books.
Lewis F. Payne, Jr., Member of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia's 5th district (1988–1997)^[125]
Mike Ross, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Arkansas's 4th district (2001–2013)^[125]
John E. Rankin, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi 1921–1953. A strong anti-communist, he was one of the founders of the House Un-American Activities Committee. Although he originally supported some New Deal legislation, he later supported the Conservative Coalition.
John Rarick, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana 6th District (1967–1975). Ran for president in 1980 on the American Independent Party ticket.
L. Mendel Rivers, Member, United States House of Representatives from South Carolina 1st District (1941–1970), member, South Carolina House of Representatives, Charleston County (1934–1936). He was an ardent segregationist, a supporter of law and order politics and a war hawk during the Vietnam Conflict.
Tommy F. Robinson, Member, United States House of Representatives from Arkansas 2nd District, (1985–1991), sheriff, Pulaski County, Arkansas (1981–1984). In Congress, he often clashed with Democratic leadership and was identified with the Boll Weevil faction of the Democratic party. In 1989, he switched his party affiliation from Democrat to Republican, saying the Democratic party had become too liberal.
Armistead I. Selden Jr., Member, United States House of Representative from Alabama's 6th District (1953–1963), At Large (1963–1965), and 5th District (1965–1969), Member, Alabama House of Representatives (1951–1952), United States Ambassador to Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa (1974–1978), United States Ambassador to New Zealand (1974–1979), United States Ambassador to Samoa (1974–1979). He was originally a Democrat until 1979, when he switched to Republican.
Jouett Shouse, Member of the United States House of Representatives from 7th District of Kansas (1913–1919). He was known as a conservative who opposed the New Deal. He was president of the conservative American Liberty League from 1934 to 1940.
Howard W. Smith, Member of the United States House of Representatives from the 8th District of Virginia (1931–1967), Chairman of the House Rules Committee (1955–1967). He was a member of the Conservative Coalition.
Bob Stump, Member of the United States House of Representatives from the 3rd District of Arizona (1977-2003). He had a very conservative voting record. He was a Democrat from 1977 to 1983, and a Republican afterwards.
Martin L. Sweeney, Member of the United States House of Representatives from 20th District of Ohio (1931–1943). He was a judge of the Municipal Court of Cleveland, Ohio (1924–1932). He opposed a peacetime draft and was considered an isolationist.
James Traficant, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio's 17th District (1985–2002), Sheriff of Mahoning County, Ohio (1981–1984). After the Republicans took control of Congress in 1995, he tended to vote with them more than the Democrats. He favored immigration restriction and voted anti-abortion. When he voted for a Republican for Speaker of the House, the Democrats stripped him of all committee assignments.
William David Upshaw, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia's 5th District (1919–1927). A supporter of Prohibition, he was the presidential candidate of the Prohibition Party in 1932. He was a member of the Ku Klux Klan.
Clement Vallandigham, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio 3rd District (1858–1863), Member of the Ohio House of Representatives from Columbiana County (1842–1847). Leader of the Copperhead faction of anti-war democrats during the American Civil War and a supporter of slavery.
Joe Waggonner, Member of the United States House of Representatives from the 4th District of Louisiana (1961–1979), member, Louisiana State Board of Education (January 1961–December 1961), member Bossier Parish School Board (1954–1960). He was a fiscal conservative "Boll weevil" who opposed many federal spending programs and Civil Rights legislation.
Francis E. Walter, Member of the United States House of Representatives, Pennsylvania 24th District (1933–1945), 20th District (1945–1953), and 15th District (1953–1963). He was chairman of the House Committee on Un-American Activities.
Fernando Wood, Member of the United States House of Representatives, New York (1841–1843),New York 3rd District (1863–1865), New York 5th District (1867–1881), New York 9th District (1867–1873), New York 10th District (1873–1875), New York 9th District (1875–1881), 73rd and 75th Mayor of New York City (1855–1857) and (1860–1861). In the House, he was one of the main opponents of the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery.
William Lowndes Yancey, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama's 3rd District (1844–1846).He was one of the Fire-Eaters.

Mayors[]

William Lorenzo Howard, 36th and 38th Mayor of Monroe Louisiana (1956–1972) and (1976–1978). Although a Democrat, he supported Barry M. Goldwater for president in 1964, and George Wallace in 1968. Originally a segregationist, he later urged the Monroe business community to accept desegregation to avoid civil unrest.
Tristram T. Hyde, 52nd Mayor of Charleston, S.C. (1915–1919), he was a fiscal conservative.
Arthur J. O'Keefe, 48th Mayor of New Orleans, Louisiana (1926–1929), he was a member of the conservative Regular Democratic Organization.
John Clinton Porter, 33rd Mayor of Los Angeles California (1929–1937), He was a member of the Ku Klux Klan.
Frank Rizzo, 93rd Mayor of Philadelphia (1972–1980) and Commissioner of the Philadelphia Police Department (1967–1971).^[132] (Former Democrat)
Benjamin F. Stapleton, 33rd and 35th Mayor of Denver, Colorado (1923–1931) and (1935–1947). Colorado State Auditor (1933–1935). He was a member of the Ku Klux Klan.
Thomas Porcher Stoney, 53rd Mayor of Charleston, S.C. (1923–1931), originally a regular Democrat, he turned against the New Deal and campaigned for Barry M. Goldwater for president in 1964.
T. Semmes Walmsley, 49th Mayor of New Orleans, Louisiana (1929–1936).

Notes[]

^ Talmadge was elected to a fourth term in 1946 but died on December 21, 1946, before his scheduled inauguration in January 1947.

References[]

^ ^a ^b Kane, Paul (January 15, 2013). "Blue Dog Democrats, whittled down in number, are trying to regroup". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 23, 2014. Four years ago, they were the most influential voting bloc on Capitol Hill, more than 50 House Democrats pulling their liberal colleagues to a more centrist, fiscally conservative vision on issues such as health care and Wall Street reforms.
^ ^a ^b Davis, Susan. "U.S. House has fewer moderate Democrats". USA Today. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
^ Ruth Bloch Rubin, ed. (2017). Building the Bloc: Intraparty Organization in the US Congress. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 9781316510421. In contrast to the halting mobilization of Insurgent Republicans and southern Democrats, the Blue Dogs' adoption of ... ideological bonafides, the Coalition worked to establish a Blue Dog brand and associate it with support for centrist policies.
^ "Lobbying from the center". The Hill. 26 January 2021.
^ The Reconciliation Act of 2010, Volume II, March 17, 2010, 111-2 House Report 111-443. 2010. p. 1077. For example, in a letter dated July 9, 2009 from the fiscally conservative Blue Dog Coalition to Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Majority Leader Steny Hoyer , forty “Blue Dog” Democrats stated that ...
^ ^[1]^[2]^[5]
^ Mendoza, Jessica (June 4, 2019) "Centrist Democrats are back. But these are not your father’s Blue Dogs." Christian Science Monitor
^ "McConnell stiff-arms the Pelosi agenda". www.countable.us.
^ Wasserman, David (November 5, 2012). "Why 2012 Will Be a Watershed House Election". National Journal. Retrieved August 16, 2014. (subscription required)
^ Elections A to Z. SAGE. 2012. ISBN 9780872897694. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
^ "Political ideology among adults in the Midwest - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
^ C. Van Woodward, The Origins of the New South, 1877–1913 (1951) pp 235–90
^ Kazin, Michael (2006). A Godly Hero: The Life of William Jennings Bryan. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-41135-9.
^ James A. Barnes, "The gold-standard Democrats and the party conflict." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 17.3 (1930): 422-450. online
^ Lubell, Samuel (1956). The Future of American Politics (2nd ed.). Anchor Press. pp. 62–63. OL 6193934M.
^ Robert C. Benedict, Matthew J. Burbank and Ronald J. Hrebenar, Political Parties, Interest Groups and Political Campaigns. Westview Press. 1999. Page 11.
^ Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression. Alan Brinkley. Knopf Press (1982).
^ Lemmon, Sarah McCulloh (December 1951). "The Ideology of the 'Dixiecrat' Movement". Social Forces. 30 (2): 162–71. doi:10.2307/2571628. JSTOR 2571628.
^ The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics. Dan T. Carter. Simon & Schuster Press (1995).
^ "Boll Weevils" in Elections A-Z (ed. John L. Moore: Congressional Quarterly, 1999). Routledge ed. 2013. pp. 27-28.
^ "Perennial presidential candidate focusing on states". The Fredereick Post. Frederick, Maryland. Associated Press. March 21, 1986.
^ Mintz, John (January 14, 1985). "Ideological Odyssey: From Old Left to Far Right". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
^ "Congressional Record – 97th Congress - Vol. 127 No. 123 p. 1". Knology.net. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
^ A Colony of the World: The United States Today. Eugene J. McCarthy. Hippocrene Books (1992).
^ The Disuniting of America. Arthur Schlesinger Jr. Norton Press (1992).
^ Bartlett, Bruce (October 21, 2014). "Obama Is a Republican". The American Conservative. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
^ "Hillary Clinton has always been to Obama's left on economics". Vox. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
^ ^a ^b Hook, Janet (October 26, 2006). "A right kind of Democrat". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 14, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2013. See also: Dewan, Shaila; Kornblut, Anne E. (October 30, 2006). "In Key House Races, Democrats Run to the Right". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2006.
^ Michael. "Blue Dogs | The Blue Dogs of the Democratic Party". Bluedogs.us. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
^ Mendoza, Jessica (June 4, 2019). "Centrist Democrats are back. But these are not your father's Blue Dogs". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
^ Dumain, Emma (May 12, 2015). "20 Years In, Blue Dogs Not Ready to Roll Over". rollcall.com.
^ "History - Blue Dog Coalition". BlueDogCaucus-Schrader.house.gov/. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
^ "History, Blue Dog Coalition". House.gov. Archived from the original on April 5, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
^ Naftali Bendavid (July 28, 2009). "'Blue Dog' Democrats Hold Health-Care Overhaul at Bay". The Wall Street Journal.
^ "Wordcraft Archives, November 2004". Wordcraft.infopop.cc. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
^ Suddath, Claire (July 28, 2009). "A Brief History of Blue Dog Democrats". Time. Archived from the original on July 31, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2009.
^ Safire, William (April 23, 1995). "On Language; Blue Dog Demo". The New York Times. Retrieved September 7, 2009.
^ Weiner, Mark (February 1, 2019). "Anthony Brindisi to co-chair Blue Dogs, caucus of moderate House Democrats". syracuse.com.
^ Parton, Heather Digby. "Bye-bye, blue dog "Democrats": What the end of conservative Dems means for America". Salon. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
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^ Raimondo, Justin (November 8, 2004). "Old Right Nader | The American Conservative". Amconmag.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
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^ "Walt Minnick: The Tea Party's 'token Democrat'?". Theweek.com. April 22, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
^ Cadei, Emily (August 13, 2009). "Minnick Earns Perfect Score on 'RePork Card'". CQ Politics.
^ "Changing Views of Same-Sex Marriage | Pew Research Center". People-press.org. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
^ Gilberstadt, Hannah; Daniller, Andrew (January 17, 2020). "Liberals make up the largest share of Democratic voters, but their growth has slowed in recent years". Pew Research Center. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
^ Kennedy, Robert F. (September 30, 2014). "Joe Manchin boosts fellow red-state Dems". Politico. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
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^ Elliott, Stephen. "Cooper running for re-election". NashvillePost.com. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
^ Chávez, Aída (December 15, 2019). "Trump-Friendly California Democrat Is Facing His First Serious Primary Challenger". The Intercept. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
^ Rogers, Alex (February 27, 2020). "AOC-backed challenger targets conservative Texas Democrat ahead of Super Tuesday primary". CNN. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
^ Carter, Zachary D. (July 29, 2019). "Conservative Democratic Ringleader Josh Gottheimer Gets A Progressive Challenger". HuffPost. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
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^ Sarasohn, David (January 10, 2019). "David Sarasohn: Kurt Schrader and the dwindling Blue Dog Democrats". The Oregonian. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
^ Hallarman, Tamar (May 6, 2019). "David Scott draws primary challenge from well-connected Democrat". AJC. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
^ Tenbarge, Ken (November 17, 2019). "John Bel Edwards was narrowly re-elected as governor of Louisiana. He's not a typical Democrat". Business Insider. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
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^ Adler, John. "Reconstruction: Radicalism vs. Conservatism". The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
^ "Woodrow Wilson: The 28th President of the United States". The White House.
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^ Little, Becky (14 July 2020). "How Woodrow Wilson Tried to Reverse Black American Progress". History.com.
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^ Sviridov, V. Gabriela Centeno (May 28, 2013). "The Politics of Samuel J. Tilden" – via Academia.edu. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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External links[]

Right Democrat: a blog for conservative Democrats

[77] Talmadge was elected to a fourth term in 1946 but died on December 21, 1946, before his scheduled inauguration in January 1947.

[blue-dog-regroup-1] Kane, Paul (January 15, 2013). "Blue Dog Democrats, whittled down in number, are trying to regroup". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 23, 2014. Four years ago, they were the most influential voting bloc on Capitol Hill, more than 50 House Democrats pulling their liberal colleagues to a more centrist, fiscally conservative vision on issues such as health care and Wall Street reforms.

[U.S._House_has_fewer_moderate_Democrats-2] Davis, Susan. "U.S. House has fewer moderate Democrats". USA Today. Retrieved July 23, 2014.

[3] Ruth Bloch Rubin, ed. (2017). Building the Bloc: Intraparty Organization in the US Congress. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 9781316510421. In contrast to the halting mobilization of Insurgent Republicans and southern Democrats, the Blue Dogs' adoption of ... ideological bonafides, the Coalition worked to establish a Blue Dog brand and associate it with support for centrist policies.

[4] "Lobbying from the center". The Hill. 26 January 2021.

[fiscalcon1-5] The Reconciliation Act of 2010, Volume II, March 17, 2010, 111-2 House Report 111-443. 2010. p. 1077. For example, in a letter dated July 9, 2009 from the fiscally conservative Blue Dog Coalition to Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Majority Leader Steny Hoyer , forty “Blue Dog” Democrats stated that ...

[6] [1]^[2]^[5]

[7] Mendoza, Jessica (June 4, 2019) "Centrist Democrats are back. But these are not your father’s Blue Dogs." Christian Science Monitor

[8] "McConnell stiff-arms the Pelosi agenda". www.countable.us.

[Why_2012_Will_Be_a_Watershed_House_Election-9] Wasserman, David (November 5, 2012). "Why 2012 Will Be a Watershed House Election". National Journal. Retrieved August 16, 2014. (subscription required)

[Center-right-10] Elections A to Z. SAGE. 2012. ISBN 9780872897694. Retrieved August 14, 2014.

[11] "Political ideology among adults in the Midwest - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center. Retrieved June 5, 2019.

[12] C. Van Woodward, The Origins of the New South, 1877–1913 (1951) pp 235–90

[13] Kazin, Michael (2006). A Godly Hero: The Life of William Jennings Bryan. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-41135-9.

[14] James A. Barnes, "The gold-standard Democrats and the party conflict." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 17.3 (1930): 422-450. online

[lubell1956-15] Lubell, Samuel (1956). The Future of American Politics (2nd ed.). Anchor Press. pp. 62–63. OL 6193934M.

[16] Robert C. Benedict, Matthew J. Burbank and Ronald J. Hrebenar, Political Parties, Interest Groups and Political Campaigns. Westview Press. 1999. Page 11.

[17] Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression. Alan Brinkley. Knopf Press (1982).

[18] Lemmon, Sarah McCulloh (December 1951). "The Ideology of the 'Dixiecrat' Movement". Social Forces. 30 (2): 162–71. doi:10.2307/2571628. JSTOR 2571628.

[19] The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics. Dan T. Carter. Simon & Schuster Press (1995).

[Moore-20] "Boll Weevils" in Elections A-Z (ed. John L. Moore: Congressional Quarterly, 1999). Routledge ed. 2013. pp. 27-28.

[21] "Perennial presidential candidate focusing on states". The Fredereick Post. Frederick, Maryland. Associated Press. March 21, 1986.

[22] Mintz, John (January 14, 1985). "Ideological Odyssey: From Old Left to Far Right". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2013.

[23] "Congressional Record – 97th Congress - Vol. 127 No. 123 p. 1". Knology.net. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

[24] A Colony of the World: The United States Today. Eugene J. McCarthy. Hippocrene Books (1992).

[25] The Disuniting of America. Arthur Schlesinger Jr. Norton Press (1992).

[obamatheamericanconservative-26] Bartlett, Bruce (October 21, 2014). "Obama Is a Republican". The American Conservative. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

[27] "Hillary Clinton has always been to Obama's left on economics". Vox. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

[autogenerated1-28] Hook, Janet (October 26, 2006). "A right kind of Democrat". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 14, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2013. See also: Dewan, Shaila; Kornblut, Anne E. (October 30, 2006). "In Key House Races, Democrats Run to the Right". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2006.

[29] Michael. "Blue Dogs | The Blue Dogs of the Democratic Party". Bluedogs.us. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

[30] Mendoza, Jessica (June 4, 2019). "Centrist Democrats are back. But these are not your father's Blue Dogs". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved July 3, 2020.

[31] Dumain, Emma (May 12, 2015). "20 Years In, Blue Dogs Not Ready to Roll Over". rollcall.com.

[32] "History - Blue Dog Coalition". BlueDogCaucus-Schrader.house.gov/. Retrieved November 15, 2016.

[33] "History, Blue Dog Coalition". House.gov. Archived from the original on April 5, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2012.

[34] Naftali Bendavid (July 28, 2009). "'Blue Dog' Democrats Hold Health-Care Overhaul at Bay". The Wall Street Journal.

[35] "Wordcraft Archives, November 2004". Wordcraft.infopop.cc. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

[bluedog.time-36] Suddath, Claire (July 28, 2009). "A Brief History of Blue Dog Democrats". Time. Archived from the original on July 31, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2009.

[37] Safire, William (April 23, 1995). "On Language; Blue Dog Demo". The New York Times. Retrieved September 7, 2009.

[38] Weiner, Mark (February 1, 2019). "Anthony Brindisi to co-chair Blue Dogs, caucus of moderate House Democrats". syracuse.com.

[39] Parton, Heather Digby. "Bye-bye, blue dog "Democrats": What the end of conservative Dems means for America". Salon. Retrieved December 24, 2016.

[40] McConnell, Scott (November 8, 2004). "Kerry's the One | The American Conservative". Amconmag.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

[41] Raimondo, Justin (November 8, 2004). "Old Right Nader | The American Conservative". Amconmag.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

[42] "South Carolina – Election Results 2008". Elections.nytimes.com. December 9, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

[43] Stein, Sam (April 15, 2010). "Walt Minnick Tea Party Endorsement: Minnick Campaign Accepts". Huffington Post.

[44] "Walt Minnick: The Tea Party's 'token Democrat'?". Theweek.com. April 22, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

[45] Cadei, Emily (August 13, 2009). "Minnick Earns Perfect Score on 'RePork Card'". CQ Politics.

[46] "Changing Views of Same-Sex Marriage | Pew Research Center". People-press.org. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

[47] Gilberstadt, Hannah; Daniller, Andrew (January 17, 2020). "Liberals make up the largest share of Democratic voters, but their growth has slowed in recent years". Pew Research Center. Retrieved June 12, 2020.

[auto-48] Kennedy, Robert F. (September 30, 2014). "Joe Manchin boosts fellow red-state Dems". Politico. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

[:3-49] Bycoffe, Aaron (January 30, 2017). "Tracking Congress In The Age Of Trump". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved February 24, 2021.

[50] Everett, Burgess (October 29, 2019). "The new Democratic senator irritating the left and delighting the GOP". Politico. Retrieved October 29, 2019.

[51] Pugh, Tony (April 14, 2016). "Is Sanford Bishop a lock for a 13th term in his Georgia district?". The State. Retrieved April 14, 2016.

[52] Elliott, Stephen. "Cooper running for re-election". NashvillePost.com. Retrieved February 8, 2021.

[53] Chávez, Aída (December 15, 2019). "Trump-Friendly California Democrat Is Facing His First Serious Primary Challenger". The Intercept. Retrieved December 15, 2019.

[54] Rogers, Alex (February 27, 2020). "AOC-backed challenger targets conservative Texas Democrat ahead of Super Tuesday primary". CNN. Retrieved February 27, 2020.

[55] Carter, Zachary D. (July 29, 2019). "Conservative Democratic Ringleader Josh Gottheimer Gets A Progressive Challenger". HuffPost. Retrieved July 30, 2019.

[56] Ferris, Sarah (May 7, 2019). "The 'Velvet Hammer' leads resurgent Blue Dogs". Politico. Retrieved May 7, 2019.

[57] Sarasohn, David (January 10, 2019). "David Sarasohn: Kurt Schrader and the dwindling Blue Dog Democrats". The Oregonian. Retrieved January 10, 2019.

[58] Hallarman, Tamar (May 6, 2019). "David Scott draws primary challenge from well-connected Democrat". AJC. Retrieved May 6, 2019.

[59] Tenbarge, Ken (November 17, 2019). "John Bel Edwards was narrowly re-elected as governor of Louisiana. He's not a typical Democrat". Business Insider. Retrieved March 20, 2021.

[60] Merry, Robert (October 7, 2011). "Andrew Jackson: Tea Party President". The American Spectator. Retrieved October 26, 2019.

[61] Busick, Sean (October 14, 2013). "Franklin Pierce, Forgotten Conservative". Nomocracy In Politics. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2016 – via Wayback Machine.

[62] Adler, John. "Reconstruction: Radicalism vs. Conservatism". The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

[63] "Woodrow Wilson: The 28th President of the United States". The White House.

[64] Hofstadter, Richard (2011). "Woodrow Wilson: The Conservative as Liberal". The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made it. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-80966-7.

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Conservative Democrat

Contents

History[]

1828-1861: Background and Origins[]

1861-1876[]

1876–1964: Solid South[]

1874–1896: rise of agrarian populism[]

1932–1948: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal coalition[]

Political anomalies during the Great Depression[]

1948–1968: segregationist backlash[]

1977–1981: Jimmy Carter[]

1981–1989: boll weevils of the Reagan era[]

Political anomalies during the 1980s and 1990s[]

2009–2017: presidency of Barack Obama[]

2008 United States presidential election[]

2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries[]

Current trend[]

Modern[]

Congressional caucuses[]

Blue Dog Coalition[]

New Democrat Coalition[]

Conservative endorsements of Democratic candidates[]

Ideology and polls[]

Current officeholders[]

United States Senators[]

United States Representatives[]

Governors[]

Former officeholders[]

Presidents of the United States[]

Vice Presidents of the United States[]

United States Governors[]

United States Senators[]

Members of the U.S. House of Representatives[]

Mayors[]

See also[]

Notes[]

References[]

External links[]

Conservative Democrat
Ideology	Centrism^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Fiscal conservatism^[6] Factions: Social conservatism^[7]
Political position	Centre^[8]^[9] to Center-right^[10]
National affiliation	Democratic Party
Colors	Blue
Politics of United States Political parties Elections

Conservatism in the United States
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