Conway Twitty

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For other people named Harold Jenkins, see Harold Jenkins (disambiguation).

Conway Twitty
1974 promotional photo
1974 promotional photo
Background information
Birth nameHarold Lloyd Jenkins [1]
Born(1933-09-01)September 1, 1933
Friars Point, Mississippi, U.S.
OriginHelena, Arkansas, U.S.
DiedJune 5, 1993(1993-06-05) (aged 59)
Springfield, Missouri, U.S.
GenresCountry, rock and roll, rockabilly, country rock, blues
Occupation(s)Singer-songwriter
InstrumentsVocals, guitar
Years active1955–1993
LabelsMCA, Elektra, MGM, Decca, Sun Records, Warner Bros. Records
Associated actsLoretta Lynn, Sam Moore, Jerry Lee Lewis, The Twitty Bird Band, Joni Lee, Owen Bradley, John Hughey, Billy "Crash" Craddock, Jimmy Van Eaton, Don Bowman, Ronnie McDowell

Harold Lloyd Jenkins (September 1, 1933 – June 5, 1993), better known by his stage name Conway Twitty, was an American country music singer. He also had success in the rock and roll, R&B, and pop genres. From 1971 to 1976, Twitty received a string of Country Music Association awards for duets with Loretta Lynn. He was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame and the Rockabilly Hall of Fame.

Life and career[]

Early life[]

Twitty was born Harold Lloyd Jenkins on September 1, 1933, in Friars Point, in Coahoma County, in northwestern Mississippi. The Jenkins family were of Welsh descent.[2] He was named by his great-uncle, after his favorite silent movie actor, Harold Lloyd. The Jenkins family moved to Helena, Arkansas, when Jenkins was 10 years old. In Helena, Jenkins formed his first singing group, the Phillips County Ramblers.

Jenkins had his own local radio show every Saturday morning. He also played baseball, his second passion. He received an offer to play with the Philadelphia Phillies after high school, but he was drafted into the United States Army. He served in the Far East and organized a group called the Cimmerons to entertain his fellow soldiers.[3]

Wayne Hause, a neighbor, suggested that Jenkins could make it in the music industry. Soon after hearing Elvis Presley's song "Mystery Train", Jenkins began writing rock and roll material. He went to the Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee, and worked with Sam Phillips, the owner and founder, to get the "right" sound.

None of Jenkins' Sun recordings were released at the time, but Roy Orbison did record his composition "Rockhouse" which was issued on SUN 251 (flipside "You're My Baby") in 1956.

Stage name[]

Allegedly, in 1957, Jenkins decided that his real name was not memorable enough and sought a better show business name. In The Billboard Book of Number One Hits, Fred Bronson states that the singer was looking at a road map when he spotted Conway, Arkansas, and Twitty, Texas, and chose the name Conway Twitty.[4] Also, in 1957, under his new name, he recorded briefly for Mercury Records, releasing two unsuccessful singles.

Pop and rock-and-roll success[]

In 1958, using his new stage name, Twitty's fortunes improved while he was with MGM Records, and an Ohio radio station had an inspiration, refraining from playing "I'll Try" (an MGM single that went nowhere in terms of sales, radio play, and jukebox play), instead playing the B-side, "It's Only Make Believe", a song written between sets by Twitty and drummer Jack Nance when they were in Hamilton, Ontario, playing at the Flamingo Lounge.[5] The record took nearly one year to reach and stay at the top spot on the Billboard pop music charts in the United States and number 1 in 21 other countries, becoming the first of nine top-40 hits for Twitty. It sold over four million copies and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA.[6] That same year, country singer Tabby West of ABC-TV's Ozark Jubilee heard Twitty and booked him to appear on the show.[3]

When "It's Only Make Believe" was first released, because of vocal similarities, many listeners assumed that the song was actually recorded by Elvis Presley, using "Conway Twitty" as a pseudonym. Twitty would go on to enjoy rock-and-roll success with songs including "Danny Boy" (Pop number 10) and "Lonely Blue Boy" (Pop number 6). "Lonely Blue Boy", originally titled "Danny", was recorded by Presley for the film King Creole but was not used in the soundtrack. This song led to him naming his band the Lonely Blue Boys. They subsequently became the Twitty Birds.[4]

Country music career[]

Twitty always wanted to record country music, and, beginning in 1965, he did just that. Disc jockeys on some country-music radio stations refused to play his first few country albums, because he was known as a rock-and-roll singer. However, he had his first top five country hit, "The Image of Me", in July 1968, followed by his first number one country song, "Next in Line", in November 1968. Few of his singles beginning in 1968 ranked below the top five.

In 1970, Twitty recorded and released his biggest country hit, "Hello Darlin'", which spent four weeks at the top of the country chart and is one of Twitty's most recognized songs. In 1971, he released his first hit duet with Loretta Lynn, "After the Fire Is Gone". It was a success, and many more followed, including "Lead Me On" (1971), "Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man" (1973), "As Soon As I Hang Up the Phone" (1974), "Feelins'" (1975), "I Still Believe in Waltzes", "I Can't Love You Enough", and many others. Together, Conway and Loretta (as they were known in their act), won four consecutive Country Music Association awards for vocal duo (1972–75) and a host of other duo and duet awards from other organizations throughout the 1970s.

In 1973, Twitty released "You've Never Been This Far Before", which was number 1 in country for three weeks that September and also reached number 22 on the pop charts. Some more conservative disc jockeys refused to play the song, believing that some of the lyrics were too sexually suggestive.

I like Conway on classic—which means guilt- or pain-ridden—cheating songs. I don't like him so much when he starts comparing his wife invidiously to some idealized Linda, Georgia, or honky-tonk angel. And on ordinary country songs he's a slightly better than ordinary country singer.

— Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981)[7]

In 1978, Twitty issued the single "The Grandest Lady of Them All" honoring the Grand Ole Opry. (Somewhat ironically, Twitty was never inducted into the Opry during his lifetime; he remains one of the most prominent Nashville country artists to have never been an Opry member.) The single reached the top 20, peaking at number 16, but it was well below expectations; it was the first time since 1967 that a single of his failed to reach the top ten, as some radio stations refused to play a song honoring the property of a competitor (broadcast by WSM-AM).

Twitty soon renewed his image with a new hairstyle, changing from the slicked-back pompadour style to the curlier style he would keep for the rest of his life; by the late 1970s, Twitty had shifted his musical arrangements into a country pop style he would maintain for the rest of his career. His next 23 consecutive singles all made it into the top 10, with 13 peaking at number 1, including "Don't Take It Away", "I May Never Get to Heaven", "Happy Birthday Darlin'" and remakes of major pop hits such as "The Rose" and "Slow Hand" and "Tight Fittin' Jeans", a song written by Michael Huffman, released in June 1981 as the first single from the album Mr. T. The song was Twitty's 26th number one on the country chart. The single stayed at number one for one week and spent a total of 10 weeks on the country chart. In 1985, going by all weekly music trade charts, the song "Don't Call Him a Cowboy" became the 50th single of his career to achieve a number-1 ranking. He would have five more through 1990, giving him a total of 55 number 1 hits. George Strait matched the feat of 50 number-1 hits in 2002 with his single "She'll Leave You With a Smile" and then reached number 1 for the 56th time in 2007, when the single "Wrapped" hit the top on the Media Base 24/7 list.

Throughout much of Twitty's country music career his recording home was Decca Records, later renamed MCA. He signed with the label in late 1965 but left in 1981, when it appeared MCA was marketing and promoting newer acts; management at the label had changed, in addition to other factors that brought on the decision. He joined Elektra/Asylum in 1982. That label's country music unit merged with sister label Warner Bros. Records in 1983. He stayed with Warner Bros. through early 1987 but then went back to MCA to finish his career. In 1993, shortly before he died, he recorded a new album, Final Touches.

Baseball[]

Twitty throwing out the first pitch at the first Nashville Sounds game on April 26, 1978

Twitty also played baseball, his second passion. He received an offer to play with the Philadelphia Phillies after high school, but he was drafted into the United States Army before he could sign the contract. Twitty joined the entrepreneur Larry Schmittou and other country musicians, such as Cal Smith and Jerry Reed in 1977 as investors in the Nashville Sounds, a Minor League Baseball team of the Double-A Southern League, which began playing in 1978.[8] Twitty threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the team's inaugural home opener at Herschel Greer Stadium on April 26, 1978.[9] Twitty would also host celebrity softball games for charity, frequently playing against a team put together by Barbara Mandrell.[citation needed]

Twitty City[]

Twitty lived for many years in Hendersonville, Tennessee, just north of Nashville, where he built a country music entertainment complex called Twitty City at a cost of over $3.5 million.[10] Twitty and Twitty City were once featured on the TV series Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous, and was also seen in the Nashville episode of the BBC series Entertainment USA, presented by Jonathan King. Opened in 1982, it was a popular tourist stop throughout the 1980s and into the early 1990s; it was shut down in 1994 following a year-long tribute show called Final Touches, when fans and peers in the music business dropped by. The complex was auctioned off and bought by the Trinity Broadcasting Network.[citation needed]

Personal life[]

Twitty was married four times, to three different women. His first marriage, to Ellen Matthews, lasted from 1953 to 1954. They had married because Ellen was pregnant with his son, Michael. His second, and longest, marriage was to Temple "Mickey" Medley. They were married in 1956 and had three children: Kathy, Joni Lee, and Jimmy Twitty. The couple were divorced in early 1970, but they remarried quietly by the end of 1970. By 1984, after 28 years of marriage on and off, the stress of Twitty's frequent absences took its toll on Mickey, and she and Conway divorced for good. In 1987, Twitty married his 36-year-old office secretary, Delores "Dee" Henry. They were married until Twitty's death.[citation needed]

Twitty made Oklahoma City his home during most of his recording career, from 1963 to 1972. He also lived in Norman, Oklahoma. Twitty performed at the Diamond Ballroom after its opening in 1964. Conway Twitty opened one of his Twitty Burger restaurants at 7200 S. Western Avenue, in Oklahoma City.[citation needed]

In 1981, Twitty was exiting his tour bus when he slipped on the steps and fell, hitting his head against the steps. John Hughey, who was Twitty's steel guitar player, found him on the ground. Many people, including family members, said that Twitty underwent a change in personality after the accident. According to his daughter Joni, Twitty was not in a right state of mind for several months, saying in an interview that he had picked up a TV remote and began talking into it, thinking it was a phone.[citation needed]

Twitty served on the board of directors of CMT (Country Music Television) from 1984 to 1988, after Music Village Group (Nyhl Henson, Gilbert Biggers, Hall Hardaway Jr. and Benny and Dean Jaggers) acquired CMTV from Glen Daniels. (Inheriting a copyright infringement suit from Viacom, owner of MTV, settled for an undisclosed sum.) The Music Village Group, built Music Village USA adjacent to Twitty City including a state-of-the-art 1776-seat theatre where CMT unlinked its 24-hour programming and produced live concerts. When Music Village and Twitty was sold in 1989 and CMT in 1990, Conway turned his attention to the burgeoning Branson market playing to sell out crowds. He had teamed up again with Nyhl Henson and his team including former quarterback turned architect who designed Branson's first Log Theatre, to anchor the 1400 Branson Hills development and new musical home of Conway Twitty. He inked the deal the day before his death in June 1993.[citation needed]

Death[]

On June 4, 1993, Twitty became ill while performing at the Jim Stafford Theatre in Branson, Missouri.[11] He collapsed on his tour bus after the show and was rushed to a hospital. He was rushed into surgery, but died of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, in the early hours of the following morning at Cox South Hospital in Springfield, Missouri, at the age of 59. Loretta Lynn, who frequently was his chart making duet partner, was at the hospital because her husband Oliver was recovering from heart surgery, saw Twitty briefly as he entered the hospital.[12] His last studio album, Final Touches, was released two months later. Four months after Twitty's death, George Jones included a cover version of "Hello Darlin'" on his album High-Tech Redneck.

Twitty was buried at Sumner Memorial Gardens in Gallatin, Tennessee, in a red granite vault, under his birth name "Harold L. Jenkins". There are spaces reserved next to him for his wife and his son Michael.[13]

Estate Lawsuits[]

After Twitty's death, his estate became entangled in a lengthy court saga between the estate and family members, heirs, employees and others that lasted over a decade.[14][15][16][17][18] In one instance, the estate sued two of his daughters, claiming loans were due to be repaid. Five years after his death, The Tennessee Appeals Court referred to that case in its opening sentence with, "This is yet another chapter in the administration of the estate of Harold L. Jenkins, a popular entertainer whose stage name was “Conway Twitty.”" The court sided with the daughters finding that the accountants and controllers of Twitty's books while he was alive, who later became the Executors of the estate, kept "limited and sketchy information" when it came to the family members.[19] In other instances, employees sued because of oral promises "to be taken care of" by Twitty and often were successful. The court found Twitty rarely, if ever, memorialized contracts with family members, contractors and employees in writing. Oral promises included bonuses of $1000 per year of employment. The estate attempted to reduce that to $100 per year. [20]

Posthumous releases[]

Since his death, Twitty's son Michael and grandson Tre have been carrying on his musical legacy. His most recent appearance on the country charts was a duet with Anita Cochran, "(I Want to Hear) A Cheating Song" (2004), which was made possible by splicing Twitty's vocal from old recordings and even interviews, recorded over the years. As a result, Twitty's isolated vocal track was transferred to a digital multitrack and digitally reassembled into the new performance. Like the electronic duets of Patsy Cline and Jim Reeves, Hank Williams and Hank Williams Jr. or Nat King Cole and Natalie Cole, Cochran added her vocal to backing tracks that had already been produced along with Twitty's reconstructed vocal.[citation needed]

Currently, Bear Family Records offers a single-disc collection, Conway Rocks, featuring 30 songs, and The Rock 'n' Roll Years, a comprehensive eight-disc box set showcasing his complete early recordings as a rock artist.[21]

Material losses[]

Conway Twitty was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.[22]

Legal issues[]

Taxes[]

Twitty's success in country music was a key factor in his winning a 1983 case, Harold L. Jenkins (a/k/a Conway Twitty) v. Commissioner in United States Tax Court. The Internal Revenue Service allowed Twitty to deduct from his taxes, as an "ordinary and necessary" business expense, payments that he had made to repay investors in a defunct fast-food chain called Twitty Burger; the chain disestablished in 1971. The general rule is that the payment of someone else's debts is not deductible. Twitty alleged that his primary motive was "protecting his personal business reputation." The court opinion contained testimony from Twitty about his bond with country music fans.[23]

Estate[]

Twitty married four times (twice to Mickey). His widow in 1993, Delores "Dee" Henry Jenkins, and his four grown children from the previous marriages, Michael, Joni, Kathy and Jimmy Jenkins, engaged in a public dispute over the estate. Twitty's will had not been updated to account for the fourth marriage, but Tennessee law reserves one third of any estate to the widow. After years of probate, the four children received the rights to Twitty's music, name and image. The rest of the estate went to public auction, where much of the property and memorabilia was sold after his widow rejected the appraised value.

In 2008, controversy again erupted in his family when the four remaining children sued Sony/ATV Music Publishing over an agreement that Twitty and his family signed in 1990. The suit alleged that the terms of the agreement were not fully understood by the children, although they were all adults at the time. It sought to recover copyrights and royalty revenue that the document assigned to the company.[24]

Discography[]

Main articles: Conway Twitty discography and Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn discography

Awards[]

Academy of Country Music

Country Music Association

Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum

Delta Music Museum Hall of Fame

  • Posthumous inductee

Grammy Awards

Rockabilly Hall of Fame

  • Posthumous inductee

Covers[]

Twitty recorded cover versions of numerous songs, notably "Slow Hand", a major pop hit for the Pointer Sisters; "Rest Your Love on Me", a Top-40 country hit for the Bee Gees; "The Rose", a major pop hit for Bette Midler; and "Heartache Tonight", a major pop hit for The Eagles. Twitty's songs have also been covered numerous times, including four notable covers, George Jones's rendition of "Hello Darlin", Blake Shelton's "Goodbye Time", The Misfits' and Glen Campbell's[25] versions of "It's Only Make Believe" and Elvis Presley's version of "There's a Honky Tonk Angel (Who'll Take Me Back In)". In addition, Kenny Chesney's version of "I'd Love to Lay You Down" was sung and received some airplay, mostly in the concert realm.

Some artists have had hits with songs that Twitty recorded but never released as singles. Among these are the Oak Ridge Boys' top-five hit, "I Wish You Could Have Turned My Head (And Left My Heart Alone)", originally from Twitty's album Crosswinds (1979); the Statler Brothers' "You'll Be Back (Every Night in My Dreams)", from Twitty's album Rest Your Love On Me (1980); Steve Wariner's "I'm Already Taken" (which Wariner wrote), from Twitty's album Mr. T (1981); Lee Greenwood's "It Turns Me Inside Out", from Twitty's album Southern Comfort (1982); John Conlee's "In My Eyes", from Twitty's album Dream Maker (1982); John Schneider's "What's a Memory Like You (Doin' in a Love Like This?)", from Twitty's album Chasin' Rainbows (1985); and Daryle Singletary's "The Note" and Ricky Van Shelton's "Somebody Lied", from Twitty's album Don't Call Him a Cowboy (1985).

In popular culture[]

  • The fictional character "Conrad Birdie" in the musical and movie Bye Bye Birdie is said to be a composite of Twitty and Elvis Presley. The part was written with Twitty in mind but, after deciding to concentrate on music rather than film or theatre, he declined the role.[26]
  • For the 1959 record Songs for Swinging Sellers, Peter Sellers included a character "Twit Conway", who was a rock singer.[27]
  • The animated TV series Family Guy has used several cutaways to various performances by Twitty as non-sequitur transitions to provide a diversion for Peter Griffin, or as a counter to a controversial theme. The cutaway almost always begins with: "ladies and gentlemen, Mr. Conway Twitty!” In one episode (Lois Comes Out of Her Shell), the Conway Twitty cutaway is used with Justin Bieber's hair superimposed onto Twitty (with him introduced as "Conway Bieber"), [28][29] and in another (It's A Trap!) wearing Darth Vader's helmet (introduced as "Darth Twitty"). In the episode 3 Acts a God, God says to Peter "Conway Twitty says Cut it out. Just write a joke." And in the episode "Rich Old Stewie", Conway Twitty is one of the people that Peter sees in Heaven. Peter says he looks mad but sees that he's wearing the Darth Vader helmet.
  • On April 1st, 2020, comedian Gus Johnson released a cover of Conway's entire Greatest Hits album.[30]

References[]

  1. ^ Fox, Courtney (September 2, 2019). "8 Things You Didn't Know About Conway Twitty". Wideopencountry.com. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  2. ^ Breverton, Terry (2009). Wales: A Historical Companion. Amberley. ISBN 978-1848683266.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b "Conway Twitty Magnolia Stater" (October 20, 1958). The Billboard. p. 58.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Larkin, Colin (May 27, 2011). "Twitty, Conway". The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th ed.). Omnibus Press. p. 3571. ISBN 9780857125958. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  5. ^ "The Hamilton Memory Project" (Press release). Hamilton Spectator Newspaper, Souvenir Edition. June 10, 2006. p. MP44.
  6. ^ Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins. p. 108. ISBN 0-214-20512-6.
  7. ^ Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: T". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved March 17, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.
  8. ^ Woody, Larry (1996), Schmittou: A Grand Slam in Baseball, Business, and Life, Nashville: Eggmann, pp. 64–65, ISBN 1886371334
  9. ^ "Sounds in 1978". The Tennessean. Nashville. April 4, 2007. Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
  10. ^ "Resources". American Libraries. 17 (7): 563–564. 1986. JSTOR 25630104.
  11. ^ Nelson, Dick (May 20, 2017). "Sunday Morning Country Classic Spotlight to Feature Conway Twitty [VIDEOS]". 98.1 - Minnesota's New Country. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  12. ^ Grigsby, Karen (June 5, 2018). "Conway Twitty died 25 years ago today: How his legacy lives on". The Tennessean. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  13. ^ In re Estate of Jenkins, No. 93P-30 (Probate Court for Sumner County, Tom E. Gray, Judge 2005).
  14. ^ In re Estate of Jenkins, No. 93P-30 (Probate Court for Sumner County, Tom E. Gray, Judge 2005).
  15. ^ "Conway Twitty Family Feuds Over Estate". AP NEWS. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  16. ^ "Squabbles Between Conway Twitty's Heirs Highlight the Importance of a Properly Updated Estate Plan | McMullan & Brown | Little Rock, Arkansas". McMullan & Brown. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  17. ^ "Twitty Estate To Be Divided". CMT News. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  18. ^ Benefield, Chadwick. "Conway Twitty's Will the Subject of Investigation Discovery [Video]". WBKR. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  19. ^ "ESTATE OF HAROLD JENKINS v. Kathy Jenkins, Joni Jenkins" (PDF). Tennessee Administrative Office of the Courts. Administrative Office of the Courts. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  20. ^ "Claim of BILLY R. PARKS IN RE: ESTATE OF HAROLD JENKINS" (PDF). Tennessee Administrative Office of the Courts. Administrative Office of the Courts. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  21. ^ Who was/is Twitty, Conway? Bear Family Records.
  22. ^ Rosen, Jody (June 25, 2019). "Here Are Hundreds More Artists Whose Tapes Were Destroyed in the UMG Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
  23. ^ "Google Scholar". Scholar.google.ca. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
  24. ^ "Twitty's children sue Sony for royalties". Yahoo! Music. March 1, 2008. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012.
  25. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Glen Campbell: Biography". AllMusic.com. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
  26. ^ "Conway Twitty – Bio". ConwayTwitty.com. Archived from the original on June 30, 2007. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  27. ^ "Conway Twitty Biography". Oldies.com. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
  28. ^ Rocha, Alex (March 18, 2009). "Family Guy Episode Recap: "The Juice is Loose" Season 8, Episode 9". TV Guide. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
  29. ^ West, Steve (March 31, 2009). "The Atheist's Dilemma: Family Guy Takes A Stand". TV Blend. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
  30. ^ Johnson, Gus (April 1, 2020). "gus johnson sings an entire conway twitty album". YouTube. Retrieved July 29, 2021.

Bibliography[]

  • Cross, Wilbur, and Michael Kosser (1986). The Conway Twitty Story: An Authorized Biography. Doubleday, 1986. ISBN 978-0-385-23198-5.
  • Cross, Wilbur, and Michael Kosser (1987). The Conway Twitty Story: An Authorized Biography. Paperback ed. Toronto: Paperjacks. ISBN 0-7701-0638-2.
  • Oermann, Robert K. (1998). "Conway Twitty". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, ed. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 553–554. lpdiscography.com.

External links[]

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