Cyropolis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the ancient town of Media Atropatene, see Cyropolis (Media Atropatene).
Cyropolis is located in West and Central Asia
Khujand
Khujand
Jizak
Jizak
Istaravshan
Possible locations of Cyropolis.[1][2]
Map of the Achaemenid Empire showing the location of Cyropolis in Sogdiana.

Cyropolis (Latin form of Gr. Kyroúpolis (Κυρούπολις and Κύρου πόλις,[3] literally "the city of Cyrus") was an ancient city founded by Cyrus the Great in 544 BCE to mark the northeastern border of his Achaemenid Empire.

Location[]

It is identified as probably with the medieval and modern city of Khujand in northern Tajikistan, but it may also be Jizak on the Jaxartes river.[1] Alexander the Great may have established his own guard-town of Alexandria Eschate on the same location, simply renaming the Achaemenid city of Cyropolis.[1]

Cyropolis may also correspond to the modern day city of Istaravshan.[2]

History[]

Cyropolis and the region around it was used as a sort of holding region for Greek populations that rebelled against Persia, being resettled there from their homelands around the coastline of what is now Turkey, a region largely settled by Greeks in the thousand years before its conquest by Persia under Xerxes and his successors. By the time of conflict with Alexander the Great, it had a large Greek population and culture.

Cyropolis was the largest of seven towns in the region that Alexander the Great targeted for conquest in 329 B.C. His goal was the conquest of Sogdiana. Alexander first sent Craterus to Cyropolis, the largest of the towns holding Sogdiana against Alexander's forces. Craterus' instructions were to "take up a position close to the town, surround it with a ditch and stockade, and then assemble such siege engines as might suit his purpose...." The idea was to keep the inhabitants focused on their own defenses and to prevent them from sending assistance out to the other towns. Starting from Gazza, Alexander went on to conquer the other surrounding towns. Five of the seven towns were taken in two days. Many of the inhabitants were killed. Alexander then arrived at Cyropolis, which was the best fortified of the towns and had the largest population. It also had reputedly the best fighters of the region. Alexander battered Cyropolis' defenses with the siege engines. While the bombardment went on, Alexander ordered certain of his troops to sneak through a dried-up water course that went under the town's wall. Alexander also joined on this mission and once inside his troops opened the town's gate to admit his attacking force. Once the natives saw that the town was taken, they fell violently upon the attackers. Alexander received a violent blow from a stone that landed upon his head and neck. Craterus was wounded by an arrow. But the defenders were driven off. Arrian puts the defender's force at about 15,000 fighting men and claims that 8,000 of them were killed in the first phase of the operation. The rest apparently sought refuge inside the town's central fortress, but surrendered after one day for lack of water. [4]

Accounts of how the battle went down differ among authors. Arrian cites Ptolemy as saying Cyropolis surrendered from the start, and Arrian also states that according to Aristobulus the place was stormed and everyone was massacred. [5]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c Cummings, Lewis Vance (2004). Alexander the Great. Grove Press. pp. 286-288. ISBN 9780802141491.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Baumer, Christoph (2012). The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. I.B.Tauris. p. 279. ISBN 9781780760605.
  3. ^ Aelian, Characteristics of Animals, § 16.3
  4. ^ Arrian (1971). The Campaigns of Alexander. London: Penguin Books. p. 204. ISBN 0-14-044253-7.
  5. ^ Arrian (1971). The Campaigns of Alexander. London: Penguin Books. p. 204. ISBN 0-14-044253-7.
Retrieved from ""