Dewan Rakyat

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House of Representatives Dewan Rakyat
14th Parliament
Type
Type	Lower house of the Parliament of Malaysia
Term limits	None (5-year terms)
Leadership
Speaker	Azhar Azizan Harun, Independent[1] since 13 July 2020
Deputy Speaker	Mohd Rashid Hasnon, PN-BERSATU[2][3] since 16 July 2018
Deputy Speaker	Vacant since 23 August 2021
Secretary	Nizam Mydin since 13 May 2020
Prime Minister	Ismail Sabri Yaakob, BN-UMNO since 21 August 2021
Leader of the Opposition	Anwar Ibrahim, PH-PKR[4] since 18 May 2020
Structure
Seats	222
Political groups	As of 20 August 2021 Government (41)   BN (41)   UMNO (37)   MCA (2)   MIC (1)   PBRS (1) Confidence and supply (73)   PN (54)   BERSATU (31)   PAS (18)   STAR (1)   IND (4)   GPS (18)   PBB (13)   PRS (2)   PDP (2)   SUPP (1)   PBS (1) Opposition (105)   PH (98)   DAP (42)   PKR (35)   AMANAH (11)   UPKO (1)   IND (1)   WARISAN (8)   PEJUANG (4)   PSB (2)   MUDA (1) Unclear (1)   BN (1)   UMNO (1) (Gua Musang) Vacant (2) Gerik Batu Sapi
Committees	show 5 Committee of Selection Public Accounts Committee House Committee Committee of Privileges Standing Orders Committee
Elections
Voting system	First-past-the-post
Last election	9 May 2018
Next election	By 16 September 2023
Meeting place
Dewan Rakyat chamber Malaysian Houses of Parliament, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Website
Official website

Politics of Malaysia
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show Legislature Parliament of Malaysia 14th Parliament Dewan Rakyat Speaker Azhar Azizan Harun Leader of the Government Ismail Sabri Yaakob Leader of the Opposition Anwar Ibrahim Dewan Negara President Rais Yatim Shadow Cabinet
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The Dewan Rakyat (Malay for 'House of Representatives'; lit. 'People's Assembly') is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament, the federal legislature of Malaysia. The chamber and its powers are established by Article 44 of the Constitution of Malaysia. The Dewan Rakyat sits in the Houses of Parliament in Kuala Lumpur, along with the Dewan Negara, the upper house.

The Dewan Rakyat is a directly elected body consisting of 222 members known as Members of Parliament (MPs). Members are elected by first-past-the-post voting with one member from each federal constituency. Members hold their seats until the Dewan Rakyat is dissolved, the term of which is constitutionally limited to five years after an election. The number of seats each state or territory is entitled to is fixed by Article 46 of the Constitution.

While the concurrence of both chambers of Parliament is normally necessary for legislation to be enacted, the Dewan Rakyat holds significantly more power in practice; the Dewan Negara very rarely rejects bills that have been passed by the Dewan Rakyat and the Dewan Rakyat can bypass the Dewan Negara if it refuses to pass a specific law twice, with at least one year in between. The Cabinet is solely responsible to the Dewan Rakyat, and the prime minister only has to maintain the support of the lower house.

Membership[]

Members are referred to as "Members of Parliament" ("MPs") or "Ahli Dewan Rakyat" (lit. 'member of the Dewan Rakyat') in Malay. The term of office is as long as the member wins in the elections.

A member of the Dewan Rakyat must be at least 18 years of age and must not concurrently be a member of the Dewan Negara. The presiding officer of the Dewan Rakyat is the Speaker, who is elected at the beginning of each Parliament or after the vacation of the post, by the MPs. Two Deputy Speakers are also elected, and one of them sits in place of the Speaker when he is absent. The Dewan Rakyat machinery is supervised by the Clerk of the House who is appointed by the King; he may only be removed from office through the manner prescribed for judges or by mandatory retirement at age 60.^[5]

As of the 2018 general election, the Dewan Rakyat has 222 elected members. Members are elected from federal constituencies drawn by the Election Commission. Constituency boundaries are redrawn every ten years based on the latest census.

Each Dewan Rakyat lasts for a maximum of five years, after which a general election must be called. In the general election, voters select a candidate to represent their constituency in the Dewan Rakyat. The first-past-the-post voting system is used; the candidate who gains the most votes wins the seat.

Before a general election can be called, the King must first dissolve Parliament on the advice of the Prime Minister.^[5] According to the Constitution, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong has the right at his own discretion to either grant or withhold consent to dissolve the parliament.

Powers and procedure[]

Parliament is the legislative branch of the federal government and is responsible for passing, amending and repealing primary legislation. These are known as Acts of Parliament.

Members of Parliament possess parliamentary privilege and are permitted to speak on any subject without fear of censure outside Parliament; the only body that can censure an MP is the House Committee of Privileges. Immunity is effective from the moment a member of Parliament is sworn in, and only applies when that member has the floor; it does not apply to statements made outside the House. An exception is made by the Sedition Act passed by Parliament in the wake of the 13 May racial riots in 1969. Under the Act, all public discussion of repealing certain Articles of the Constitution dealing with Bumiputra privileges such as Article 153 is illegal. This prohibition is extended to all members of both houses of Parliament.^[6] Members of Parliament are also forbidden from criticising the King and judges.^[7]

The executive government, comprising the Prime Minister and his Cabinet, is usually drawn from members of Parliament; most of its members are typically members of the Dewan Rakyat. After a general election or the resignation or death of a Prime Minister, the King selects the Prime Minister, who is the head of government but constitutionally subordinate to him, from the Dewan Rakyat. In practice, this is usually the leader of the largest party in Parliament. The Prime Minister then submits a list containing the names of members of his Cabinet, who will then be appointed as Ministers by the King. Members of the Cabinet must also be members of Parliament. If the Prime Minister loses the confidence of the Dewan Rakyat, whether by losing a no-confidence vote or failing to pass a budget, he must either advice the King to dissolve Parliament and hold a general election or submit his resignation to the King. The King has the discretion to grant or withheld consent to the dissolution. If consent is withheld, the government must resign and the King would appoint a new Prime Minister that has the support of the majority of members of Parliament. The Cabinet formulates government policy and drafts bills, meeting in private. Its members must accept "collective responsibility" for the decisions the Cabinet makes, even if some members disagree with it; if they do not wish to be held responsible for Cabinet decisions, they must resign. Although the Constitution makes no provision for it, there is also a Deputy Prime Minister, who is the de facto successor of the Prime Minister should he die or be otherwise incapacitated.^[8]

A proposed act of law begins its life when a particular government minister or ministry prepares a first draft with the assistance of the Attorney-General's Department. The draft, known as a bill, is then discussed by the Cabinet. If it is agreed to submit it to Parliament, the bill is distributed to all MPs. It then goes through three readings before the Dewan Rakyat. The first reading is where the minister or his deputy submits it to Parliament. At the second reading, the bill is discussed and debated by MPs. At the third reading, the minister or his deputy formally submit it to a vote for approval. A simple majority is usually required to pass the bill, but in certain cases, such as amendments to the constitution, a two-thirds majority is required. Should the bill pass, it is sent to the Dewan Negara, where the three readings are carried out again. The Dewan Negara may choose not to pass the bill, but this only delays its passage by a month, or in some cases, a year; once this period expires, the bill is considered to have been passed by the house.^[9]

If the bill passes, it is presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong who has 30 days to consider the bill. Should he disagree with it, he returns it to Parliament with a list of suggested amendments. Parliament must then reconsider the bill and its proposed amendments and return it to the King within 30 days if they pass it again. The King then has another 30 days to give the royal assent; otherwise, it passes into law. The law does not take effect until it is published in the Government Gazette.^[10]

The government attempts to maintain top secrecy regarding bills debated; MPs generally receive copies of bills only a few days before they are debated, and newspapers are rarely provided with copies of the bills before they are debated. In some cases, such as a 1968 amendment to the Constitution, an MP may be presented with a bill to be debated on the same day it is tabled, and all three readings may be carried out that day itself.^[11] In rare circumstances, the government may release a White paper containing particular proposals that will eventually be incorporated into a bill; this has been done for legislation such as the Universities and University Colleges Act.^[12]

Although the process above assumes only the government can propose bills, there also exists a process for private member's bills. However, unlike most other legislatures following the Westminster system, few members of Parliament actually introduce bills.^[13] To present a private member's bill, the member in question must seek the leave of the House in question to debate the bill before it is moved. Originally, it was allowed to debate the bill in the process of seeking leave, but this process was discontinued by an amendment to the Standing Orders of the Dewan Rakyat.^[14] It is also possible for members of the Dewan Negara to initiate bills; however, only cabinet ministers are permitted to move finance-related bills, which must be tabled in the Dewan Rakyat.^[15]

It is often alleged that legislation proposed by the opposition parties, which must naturally be in the form of a private member's bill, is not seriously considered by Parliament. Some have gone as far as to claim that the rights of members of Parliament to debate proposed bills have been severely curtailed by incidents such as an amendment of the Standing Orders that permitted the Speaker to amend written copies of MPs' speeches before they were made. Nevertheless, it is admitted by some of these critics that "government officials often face sharp questioning in Parliament, although this is not always reported in detail in the press."^[16]

Current composition[]

Affiliation		Leader in Parliament	Status	Seats
				2018 election	Current
	Barisan Nasional	Ismail Sabri Yaakob	Majority Coalition government	78	42
	Gabungan Parti Sarawak	Fadillah Yusof		N/A	18
	Perikatan Nasional	Muhyiddin Yassin		N/A	50
	United Sabah Party	Maximus Ongkili		1[a]	1
	Independents			N/A	4
	Pakatan Harapan	Anwar Ibrahim	Opposition	113	89
	Sabah Heritage Party	Shafie Apdal		8	8
	Homeland Fighters' Party	Mahathir Mohamad		New	4
	Parti Sarawak Bersatu	Masir Kujat		0	2
	Malaysian United Democratic Alliance	Syed Saddiq		New	1
	Independents			3	1
Total				222	220

Current standings by constituency

Latest election result[]

Members per state and federal territory[]

State / federal territory	Number of seats	Population (2010 census)	Population per seat
F. T. Kuala Lumpur	11	1,627,172	147,925
F. T. Labuan	1	85,272	85,272
F. T. Putrajaya	1	67,964	67,964
Johor	26	3,233,434	124,363
Kedah	15	1,890,098	126,007
Kelantan	14	1,459,994	104,285
Malacca	6	788,706	131,451
Negeri Sembilan	8	997,071	124,634
Pahang	14	1,443,365	103,098
Penang	13	1,520,143	116,934
Perak	24	2,258,428	94,101
Perlis	3	227,025	75,675
Sabah	25	3,120,040	124,802
Sarawak	31	2,420,009	78,065
Selangor	22	5,411,324	245,969
Terengganu	8	1,015,776	126,972

Notes and references[]

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