Foreign relations of Albania
Politics of Albania |
---|
The foreign relations of Albania are its relations with other governments and peoples. Foreign relations are conducted through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tirana. The current minister is Olta Xhaçka. The current Ambassador to the United Nations is Besiana Kadare.
Albania is a sovereign country in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean that declared its independence on 28 November 1912. Its foreign policy has maintained a policy of complementarism by trying to have friendly relations with all countries. Since the collapse of Communism in 1990, Albania has extended its responsibilities and position in European and international affairs, supporting and establishing friendly relations with other nations around the world.
The main factors defining Albanian foreign policy consist of geopolitical location, population, economic crisis, and ties with Albanian diaspora throughout the world. It also maintains strong diplomatic relations with the EU, Balkan countries, Arab world, Canada, China, Croatia, France, Germany, Turkey, Italy, Israel, India, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, UK and the United States.
The main objectives of the Albanian foreign policy are the accession of Albania to the European Union, the international recognition of Kosovo, the recognition of expulsion of Cham Albanians,[1] helping and protecting the rights of Albanians in Montenegro, North Macedonia, Greece, Serbia, Italy, and the Albanian diaspora.
Albania was voted to become a member of the 15-country United Nations Security Council for a two-year term, 2022-23.
Overview[]
The government of Albania was concerned with the developments in neighboring Kosovo, particularly in the post-Dayton agreement period. During the Kosovo War in 1999 as well as the ethnic cleansing of Kosovo Albanians by Serbs alongside the subsequent refugee influx into the country, Albania's status as an ally of the United States was confirmed.[2] Albania emerged as being generally supportive of the United States.[2] The support for the United States has remained high at 95% in Muslim majority (56% of the population) Albania in contrast to the rest of the Islamic world.[2]
During the post-cold war, geo-political complexities and conflicts in the Balkans, made Albania seek a protector power with Turkey, which is a NATO member.[3] During the 1990s, state relations between Albania and Turkey were marked by high level visits, military agreements and the deployment of Turkish soldiers.[4][3][5] An Albanian-Turkish military cooperation agreement was signed on 29 July 1992.[4][3] The military agreement entailed education and training of personnel, bilateral cooperation in weapons production, joint military exercises, the exchange of military delegations and joint commissions on expanding further military ties into the future.[3] The agreement also encompassed rebuilding Albania's Pasha Liman Base in the Bay of Vlorë on the Ionian sea by Turkey, in return for granting Turkey's access and use.[6][5] Turkey has trained the Albanian Armed Forces, in particular officers and commando units.[4][6][5] During civil war in 1997, Turkey alongside other countries, participated in Operation Alba by providing a brigade of 800 Turkish troops to restore order and its involvement served mainly as a stabilising force.[4][7]
Turkey considers its friendship with Albania as important due to the context of state relations with Greece and through policy have exploited difficulties arising in Albanian-Greek relations.[8][9] Having a powerful ally in Turkey has suited Albania at times regarding difficult interstate relations with Greece.[10] Albania's emergence in the Balkans as a key NATO partner contributed to good and stronger Albanian-Turkish relations, in particular relating to military matters.[11] The military alliance during the 1990s between Turkey and Albania was also aimed against Serbia in case a war over Kosovo had a wider regional spread.[12] Greece has expressed concerns regarding Turkish relations with Albania and interpreted them as an anti-Greek measure to isolate Greece within the wider context of Albania being a potential outlet for expanding Muslim influence and Turkey allying with Muslim populations in the Balkans.[3][13][14] Turkey on the other hand claimed Greece increased tensions within the region and conveyed concerns relating to Albanian and Greek polemics with Ankara expressing a partial bias on Albania's side angering the Greeks.[15] Greece, aware of Albanian-Turkish military agreements denounced Turkey's interference in Greek affairs.[15] Though not officially considered in Turkey as a rival within Albania, during the unrest of 1997 Greece was able to become an influential actor in Albania and the early period of the Kosovo crisis (1998-1999) when Albanian officials looked to Greece for assistance.[16] The resumption of closer Albanian-Turkish relations ensured during the Kosovo crisis that made both countries act along the same policy lines toward Slobodan Milošević and the issue of Greater Serbia.[17]
Turkey supported Albania's membership to become part of NATO.[4] Military cooperation between Albania and Turkey is viewed by NATO as a stabilising factor within the volatile region of the Balkans.[18] Albania has come to depend heavily on Turkish assistance and a high amount of military security.[3] Turkey remains for Albania an important military ally alongside the U.S.[19] Through its military personnel Turkey continues to train Albanian armed forces and also to provide assistance in logistics and modernisation efforts of the Albanian military.[20][21] Radar systems for the surveillance of Albanian airspace in addition to telecommunication equipment have been supplied by Turkey to Albania.[22] Albania receives Turkish assistance for police training.[17] Turkey has continuously supported Albania from the 1990s on EU related matters as both countries view EU membership as an eventual final goal and common objective.[23] State relations of Albania with Turkey are friendly and close, due to maintenance of close links with the Albanian diaspora in Turkey and strong Turkish sociopolitical, cultural, economic and military ties with Albania.[24][25][26][27][28][29][4] Turkey has been supportive of Albanian geopolitical interests within the Balkans.[28][4][30] In Gallup polls conducted in recent times Turkey is viewed as a friendly country by 73% of people in Albania.[31] Albania has established political and economic ties with Arab countries, in particular with Arab Persian Gulf states who have heavily invested in religious, transport and other infrastructure alongside other facets of the economy in addition to the somewhat limited societal links they share.[32] Albania is also working to develop social-political and economic ties with Israel.[33]
After the fall of the Albanian communist regime in 1991, relations between Greece and Albania became increasingly strained because of widespread allegations of mistreatment by Albanian authorities of the Greek ethnic minority in southern Albania and of the Albanian communities in northern Greece. A wave of Albanian illegal economic migrants to Greece exacerbated tensions. The crisis in Greek–Albanian relations reached its peak in late August 1994, when an Albanian court sentenced five members (a sixth member was added later) of the ethnic Greek political party Omonia to prison terms on charges of undermining the Albanian state. Greece responded by freezing all EU aid to Albania, and sealing its border with Albania. In December 1994, however, Greece began to permit limited EU aid to Albania, while Albania released two of the Omonia defendants and reduced the sentences of the remaining four.[citation needed]
There are still other impending issues in the relations between the two countries, regarding many Albanian workers in Greece who have not received legal papers despite promises by the Greek government. In 1996, the two countries signed a Treaty of Peace and Friendship and discussed the issues of the status of Albanian refugees in Greece and education in the mother tongue for the ethnic Greek minority in southern Albania. In the 1990s, Greece preferred and assisted Fatos Nano as Albanian leader due to him being Orthodox over Sali Berisha a Muslim, as Nano was seen as being friendlier to Greek interests.[34] The government of Fatos Nano was viewed by Turkey as having a pro-Greek orientation and expressed some dissatisfaction though during that time still maintained close military relations with Albania in rebuilding its armed forces and a military base.[19]
Today, as result of very frequent high-level contacts between the governments and the parliaments, relations between the two countries are regarded as excellent. Greece is a staunch supporter of the Euro-Atlantic integration of the Republic of Albania. Since Albania's NATO entry in May 2009, Albanian-Greek relations have been developing on all fronts, and especially after the election victory of Edi Rama in 2013,[35] with the Albanian Chief of Foreign Policy, Ralf Gjoni, describing the diplomatic relations between two countries as "excellent". Greece today is Albania's most important European Union ally and NATO partner.[36] At the Albanian government's request, about 250 Greek military personnel are stationed in Albania to assist with the training and restructuring of the Albanian Armed Forces, as part of the NATO programme. Big projects currently in running between the two countries include the touristic development of the Ionian coastline shared between the two countries, and the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), which helped boosting the relations of the two countries even further.
Albania's ties with Greece are also based on cultural and historic relations of the two peoples, including migration and national minorities. In addition, since Albania's transition to democracy, Greece has become a major financial partner of the country with Albania's economy being heavily reliant on investments from Greece. Culturally, the two nations' populations, whilst having a tense history, share numerous cultural and historic traits that have been used to boost the political relations of the neighbouring countries.
Albania was voted to become a member of the 15-country UN Security Council for a two-year term, in 2022-23, on June 11, 2021.[37] Ambassador Kadare said that Albania's priorities in the Security Council will include a focus on women, peace, and security, promoting human rights and international law, preventing conflicts, protecting civilians, countering violent extremism, addressing climate change and its links to security, and strengthening multilateralism and the rules-based international order.[37] She tweeted thanks to all countries that: "entrusted us with this huge responsibility".[37]
- Disputes
The Albanian government supports the protection of the rights of ethnic Albanians outside of its borders but has downplayed them to further its primary foreign policy goal of regional cooperation; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks full recognition of the declared independence from Serbia; Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia claim discrimination in education, access to public-sector jobs, and representation in government.[citation needed] A handful of Albanian troops have participated in the U.S.-led military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.[38] Albanian policy is very favorable to that of the United States and European Union.
The $30 million Albanian-American Enterprise Fund (AAEF), launched in 1994, is actively making debt and equity investments in local businesses.[39] AAEF is designed to harness private sector efforts to assist in the economic transformation. U.S. assistance priorities include promotion of agricultural development and a market economy, advancement of democratic institutions (including police training), and improvements in quality of life.
List of countries[]
Albania had diplomatic relations with the following countries as of 2020:
# | Country | Year |
---|---|---|
1 | Bulgaria | 1946[40] |
2 | France | 1946[40] |
3 | Russia | 1946[40] |
4 | Serbia | 1946[40] |
5 | Czech Republic | 1948[40] |
6 | Ethiopia | 1948[40] |
7 | Poland | 1948[40] |
8 | Romania | 1948[40] |
9 | China | 1949[40] |
10 | Hungary | 1949[40] |
11 | Italy | 1949[40] |
12 | Mongolia | 1950[40] |
13 | North Korea | 1950[40] |
14 | Austria | 1956[40] |
15 | India | 1956[40] |
16 | Sudan | 1957[40] |
17 | Egypt | 1958[40] |
18 | Guinea | 1958[40] |
19 | Iraq | 1958[40] |
20 | Turkey | 1958[40] |
21 | Somalia | 1960[40] |
22 | Ghana | 1961[40] |
23 | Cambodia | 1962[40] |
24 | Morocco | 1962[40] |
25 | Algeria | 1963[40] |
26 | Vietnam | 1963[40] |
27 | Indonesia | 1965[40] |
28 | Mali | 1965[40] |
29 | Pakistan | 1965[40] |
30 | Tanzania | 1966[40] |
31 | Republic of the Congo | 1968[40] |
32 | Kuwait | 1968[40] |
33 | Belgium | 1970[40] |
34 | Central African Republic | 1970[40] |
35 | Denmark | 1970[40] |
36 | Finland | 1970[40] |
37 | Libya | 1970[40] |
38 | Switzerland | 1970[40] |
39 | Chile | 1971[40] |
40 | Greece | 1971[40] |
41 | Iran | 1971[40] |
42 | Netherlands | 1971[40] |
43 | Norway | 1971[40] |
44 | Equatorial Guinea | 1972[41] |
45 | Luxembourg | 1972[40] |
46 | Nepal | 1972[40] |
47 | Niger | 1972[40] |
48 | Sweden | 1972[40] |
49 | Argentina | 1973[40] |
50 | Brunei | 1973[40] |
51 | Burundi | 1973[40] |
52 | Cameroon | 1973[40] |
53 | Colombia | 1973[40] |
54 | Costa Rica | 1973[40] |
55 | Malta | 1973[40] |
56 | New Zealand | 1973[40] |
57 | Nigeria | 1973[40] |
58 | Peru | 1973[40] |
59 | Senegal | 1973[40] |
60 | Tunisia | 1973[40] |
61 | Benin | 1974[40] |
62 | Brazil | 1974[40] |
63 | Gabon | 1974[40] |
64 | Guinea-Bissau | 1974[40] |
65 | Lebanon | 1974[40] |
66 | Mexico | 1974[40] |
67 | Laos | 1975[40] |
68 | Mozambique | 1975[40] |
69 | Venezuela | 1975[40] |
70 | Myanmar | 1976[40] |
71 | Madagascar | 1976[40] |
72 | San Marino | 1976[40] |
73 | Sierra Leone | 1976[40] |
74 | Bangladesh | 1977[40] |
75 | Burkina Faso | 1977[40] |
76 | Mauritania | 1977[40] |
77 | Panama | 1978[40] |
78 | Syria | 1978[40] |
79 | Nicaragua | 1979[40] |
80 | Sao Tome and Principe | 1979[40] |
81 | Yemen | 1979[40] |
82 | Zambia | 1979[40] |
83 | Cabo Verde | 1980[40] |
84 | Cuba | 1980[40] |
85 | Djibouti | 1980[40] |
86 | Ecuador | 1980[40] |
87 | Seychelles | 1980[40] |
88 | Sri Lanka | 1980[40] |
89 | Zimbabwe | 1980[40] |
90 | Iceland | 1981[40] |
91 | Japan | 1981[40] |
92 | Malaysia | 1981[40] |
93 | Portugal | 1982[40] |
94 | Thailand | 1982[40] |
95 | Barbados | 1983[40] |
96 | Kenya | 1983[40] |
97 | Australia | 1984[40] |
98 | Guyana | 1985[40] |
99 | Ivory Coast | 1985[40] |
100 | Malawi | 1985[42] |
101 | Singapore | 1986[40] |
102 | Spain | 1986[40] |
103 | Bolivia | 1987[43] |
104 | Canada | 1987[40] |
105 | Germany | 1987[40] |
106 | Jordan | 1987[40] |
107 | Philippines | 1987[40] |
108 | Uruguay | 1987[40] |
109 | Angola | 1988[44] |
110 | Namibia | 1990[45] |
– | State of Palestine | 1990[46] |
111 | Cyprus | 1991[47] |
– | Holy See | 1991[48] |
112 | Israel | 1991[49] |
113 | Papua New Guinea | 1991[50] |
114 | South Korea | 1991[51] |
115 | United States | 1991[52] |
116 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1992[53] |
117 | Croatia | 1992[54] |
118 | Estonia | 1992[52] |
119 | Kyrgyzstan | 1992[55] |
120 | Latvia | 1992[52] |
121 | Lithuania | 1992[52] |
122 | Moldova | 1992[56] |
123 | Oman | 1992[57] |
124 | Paraguay | 1992[47] |
125 | Qatar | 1992[58] |
126 | Saudi Arabia | 1992[59] |
127 | Slovenia | 1992[60] |
128 | South Africa | 1992[61] |
129 | United Arab Emirates | 1992[62] |
130 | United Kingdom | 1992[52] |
131 | Armenia | 1993[63] |
132 | Azerbaijan | 1993[64] |
133 | Bahrain | 1993[65] |
134 | Belarus | 1993[66] |
135 | Georgia | 1993[67] |
137 | Guatemala | 1993[47] |
138 | Kazakhstan | 1993[68] |
139 | North Macedonia | 1993[69] |
140 | Slovakia | 1993[52] |
141 | Tajikistan | 1993[70] |
142 | Ukraine | 1993[47] |
143 | Uzbekistan | 1993[71] |
– | Sovereign Order of Malta | 1994[72] |
144 | Turkmenistan | 1994[73] |
145 | Ireland | 1995[74] |
146 | Andorra | 1996[75] |
147 | Jamaica | 1996[47] |
148 | Dominican Republic | 2002[76] |
149 | El Salvador | 2003[77] |
150 | Montenegro | 2006[78] |
– | Kosovo | 2008[79] |
151 | Samoa | 2008[47] |
152 | Maldives | 2008[80] |
153 | Fiji | 2010[81] |
154 | Honduras | 2010[82] |
155 | Saint Lucia | 2010[47] |
156 | Monaco | 2011[83] |
157 | Nauru | 2011[47] |
158 | Solomon Islands | 2011[84] |
159 | Tuvalu | 2011[47] |
160 | Trinidad and Tobago | 2014[47] |
161 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 2018[85] |
162 | Bahamas | 2019[86] |
The other countries which Albania has diplomatic relations are Afghanistan,[87] Botswana,[88] Liechtenstein,[89] Mauritius[90] and Uganda.[87]
Organizations[]
Albania maintains very good relations with the European Union, since 2014 is an official candidate
Albania is member in these international organizations:[91]
AC, APF, BIE, BSEC, CEB, CoBx, CoE, CEI, CCC, CEFTA, ECE, EAPC, EBRD, EITI, ECAA, ECAC, EC, ENTSO-E, Eurocontrol, FAO, FIUs, IAEA, IAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRC, ICRM, ICCROM, IDA, IDB, IHO, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, IOM, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NATO, OAS, OB, OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, OTIF, PCA, SEECP, SECI, SETC, UN, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNDSS, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNW, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, UfM, VC, WB, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO and WTO.
Diplomatic relations[]
Africa[]
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Algeria | 1963[92] |
|
Egypt | 1958[93] | See Albania–Egypt relations
The father of the modern Egypt Muhammad Ali of Egypt was Albanian commander in the Ottoman army. Albanian Muhammad Ali dynasty reigned in Egypt from 1805 to 1952. |
Libya | 1970[96] | See Albania–Libya relations
Albania was one of the first countries to recognize the National Transitional Council on 18 July 2011 as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people.[97][98][99]
|
Tunisia | 1973[100]
|
Americas[]
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Argentina | 1973[103] |
|
Brazil | 1974 [104] | See Albania–Brazil relations
|
Canada | 10 September 1987[105] | See Albania–Canada relations
|
Cuba | 1980[106] |
|
Mexico | 1974[109] | |
United States | 1922[112] | See Albania–United States relations
|
Asia[]
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Armenia | 18 February 1993 | |
Azerbaijan | 23 September 1992 | See Albania–Azerbaijan relations
|
China | 23 November 1949 | See Albania–China relations
People's Socialist Republic of Albania under Enver Hoxha, moved an annual resolution in the General Assembly to transfer China's seat at the United Nations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. On 25 October 1971, Resolution 2758, sponsored by Albania, was passed by the General Assembly, withdrawing recognition of the ROC as the legitimate government of China, and recognizing the PRC as the sole legitimate government of China. Albania was the first country to recognize the People's Republic China. Albania and People's Republic China established diplomatic relations on 23 November 1949.[115]
|
Georgia | 8 July 1993[116] | See Albania–Georgia relations
|
India | 1956[117] | See Albania–India relations
Mother Teresa, one of India's national symbols, was of Albanian origin. |
Iran | 1971[118] | See Albania–Iran relations
|
Israel | 20 August 1991[119] | See Albania–Israel relations
Albania recognized the State of Israel on 16 April 1949 by a telegram of Prime Minister of Albania Enver Hoxha.
|
Japan | April 1922 re-established in March 1981 |
See Albania–Japan relations
Albania and Japan resumed established diplomatic relations in March 1981.[122]
|
Kuwait | 1968[123] |
|
Malaysia | 1981[124] |
|
Mongolia | 24 May 1949[125] |
|
Nepal | 23 May 1972 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 May 1972.[126] |
North Korea | 29 November 1948[127] | |
Pakistan | 1965 | In December 2006, Albanian Deputy Foreign Minister Anton Gurakqui visited Pakistan to hold bilateral consultation with Pakistani political leadership. Pakistan also offers training facilities to young Albanian bureaucrats in the field of banking, finance, management and diplomacy.[128] |
Palestine | 1990 | See Albania–Palestine relations
Albania had previously recognized the State of Palestine as a state since 1988.
|
Qatar | 1992 |
|
Saudi Arabia | 1992 |
|
South Korea | 22 August 1991[51] | See Albania–South Korea relations
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Ban Ki-moon and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Besnik Mustafaj signed the Convention between South Korea and Albania for the Avoidance of Double Taxation with Respect to Taxes on Income and for the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion on 17 May 2006.[129] The number of the South Korean citizens living in Albania, in 2020 was about 102.[130] |
Turkey | 1981 | See Albania-Turkey relations
|
United Arab Emirates | 1992 |
|
Europe[]
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Austria | 1912 | See Albania–Austria relations
Austria-Hungary supported the Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912.
|
Belgium | See Albania–Belgium relations
| |
Bulgaria | 1922 | See Albania–Bulgaria relations
|
Croatia | 25 August 1992 | See Albania–Croatia relations
|
Cyprus | 28 August 1991[133] | |
Czech Republic | See Albania–Czech Republic relations
The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the People's Republic of Albania and the Socialist Republic of Romania participated in the invasion. Albania formally withdrew form the Warsaw Pact in 1968 over the matter.[139]
| |
Denmark | 1 May 1970[140] | See Albania–Denmark relations |
Finland |
| |
France | See Albania–France relations
| |
Germany | See Albania–Germany relations
| |
Greece | de facto in 1971[143][144] de juro 21 March 1996 |
See Albania–Greece relations
|
Holy See | 7 September 1991[154] | See Albania–Holy See relations
|
Hungary | See Albania–Hungary relations
| |
Iceland | ||
Ireland | ||
Italy | 1912 | See Albania–Italy relations
|
Kosovo | 18 February 2008 | See Albania–Kosovo relations
|
Latvia |
| |
Montenegro | 1 August 2006 |
|
Netherlands | 1970[166] | See Albania–Netherlands relations
|
North Macedonia | 1991 | See Albania–North Macedonia relations
|
Poland | See Albania–Poland relations
| |
Portugal | See Albania–Portugal relations
| |
Romania | 28 December 1913 | See Albania–Romania relations |
Russia | 7 April 1924 | See Albania–Russia relations
|
Serbia | See Albania-Serbia relations
| |
Sovereign Military Order of Malta | 1994[154] |
|
Slovakia |
The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the People's Republic of Albania and the Socialist Republic of Romania participated in the invasion. Albania formally withdrew form the Warsaw Pact in 1968 over the matter.[139]
| |
Slovenia | See Albania–Slovenia relations
| |
Spain | See Albania–Spain relations
| |
Sweden |
| |
Switzerland | 1 March 1922[169] |
Albanians in Switzerland
|
Ukraine | 1992 | See Albania-Ukraine relations
The diplomatic relations between Albania and Ukraine were established in 1922.
|
United Kingdom | 1922-1939 reestablished on 29 May 1991 |
See Albania–United Kingdom relations
|
Oceania[]
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Australia | 1984 |
|
Former countries[]
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Papal States |
Albania (League of Lezhë) during the reign of Skanderbeg had good relations with the Papacy. | |
Kingdom of Naples |
Albania (League of Lezhë) during the reign of Skanderbeg had good relations with Naples.
See | |
Soviet Union | 7 April 1924 | See Albania–Soviet Union relations |
Republic of Venice | ||
Yugoslavia | 1946 | See Albania–Yugoslavia relations |
Austria-Hungary | See Albania–Austria relations and Albania–Hungary relations | |
Czechoslovakia | See Albania–Czech Republic relations
| |
East Germany | 1952 | See Albania–Germany relations
|
Multilateral[]
Organisation | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
European Union | 1992 | See Accession of Albania to the European Union
Albania applied in 2009 to join and became an official candidate in June 2014. Although Albania received candidate status for membership in 2014, the European Union has twice rejected full membership.[171] In July 2016, the Parliament of Albania approved constitutional amendments on justice reforms, it has had also hoped to open membership negotiations by December 2016.[172] The Commission recommended the launch of negotiations on 9 November 2016.[173]
|
NATO | 1992 | See Albania–NATO relations
At the 2008 Bucharest summit, NATO invited Albania to join the alliance. In April 2009 Albania became a full member of the NATO, which remains popular in the country especially due to its intervention in the Kosovo war on behalf of ethnic Albanians.[174] Within the Balkans, Albania is considered to be the most pro-European and pro-Western country in the region and unlike its neighbours, except Kosovo, it has to negligible support for Russia.[175][24]
|
United Nations | 14 December 1955 | See Albania at the United Nations
|
See also[]
- List of diplomatic missions in Albania
- List of diplomatic missions of Albania
- Visa requirements for Albanian citizens
References[]
- ^ Konferencë për shtyp e Ministrit të Punëve të Jashtme z. Panariti lidhur me vizitën e fundit në Greqi, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Albania, 2012-10-06 (in Albanian)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Bogdani, Mirela; Loughlin, John (2007). Albania and the European Union: the tumultuous journey towards integration and accession. London: IB Tauris. p. 191. ISBN 9781845113087.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Xhudo, Gazmen (1996). Diplomacy and crisis management in the Balkans: A US foreign policy perspective. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 50–53. ISBN 9781349249473.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Uzgel, Ilhan (2001). "The Balkans: Turkey's Stabilizing role". In Rubin, Barry; Kirişci, Kemal (eds.). Turkey in world politics: An emerging multiregional power. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 54–56. ISBN 978-1555879549.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Sayari, Sabri (2000). "Turkish Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era: The Challenges of Multi-Regionalism". Journal of International Affairs. 54 (1): 178–179. JSTOR 24357694.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Larrabee, F. Stephen; Lesser, Ian O. (2003). Turkish foreign policy in an age of uncertainty. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation. pp. 94. ISBN 9780833034045.
albania.
- ^ Soler i Lecha, Eduard (2013). "Turkey's potential (and controversial) contribution to the Global 'Actorness' of the EU". In Güney, Nurşin Ateşoğlu (ed.). Contentious issues of security and the future of Turkey. Ashgate Publishing. p. 41. ISBN 9781409498070.
- ^ Ağir, Bülent Sarper; Arman, Murat Necip (2016). "Turkish foreign policy towards the Western Balkans in the Post War Era: Political and Security Dimensions". In Demir, Sertif (ed.). Turkey's Foreign Policy and Security Perspectives in the 21st Century. Brown Walker Press. pp. 149–150. ISBN 9781627345866.
- ^ Constantinides, Stephanos (1996). "Turkey the emergence of a new foreign policy the neo-Ottoman imperial model". Journal of Political and Military Sociology. 24 (2): 329. "The Turkish policy exploited the difficulties between Albania and Greece but also the fact that Islam is the main religion of the country. Furthermore, close relations with Albania were encouraged by the Americans and Europeans considering the Turkish presence in the area as a factor of stability."
- ^ Deliso, Christopher (2007). The Coming Balkan Caliphate: The Threat of Radical Islam to Europe and the West. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 38. ISBN 9780275995256.
- ^ Karaosmanoğlu, Ali (2006). "Turkey Southeastern Europe and Russia". In Blitz, Brad K. (ed.). War and change in the Balkans: nationalism, conflict and cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 192. ISBN 9780521677738.
- ^ Vickers, Miranda (1998). Between Serb and Albanian: a History of Kosovo. New York: Hurst and Company. pp. xvi. ISBN 9780231113823.. "But the essential factor is that Kosovo borders on the Republic of Albania which is militarily allied with Turkey against Serbia, and the mountains separating the Kosovo plain from Albania and from Macedonia are the only natural protection in case of conflict with these countries."
- ^ Sönmezoğlou, Faruk; Gülden, Ayman (2003). "The roots of conflict and the dynamics of change in Turkish-Greek relations". In Kollias, Chrēstos G.; Günlük-Şenesen, Gülay; Ayman, Gülden (eds.). Greece and Turkey in the 21st Century: Conflict Or Cooperation, a Political Economy Perspective. New York: Nova Publishers. p. 38. ISBN 9781590337530.
- ^ Hodge, Carole (2006). "Albania, Italy and Greece: Some geopolitical considerations". In Blitz, Brad K. (ed.). War and change in the Balkans: nationalism, conflict and cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9780521677738.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Xhudo 1995, pp. 132–133. "Turkish links with Albania... Greece felt that Turkey was allying itself with the area's Muslims (perhaps with aims to revive the heyday of the Ottomans) and seeking to isolate Greece. Turkey denied those charges and claimed that Greece was exacerbating tensions in the Balkans. Given its historic ties to Albania, coupled with the positive relations established between Turkey and Albania, Ankara has begun to express concern over the polemics between Greece and Albania. Turkey has voiced such concern with slight bias on Albania's behalf much to the anger of the Greeks. Greece, aware of military treaties between Turkey and Albania naturally denounced Turkey's meddling in Greek affairs souring regional relations further."
- ^ Ekinci 2013, pp. 193, 195–196.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Ekinci 2013, p. 196.
- ^ Ekinci 2013, p. 193.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Lani, Remzi; Schmidt, Fabian (1998). "Albanian foreign policy between geography and history". The International Spectator. 33 (2): 79. doi:10.1080/03932729808456809. p. 90. "In a broader Balkan context, Turkey has always seen the Albanians as its natural allies in the Balkans. If the Greeks and Serbs have stood on one side of the scale, the Turks and the Albanians have stood on the other. Although some kind of dissatisfaction with Nano's government is felt in Ankara over what is seen in the Turkish capital as Tirana's pro-Greek orientation, Turkey continues to have close military ties with Tirana; indeed, it is playing an important role in the re-organization of the disintegrated Albanian army. Albania's most important military base, which was destroyed during the armed uprising last year, will be rebuilt by Turkey."
- ^ Bishku 2013, pp. 95–96.
- ^ Ekinci 2013, pp. 196, 201.
- ^ Ekinci 2013, p. 201.
- ^ Ekinci 2013, p. 191.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Return to Instability: How migration and great power politics threaten the Western Balkans (PDF) (Report). European Council on Foreign Relations. 2015. pp. 5, 9–11.
- ^ Schmidt-Neke, Michael (2014). "A burden of Legacies: The transformation of Albanian's political system". In Pichler, Robert (ed.). Legacy and Change: Albanian Transformation from Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 15. ISBN 9783643905666.
- ^ "Albanians in Turkey celebrate their cultural heritage". Today's Zaman. 21 August 2011. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
- ^ Tabak, Hüsrev (3 March 2013). "Albanian awakening: The worm has turned!". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Petrović & Reljić 2011, pp. 162, 166, 169.
- ^ "Genci Muçaj: Albania enjoys magnificent relations with Turkey Archived 3 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine". Koha Jonë. 14 Mars 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
- ^ Bishku 2013, pp. 97–99.
- ^ Petrović & Reljić 2011, p. 170.
- ^ Bishku 2013, pp. 99–101.
- ^ Bishku 2013, pp. 101–103.
- ^ Konidaris, Gerasimos (2005). "Examining policy responses to immigration in the light of interstate relations and foreign policy objectives: Greece and Albania". In King, Russell; Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (eds.). The new Albanian migration. Brighton: Sussex Academic. ISBN 9781903900789. pp. 80–81. "Greece's favorite candidate in these elections was clearly MR. Nano. As emerges from the interview material, he –unlike Berisha- was held in high esteem by the Greek side. It should not escape notice that Nano was by origin Orthodox Christian from Southern Albania, whereas Berisha was a northern Muslim... Greece's favour towards Nano was clearly demonstrated in June, when he was allowed to speak to a crowd of Albanian citizens at a pre-election rally in one of Athens' central squares. The police did not interfere and no arrests of illegal immigrants were made."
- ^ Jump up to: a b Maria Papathanasiou (4 November 2013). "Karolos Papoulias visits Albania - GreekReporter.com". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Albeu.com - Greece supports EU candidate status for Albania". Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Lederer, Edith M. (11 June 2021). "Brazil, UAE, Albania, Ghana and Gabon win UN council seats". AP NEWS.
- ^ "CIA – The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
- ^ "Background Notes: Albania". 1997-2001.state.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da Directory of Albanian officials. CIA. 1988. pp. 41–47. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ van Heuven, Marten H. A. (1975). "Normalization of Relations with the People's Republic of Albania: A Slow Process". The International Lawyer. 9 (2): 321. JSTOR 40704932. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ Africa Now (51-53). Pan-African Publishers. 1985. p. 19.
- ^ Lands and Peoples Special Edition: Upheaval in Europe. 1991. p. 22. ISBN 9780717280148.
- ^ NewsBulletin (87-114). Agencia Angola Press. 1988.
- ^ "Agreement on the establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Namibia and Albania, signed on 02 August 1990". Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ Daily Report: East Europe. Index 11. United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1990. p. 11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Diplomatic relations between Albania and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "Diplomatic relations of the Holy See". Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "Israel's Diplomatic Missions Abroad: Status of relations". Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "28 AUGUST, ALBANIA ESTABLISHES DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THREE COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD". 28 August 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Korea, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of. "Countries and Regions > Europe > List of the Countries". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea (in Korean). Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Bilateral relations". Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "Lista zemalja koje su priznale Bosnu i Hercegovinu i datumi uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (in Bosnian). 2010.
- ^ "Bilateral Relations of Croatia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
- ^ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "Relaţii politico-diplomatice" (in Romanian). Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ Country Report: Oman, Yemen. Economist Intelligence Unit (Great Britain). 1992. p. 12.
- ^ "Diplomat sees promising future for Albania-Qatar relations". Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "Relations between Republic of Albania and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "Priznanja in diplomatski odnosi" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovenia (in Slovenian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
- ^ "Albania (Republic of)". www.dirco.gov.za. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
- ^ Daily Report, Near East & South Asia 6. NewsBank. 1992. p. 4.
- ^ "Albania". Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "Albania". Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "Belarus to increase exports to Albania". Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "Relations between Georgia and the Republic of Albania". Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "September 21. Kazinform's timeline of major events". Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "Билатерални односи" (in Macedonian). Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "List of states with which the Republic of Tajikistan established diplomatic relations" (PDF). Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "The Sovereign Order of Malta and Albania Sign Cooperation Agreement". Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "States with which Turkmenistan established diplomatic ties". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
- ^ "Albanian foreign minister leaves for Ireland". Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ "Bilateral affairs - Albania". Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "Declaración Conjunta para el Establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre la República Dominicana y la República de Albania" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "Albania establece relaciones diplomáticas con El Salvador" (in Spanish). 27 July 2003. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ Government of Montenegro. "Tabela priznanja i uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa". Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
- ^ Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 219. ISBN 9781138285330.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Formal diplomatic relations list" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ "Honduras anuncia relaciones diplomáticas con Albania" (in Spanish). 2 September 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "Rapport Politique Extérieure 2011" (PDF). Government of Monaco (in French). 2012. p. 11. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ "Solomon Islands Diplomatic and Consular List". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and External Trade of Solomon Islands. 1 June 2020. p. 37. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- ^ "Establishment of diplomatic relations with St. Kitts and Nevis". 31 October 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "Albania establishes diplomatic relations with the Bahamas". 10 July 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Diplomatic list" (PDF). Retrieved 8 January 2021.
- ^ Botswana...: An Official Handbook. Publicity Unit, Department of Information and Broadcasting. 1999. p. 83.
- ^ "Diplomatische Vertretungen beim Fürstentum Liechtenstein" (PDF) (in German). p. 1. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
- ^ Mauritius Directory of the Diplomatic Corps. Prime Minister's Office. 1990. p. 94.
- ^ Albania, CIA The World Factbook
- ^ Washington, D. C. :The Agency; United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence. Directory of Albanian officials /Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. George A. Smathers Libraries University of Florida. Washington, D.C. : The Agency : Available through DOCEX Project, Library of Congress ; Springfield, Va. : National Technical Information Service [distributor].
- ^ Washington, D. C. :The Agency; United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence. Directory of Albanian officials /Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. George A. Smathers Libraries University of Florida. Washington, D.C. : The Agency : Available through DOCEX Project, Library of Congress ; Springfield, Va. : National Technical Information Service [distributor].
- ^ "Albanian Embassy in Egypt". www.ambasadat.gov.al. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Home". www.mfa.gov.eg. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
- ^ Washington, D. C. :The Agency; United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence. Directory of Albanian officials /Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. George A. Smathers Libraries University of Florida. Washington, D.C. : The Agency : Available through DOCEX Project, Library of Congress ; Springfield, Va. : National Technical Information Service [distributor].
- ^ "The Government of the Republic of Albania recognises the National Transitional Council in Libya, as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people". 18 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ^ "Albania recognizes the Transitional Council of Libya". 18 July 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ^ Likmeta, Besar (18 July 2011). "Albania Backs Libya's Rebel Government". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ^ Washington, D. C. :The Agency; United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence. Directory of Albanian officials /Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. George A. Smathers Libraries University of Florida. Washington, D.C. : The Agency : Available through DOCEX Project, Library of Congress ; Springfield, Va. : National Technical Information Service [distributor].
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ Washington, D. C. :The Agency; United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence. Directory of Albanian officials /Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. George A. Smathers Libraries University of Florida. Washington, D.C. : The Agency : Available through DOCEX Project, Library of Congress ; Springfield, Va. : National Technical Information Service [distributor].
- ^ Washington, D. C. :The Agency; United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence. Directory of Albanian officials /Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. George A. Smathers Libraries University of Florida. Washington, D.C. : The Agency : Available through DOCEX Project, Library of Congress ; Springfield, Va. : National Technical Information Service [distributor].
- ^ "Bilateral Relations | Albanian Embassy in Canada". www.ambasadat.gov.al. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ Washington, D. C. :The Agency; United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence. Directory of Albanian officials /Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. George A. Smathers Libraries University of Florida. Washington, D.C. : The Agency : Available through DOCEX Project, Library of Congress ; Springfield, Va. : National Technical Information Service [distributor].
- ^ "Cuba and Albania Sign Pact For Scientific Cooperation". The New York Times. 16 September 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- ^ "Embassy of Cuba in Bulgaria". CUBADIPLOMATICA. 24 May 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ^ Washington, D. C. :The Agency; United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence. Directory of Albanian officials /Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. George A. Smathers Libraries University of Florida. Washington, D.C. : The Agency : Available through DOCEX Project, Library of Congress ; Springfield, Va. : National Technical Information Service [distributor].
- ^ Embassy of Albania in the United States
- ^ "Inicio". embamex.sre.gob.mx.
- ^ "Albania - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Armenian Honorary Consulate opens in Tirana". armenpress.am. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "Honorary Consulate of Armenia in Tirana, Albania". Government Aid-Air. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Relations between Georgia and the Republic of Albania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Georgia). Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- ^ India - Albania Relations, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India
- ^ Washington, D. C. :The Agency; United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence. Directory of Albanian officials /Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. George A. Smathers Libraries University of Florida. Washington, D.C. : The Agency : Available through DOCEX Project, Library of Congress ; Springfield, Va. : National Technical Information Service [distributor].
- ^ "Albania and Israel in Accord To Establish Diplomatic Ties". The New York Times. 20 August 1991. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ "Overseas Embassies and Consulates of Albania". embassy.goabroad.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
- ^ "Israel opens embassy in Albania". UPI. Jerusalem. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
- ^ Japan-Albania Relations, Website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
- ^ Washington, D. C. :The Agency; United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence. Directory of Albanian officials /Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. George A. Smathers Libraries University of Florida. Washington, D.C. : The Agency : Available through DOCEX Project, Library of Congress ; Springfield, Va. : National Technical Information Service [distributor].
- ^ Washington, D. C. :The Agency; United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence. Directory of Albanian officials /Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. George A. Smathers Libraries University of Florida. Washington, D.C. : The Agency : Available through DOCEX Project, Library of Congress ; Springfield, Va. : National Technical Information Service [distributor].
- ^ LIST OF STATES WITH DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mongolia
- ^ "List of Nepal's Diplomatic Relations". Government of Nepal, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
- ^ 아침에 떠오르는 태양의 빛을 보며 : 네이버 블로그. blog.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 20 March 2017.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Mofa.gov.pk. 14 December 2006. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Albania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Bulgaria. Embassy Pages.
- ^ Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Archived 17 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia
- ^ Jump up to: a b (PDF). 5 March 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170305195606/http://www.olc.gov.cy/olc/olc.nsf/all/21DDFFF8D6E43C7442257A76002E4E50/$file/ALBANIA.pdf?openelement. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2017. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ "MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Bilateral Relations". 24 September 2016. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016.
- ^ "MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Cyprus Diplomatic Missions Abroad". 5 March 2017. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017.
- ^ "MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Honorary Consular Officers of the Republic of Cyprus". 5 March 2017. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "1955: Communist states sign Warsaw Pact". BBC News. 14 May 1955. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
- ^ "The Milwaukee Sentinel - May 1, 1970 (Establish Ties)". The Milwaukee Sentinel. 1 May 1970. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
Denmark has agreed to establish diplomatic relations on ambassadorial level with Albania
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Albania: Denmark" (in Albanian). Foreign Affairs of Albania. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ^ "Danish embassy in Tirana, Albania". Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ^ "Greece". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2008.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Babiniotis, Lexicon of the Greek Language
- ^ "Albeu.com – Greece supports EU candidate status for Albania". Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ Archbishop Anastasios of Albania
- ^ Origin of the Albanians
- ^ ""Northern Epiros": The Greek Minority in Southern Albania". Cultural Survival. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ Languages of Albania
- ^ Albanian communities in Greece
- ^ "Pelasgians – Greeks – Albanias – Greeks – Albanians". Pelasgians – Greeks – Albanias. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Albanian official: 'We are much more pro-European than several EU members'". EurActiv – EU News & policy debates, across languages. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Historia e Ambasadës Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Albanian Embassy in Holy See (in Albanian)
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Vatican and Albania Establishing Relations". New York Times. 8 September 1991. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "This page has been removed". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Government of Iceland | 404". www.government.is.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Albanía". www.government.is. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "Albanian embassy in Ireland". VisaHQ. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ "Irish embassy in Albania". Ireland.visahq.com. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Esteri.it. 14 January 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
- ^ Jump up to: a b [5]
- ^ "Diplomatic missions - MFA of Latvia". www.mfa.gov.lv.
- ^ "Bilateral Agreements - MFA of Latvia". www.mfa.gov.lv.
- ^ Gregory, Gene (27 April 1971). "Maoist Albania Desires Better Western Relations". Merced Sun-Star. p. 24. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
- ^ Berisha: Grateful to the Albanian community in Bucharest Archived 25 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Top-Channel, 2012-10-19
- ^ Presidenti Nishani merr mesazhe urimi nga krerë shtetesh me rastin e kremtimit të 100-vjetorit të Pavarësisë së Shqipërisë Archived 17 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, President of Albania, 2012-11-30
- ^ Ngritja e marrëdhënieve diplomatike Archived 9 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Balkanweb (in Albanian)
- ^ Kitsoft. "Міністерство закордонних справ України - A new level of bilateral relations: Ukraine has established an Embassy in Albania". mfa.gov.ua. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "Albania country profile". BBC News. BBC. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
The [2013] election was closely monitored by the European Union, which has twice rejected Albania's membership application and warned that the poll would be a crucial test for its further progress towards integration in the bloc.
- ^ "Albania passes key judicial reform for EU membership". Deutsche Welle. 22 July 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
- ^ "COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS" (PDF). europa.eu. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
- ^ Borodij, Sebastian (2012). "Involvement of Central European states in the military operations of NATO". In Czechowska, Lucyn; Olszewski, Krzysztof (eds.). Central Europe on the Threshold of the 21st Century: Interdisciplinary perspectives on Challenges in Politics and Society. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-4438-4254-9.
- ^ Ragionieri, Rodolfo (2008). "Mediterranean Geopolitics". In Petricioli, Marta (ed.). L'Europe Méditerranéenne [Mediterranean Europe]. Berlin: Peter Lang. pp. 46. ISBN 9789052013541.
External links[]
- United Kingdom
- Estonian
- Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Albania
- Estonian embassy in Athens is also accredited to Albania
- Croatia
- Kosovo
- Turkey
- Albanian embassies in Turkey
- Turkish embassy in Albania
- Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Albania
- Russia
- Analysis
- Is there an Albanian question?[permanent dead link], Chaillot Paper No. 107, February 2008, European Union Institute for Security Studies
- Bishku, Michael (2013). "Albania and the Middle East". Mediterranean Quarterly. 24 (2): 81–103. doi:10.1215/10474552-2141908. S2CID 154341789.
- Ekinci, Didem (2013). "Europeanization Process and Bilateral Relations in the Balkans: Turkey and Albania" (PDF). International Conference on European Studies. 9: 184–205. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- Petrović, Žarko; Reljić, Dušan (2011). "Turkish interests and involvement in the Western Balkans: A score-card" (PDF). Insight Turkey. 13 (3): 159–172. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2013.
- Xhudo, Gus (1995). "Tension among neighbors: Greek‐Albanian relations and their impact on regional security and stability". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 18 (2): 111–143. doi:10.1080/10576109508435972.
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Department of State website https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/. (U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets) This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/.
- Foreign relations of Albania
- Politics of Albania