Fourth Industrial Revolution

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

History of technology
By technological eras
By historical regions
By type of technology
Technology timelines
Article indices
  • v
  • t

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR or Industry 4.0) is the ongoing automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices, using modern smart technology. Large-scale machine-to-machine communication (M2M) and the internet of things (IoT) are integrated for increased automation, improved communication and self-monitoring, and production of smart machines that can analyze and diagnose issues without the need for human intervention.[1]

History[]

The phrase Fourth Industrial Revolution was first introduced by a team of scientists developing a high-tech strategy for the German government.[2] Klaus Schwab, executive chairman of the World Economic Forum (WEF), introduced the phrase to a wider audience in a 2015 article published by Foreign Affairs.[3] "Mastering the Fourth Industrial Revolution" was the 2016 theme of the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland.[4]

On October 10, 2016, the Forum announced the opening of its Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution in San Francisco.[5] This was also subject and title of Schwab's 2016 book.[6] Schwab includes in this fourth era technologies that combine hardware, software, and biology (cyber-physical systems),[7] and emphasizes advances in communication and connectivity. Schwab expects this era to be marked by breakthroughs in emerging technologies in fields such as robotics, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, quantum computing, biotechnology, the internet of things, the industrial internet of things, decentralized consensus, fifth-generation wireless technologies, 3D printing, and fully autonomous vehicles.[8]

In The Great Reset proposal by the WEF, The Fourth Industrial Revolution is included as a Strategic Intelligence in the solution to rebuild the economy sustainably following the COVID-19 pandemic.[9]

First Industrial Revolution[]

Main article: Industrial Revolution

The First Industrial Revolution was marked by a transition from hand production methods to machines through the use of steam power and water power. The implementation of new technologies took a long time, so the period which this refers to was between 1760 and 1820, or 1840 in Europe and the United States. Its effects had consequences on textile manufacturing, which was first to adopt such changes, as well as iron industry, agriculture, and mining although it also had societal effects with an ever stronger middle class. It also had an effect on British industry at the time.[10]

Second Industrial Revolution[]

Main article: Second Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, is the period between 1871 and 1914 that resulted from installations of extensive railroad and telegraph networks, which allowed for faster transfer of people and ideas, as well as electricity. Increasing electrification allowed for factories to develop the modern production line. It was a period of great economic growth, with an increase in productivity, which also caused a surge in unemployment since many factory workers were replaced by machines.[11]

Third Industrial Revolution[]

Main article: Digital Revolution

The Third Industrial Revolution, also known as the Digital Revolution, occurred in the late 20th century, after the end of the two world wars, resulting from a slowdown of industrialization and technological advancement compared to previous periods. The production of the Z1 computer, which used binary floating-point numbers and Boolean logic, a decade later, was the beginning of more advanced digital developments. The next significant development in communication technologies was the supercomputer, with extensive use of computer and communication technologies in the production process; machinery began to abrogate the need for human power.[12]

German Industrie 4.0 strategy[]

The term "Industrie 4.0", shortened to I4.0 or simply I4, originated in 2011 from a project in the high-tech strategy of the German government, which promotes the computerization of manufacturing.[13] The term "Industrie 4.0" was publicly introduced in the same year at the Hannover Fair.[14] Renowned German professor Wolfgang Wahlster is sometimes called the inventor of the "Industry 4.0" term.[15] In October 2012, the Working Group on Industry 4.0 presented a set of Industry 4.0 implementation recommendations to the German federal government. The workgroup members and partners are recognized as the founding fathers and driving force behind Industry 4.0. On 8 April 2013 at the Hannover Fair, the final report of the Working Group Industry 4.0 was presented. This working group was headed by Siegfried Dais, of Robert Bosch GmbH, and Henning Kagermann, of the German Academy of Science and Engineering.[16]

As Industry 4.0 principles have been applied by companies, they have sometimes been rebranded. For example, the aerospace parts manufacturer Meggitt PLC has branded its own Industry 4.0 research project M4.[17]

The discussion of how the shift to Industry 4.0, especially digitization, will affect the labour market is being discussed in Germany under the topic of Work 4.0.[18]

The characteristics of the German government's Industry 4.0 strategy involve the strong customization of products under the conditions of highly flexible (mass-) production.[19] The required automation technology is improved by the introduction of methods of self-optimization, self-configuration,[20] self-diagnosis, cognition and intelligent support of workers in their increasingly complex work.[21] The largest project in Industry 4.0 as of July 2013 is the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) leading-edge cluster "Intelligent Technical Systems Ostwestfalen-Lippe (its OWL)". Another major project is the BMBF project RES-COM,[22] as well as the Cluster of Excellence "Integrative Production Technology for High-Wage Countries".[23] In 2015, the European Commission started the international Horizon 2020 research project CREMA (Providing Cloud-based Rapid Elastic Manufacturing based on the XaaS and Cloud model) as a major initiative to foster the Industry 4.0 topic.[24]

Uptake of Industry 4.0[]

Many countries have set up institutional mechanisms to foster the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. For example, South Africa appointed a Presidential Commission on the Fourth Industrial Revolution in 2019, consisting of about 30 stakeholders with a background in academia, industry and government.[25][26] South Africa has also established an Interministerial Committee on Industry 4.0. The Republic of Korea has had a Presidential Committee on the Fourth Industrial Revolution since 2017. Australia has a Digital Transformation Agency (est. 2015) and the Prime Minister’s Industry 4.0 Taskforce (est. 2016), which promotes collaboration with industry groups in Germany and the USA.[27]

Countries of all income levels are adopting Industry 4.0 strategies. The Republic of Korea’s I-Korea strategy (2017) is focusing on new growth engines that include AI, drones and autonomous cars, in line with the government’s innovation-driven economic policy.[25] Another example is Making Indonesia 4.0, with a focus on improving industrial performance.[27] Uganda adopted its own National 4IR Strategy in October 2020 with emphasis on e-governance, urban management (smart cities), health care, education, agriculture and the digital economy; to support local businesses, the government was contemplating introducing a local start-ups bill in 2020 which would require all accounting officers to exhaust the local market prior to procuring digital solutions from abroad.[25]

Design principles and goals[]

There are four design principles identified as integral to Industry 4.0:[28]

  • Interconnection — the ability of machines, devices, sensors, and people to connect and communicate with each other via the Internet of things, or the internet of people (IoP)[29]
  • Information transparency — the transparency afforded by Industry 4.0 technology provides operators with comprehensive information to make decisions. Inter-connectivity allows operators to collect immense amounts of data and information from all points in the manufacturing process, identify key areas that can benefit from improvement to increase functionality[29]
  • Technical assistance — the technological facility of systems to assist humans in decision-making and problem-solving, and the ability to help humans with difficult or unsafe tasks[30]
  • Decentralized decisions — the ability of cyber physical systems to make decisions on their own and to perform their tasks as autonomously as possible. Only in the case of exceptions, interference, or conflicting goals, are tasks delegated to a higher level[31]

Development of the concept[]

Proponents of the Fourth Industrial Revolution suggest it is a distinct revolution rather than simply a prolongation of the Third Industrial Revolution.[3] This is due to the following characteristics:

  • Velocity — exponential speed at which incumbent industries are affected and displaced[3]
  • Scope and systems impact - the large amount of sectors and firms that are affected[3]
  • Paradigm shift in technology policy — new policies designed for this new way of doing are present. An example is Singapore's formal recognition of Industry 4.0 in its innovation policies.

Critics of the concept dismiss Industry 4.0 as a marketing strategy. They suggest that although revolutionary changes are identifiable in distinct sectors, there is no systemic changes so far. In addition, the pace of recognition of Industry 4.0 and policy transition varies across countries; the definition of Industry 4.0 is not harmonized.

Components[]

5G Cell Tower
Self-driving car

The Fourth Industrial Revolution consists of many components,[vague] including:[32]

  • Mobile devices
  • Internet of things (IoT) platforms
  • Location detection technologies (electronic identification)
  • Advanced human-machine interfaces
  • Authentication and fraud detection
  • Smart sensors
  • Big analytics and advanced processes
  • Multilevel customer interaction and customer profiling
  • Augmented reality/ wearables
  • On-demand availability of computer system resources
  • Data visualization and triggered "live" training[32]

Mainly these technologies can be summarized into four major components, defining the term “Industry 4.0” or “smart factory”:[32]

Industry 4.0 networks a wide range of new technologies to create value. Using cyber-physical systems that monitor physical processes, a virtual copy of the physical world can be designed. Characteristics of cyber-physical systems include the ability to make decentralized decisions independently, reaching a high degree of autonomy.[32]

The value created in Industrie 4.0, can be relied upon electronic identification, in which the smart manufacturing require set technologies to be incorporated in the manufacturing process to thus be classified as in the development path of Industrie 4.0 and no longer digitisation. [33]

Primary drivers[]

  • Digitization and integration of vertical and horizontal value chains — Industry 4.0 integrates processes vertically, across the entire organization, including processes in product development, manufacturing, structuring, and service; horizontally, Industry 4.0 includes internal operations from suppliers to customers as well as all key value chain partners.[34]
  • Digitization of product and services — integrating new methods of data collection and analysis–such as through the expansion of existing products or creation of new digitised products–helps companies to generate data on product use in order to refine products[34]
  • Digital business models and customer access — customer satisfaction is a perpetual, multi-stage process that requires modification in real-time to adapt to the changing needs of consumers[34]

Biggest trends[]

In essence, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is the trend towards automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies and processes which include cyber-physical systems (CPS), IoT, industrial internet of things,[35] cloud computing,[28][36][37][38] cognitive computing, and artificial intelligence.[38][39]

The Fourth Industrial Revolution marks the beginning of the Imagination Age.[40]

Smart factory[]

Smart Factory is the vision of a production environment in which production facilities and logistics systems are organised without human intervention.

The Smart Factory is no longer a vision. While different model factories represent the feasible, many enterprises already clarify with examples practically, how the Smart Factory functions.

The technical foundations on which the Smart Factory - the intelligent factory - is based are cyber-physical systems that communicate with each other using the Internet of Things and Services. An important part of this process is the exchange of data between the product and the production line. This enables a much more efficient connection of the Supply Chain and better organisation within any production environment.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution fosters what has been called a "smart factory". Within modular structured smart factories, cyber-physical systems monitor physical processes, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralized decisions.[41] Over the internet of things, cyber-physical systems communicate and cooperate with each other and with humans in synchronic time both internally and across organizational services offered and used by participants of the value chain.[28][42]

Predictive maintenance[]

Industry 4.0 can also provide predictive maintenance, due to the use of technology and the IoT sensors. Predictive maintenance – which can identify maintenance issues in live – allows machine owners to perform cost-effective maintenance and determine it ahead of time before the machinery fails or gets damaged.  For example, a company in LA could understand if a piece of equipment in Singapore is running at an abnormal speed or temperature. They could then decide whether or not it needs to be repaired.[43]

3D printing[]

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is said to have extensive dependency on 3D printing technology.  Some advantages of 3D printing for industry are that 3D printing can print many geometric structures, as well as simplify the product design process. It is also relatively environmentally friendly. In low-volume production, it can also decrease lead times and total production costs. Moreover, it can increase flexibility, reduce warehousing costs and help the company towards the adoption of a mass customization business strategy. In addition, 3D printing can be very useful for printing spare parts and installing it locally, therefore reducing supplier dependence and reducing the supply lead time.[44]

The determining factor is the pace of change. The correlation of the speed of technological development and, as a result, socio-economic and infrastructural transformations with human life allow us to state a qualitative leap in the speed of development, which marks a transition to a new time era.[45]

Smart sensors[]

Sensors and instrumentation drive the central forces of innovation, not only for Industry 4.0 but also for other “smart” megatrends, such as smart production, smart mobility, smart homes, smart cities, and smart factories.[46]

Smart sensors are devices, which generate the data and allow further functionality from self-monitoring and self-configuration to condition monitoring of complex processes. With the capability of wireless communication, they reduce installation effort to a great extent and help realize a dense array of sensors.[47]

The importance of sensors, measurement science, and smart evaluation for Industry 4.0 has been recognized and acknowledged by various experts and has already led to the statement "Industry 4.0: nothing goes without sensor systems."[48]

However, there are few issues, such as time synchronization error, data loss, and dealing with large amounts of harvested data, which all limit the implementation of full-fledged systems. Moreover, additional limits on these functionalities represents the battery power. One example of the integration of smart sensors in the electronic devices, is the case of smart watches, where sensors receive the data from the movement of the user, process the data and as a result, provide the user with the information about how many steps they have walked in a day and also converts the data into calories burned.

Agriculture and Food Industries[]

Hydroponic Vertical farming

Smart sensors in these two fields are still in the testing stage.[49] These innovative connected sensors collect, interpret and communicate the information available in the plots (leaf area, vegetation index, chlorophyll, hygrometry, temperature, water potential, radiation). Based on this scientific data, the objective is to enable real-time monitoring via a smartphone with a range of advice that optimizes plot management in terms of results, time and costs. On the farm, these sensors can be used to detect crop stages and recommend inputs and treatments at the right time. As well as controlling the level of irrigation.[50]

The food industry requires more and more security and transparency and full documentation is required. This new technology is used as a tracking system as well as the collection of human data and product data.[51]

Accelerated transition to the knowledge economy[]

Knowledge economy is an economic system in which production and services are largely based on knowledge-intensive activities that contribute to an accelerated pace of technical and scientific advance, as well as rapid obsolescence.[52] Industry 4.0 aids transitions into knowledge economy by increasing reliance on intellectual capabilities than on physical inputs or natural resources. Industry 4.0 also contributes to equity: the technological opportunities allows regions with previously undeveloped innovation systems to leapfrog.[53]

Challenges[]

Challenges in implementation of Industry 4.0:[54][55]

Economic[]

  • High economic costs
  • Business model adaptation
  • Unclear economic benefits/excessive investment[54][55]

Social[]

  • Privacy concerns
  • Surveillance and distrust
  • General reluctance to change by stakeholders
  • Threat of redundancy of the corporate IT department
  • Loss of many jobs to automatic processes and IT-controlled processes, especially for blue collar workers[54][55][56]
  • Increased risk of gender inequalities in professions with job roles most susceptible to replacement with AI[57] [58]

Political[]

  • Lack of regulation, standards and forms of certifications
  • Unclear legal issues and data security [54][55]

Organizational[]

  • IT security issues, which are greatly aggravated by the inherent need to open up previously closed production shops
  • Reliability and stability needed for critical machine-to-machine communication (M2M), including very short and stable latency times
  • Need to maintain the integrity of production processes
  • Need to avoid any IT snags, as those would cause expensive production outages
  • Need to protect industrial know-how (contained also in the control files for the industrial automation gear)
  • Lack of adequate skill-sets to expedite the transition towards a fourth industrial revolution
  • Low top management commitment
  • Insufficient qualification of employees [54][55]

Applications[]

The aerospace industry has sometimes been characterized as "too low volume for extensive automation"; however, Industry 4.0 principles have been investigated by several aerospace companies, and technologies have been developed to improve productivity where the upfront cost of automation cannot be justified. One example of this is the aerospace parts manufacturer Meggitt PLC's project, M4.[17]

The increasing use of the Industrial Internet of Things is referred to as Industry 4.0 at Bosch, and generally in Germany. Applications include machines that can predict failures and trigger maintenance processes autonomously or self-organized coordination that react to unexpected changes in production.[59]

Industry 4.0 inspired Innovation 4.0, a move toward digitization for academia and research and development.[60] In 2017, the £81M Materials Innovation Factory (MIF) at the University of Liverpool opened as a center for computer aided materials science,[61] where robotic formulation,[62] data capture and modeling are being integrated into development practices.[60]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ November 2019, Mike Moore 05 (5 November 2019). "What is Industry 4.0? Everything you need to know". TechRadar. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  2. ^ "Industrie 4.0: Mit dem Internet der Dinge auf dem Weg zur 4. industrial Revolution - vdi-nachrichten.com". 4 March 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Schwab, Klaus (12 December 2015). "The Fourth Industrial Revolution". Retrieved 15 January 2019. Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  4. ^ Marr, Bernard. "Why Everyone Must Get Ready For The 4th Industrial Revolution". Forbes. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  5. ^ "New Forum Center to Advance Global Cooperation on Fourth Industrial Revolution". 10 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  6. ^ Schwab, Klaus (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. New York: Crown Publishing Group (published 2017). ISBN 9781524758875. Retrieved 29 June 2017. Digital technologies [...] are not new, but in a break with the third industrial revolution, they are becoming more sophisticated and integrated and are, as a result, transforming societies and the global economy.
  7. ^ "The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means and how to respond". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  8. ^ Schwab, Klaus. "The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 29 June 2017. The possibilities of billions of people connected by mobile devices, with unprecedented processing power, storage capacity, and access to knowledge, are unlimited. And these possibilities will be multiplied by emerging technology breakthroughs in fields such as artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, autonomous vehicles, 3-D printing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials science, energy storage, and quantum computing.
  9. ^ "Strategic Intelligence - World Economic Forum". Archived from the original on 22 December 2020.
  10. ^ "The Industrial Revolution and Work in Nineteenth-Century Europe - 1992, Page xiv by David Cannadine, Raphael Samuel, Charles Tilly, Theresa McBride, Christopher H. Johnson, James S. Roberts, Peter N. Stearns, William H. Sewell Jr, Joan Wallach Scott".[dead link]
  11. ^ "History of Electricity".
  12. ^ "History – Future of Industry".
  13. ^ BMBF-Internetredaktion (21 January 2016). "Zukunftsprojekt Industrie 4.0 - BMBF". Bmbf.de. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  14. ^ "Industrie 4.0: Mit dem Internet der Dinge auf dem Weg zur 4. industriellen Revolution". Vdi-nachrichten.com (in German). 1 April 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  15. ^ Szajna, Andrzej; Stryjski, Roman; Wozniak, Waldemar; Chamier-Gliszczynski, Norbert; Kostrzewski, Mariusz (22 August 2020). "Assessment of Augmented Reality in Manual Wiring Production Process with Use of Mobile AR Glasses". Sensors. MDPI. 20 (17): 4755. Bibcode:2020Senso..20.4755S. doi:10.3390/s20174755. PMC 7506974. PMID 32842693.
  16. ^ Industrie 4.0 Plattform Last download on 15. Juli 2013
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b "Time to join the digital dots". 22 June 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  18. ^ Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany (2015). Re-Imagining Work: White Paper Work 4.0.
  19. ^ "This Is Not the Fourth Industrial Revolution". 29 January 2016 – via Slate.
  20. ^ Selbstkonfiguierende Automation für Intelligente Technische Systeme, Video, last download on 27. Dezember 2012
  21. ^ Jürgen Jasperneite; Oliver, Niggemann: Intelligente Assistenzsysteme zur Beherrschung der Systemkomplexität in der Automation. In: ATP edition - Automatisierungstechnische Praxis, 9/2012, Oldenbourg Verlag, München, September 2012
  22. ^ "Herzlich willkommen auf den Internetseiten des Projekts RES-COM - RES-COM Webseite". Res-com-projekt.de. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  23. ^ "RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY Cluster of Excellence "Integrative Production Technology for High-Wage Countries" - English". Production-research.de. 19 October 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  24. ^ "H2020 CREMA - Cloud-based Rapid Elastic Manufacturing". Crema-project.eu. 21 November 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b c Schneegans, S.; Straza, T.; Lewis, J., eds. (11 June 2021). UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-100450-6.
  26. ^ Kraemer-Mbula; Sheikheldin; Karimanzira (11 June 2021). Southern Africa. In UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 534–573. ISBN 978-92-3-100450-6.
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b Scott-Kemmis (11 June 2021). Schneegans; Straza; Lewis (eds.). Southeast Asia and Oceania. In UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 674–715. ISBN 978-92-3-100450-6.
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b c Hermann, Pentek, Otto, 2016: Design Principles for Industrie 4.0 Scenarios, accessed on 4 May 2016
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b Bonner, Mike. "What is Industry 4.0 and What Does it Mean for My Manufacturing?". Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  30. ^ Marr, Bernard. "What Everyone Must Know About Industry 4.0". Forbes. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  31. ^ Gronau, Norbert, Marcus Grum, and Benedict Bender. "Determining the optimal level of autonomy in cyber-physical production systems." 2016 IEEE 14th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN). IEEE, 2016. DOI:10.1109/INDIN.2016.7819367
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "How To Define Industry 4.0: Main Pillars Of Industry 4.0". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  33. ^ "Industrie 4.0 Maturity Index – Managing the Digital Transformation of Companies". acatech - National Academy of Science and Engineering. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  34. ^ Jump up to: a b c Geissbauer, Dr. R. "Industry 4.0: Building the digital enterprise" (PDF).
  35. ^ "IIOT AND AUTOMATION".
  36. ^ Jürgen Jasperneite:Was hinter Begriffen wie Industrie 4.0 steckt Archived 1 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine in Computer & Automation, 19 December 2012 accessed on 23 December 2012
  37. ^ Kagermann, H., W. Wahlster and J. Helbig, eds., 2013: Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative Industrie 4.0: Final report of the Industrie 4.0 Working Group
  38. ^ Jump up to: a b Heiner Lasi, Hans-Georg Kemper, Peter Fettke, Thomas Feld, Michael Hoffmann: Industry 4.0. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering 4 (6), pp. 239-242
  39. ^ Gazzaneo, Lucia; Padovano, Antonio; Umbrello, Steven (1 January 2020). "Designing Smart Operator 4.0 for Human Values: A Value Sensitive Design Approach". Procedia Manufacturing. International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing (ISM 2019). 42: 219–226. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.073. ISSN 2351-9789.
  40. ^ Recke, Martin (June 2019). "Why imagination and creativity are primary value creators". SinnerSchrader Aktiengesellschaft.
  41. ^ Chen, Baotong; Wan, Jiafu; Shu, Lei; Li, Peng; Mukherjee, Mithun; Yin, Boxing (2018). "Smart Factory of Industry 4.0: Key Technologies, Application Case, and Challenges". IEEE Access. 6: 6505–6519. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2783682. ISSN 2169-3536. S2CID 3809961.
  42. ^ Padovano, Antonio; Longo, Francesco; Nicoletti, Letizia; Mirabelli, Giovanni (1 January 2018). "A Digital Twin based Service Oriented Application for a 4.0 Knowledge Navigation in the Smart Factory". IFAC-PapersOnLine. 16th IFAC Symposium on Information Control Problems in Manufacturing INCOM 2018. 51 (11): 631–636. doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.08.389. ISSN 2405-8963.
  43. ^ "Are You Ready For The Fourth Industrial Revolution?". The One Brief. 4 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  44. ^ Yin, Yong; Stecke, Kathryn E.; Li, Dongni (17 January 2018). "The evolution of production systems from Industry 2.0 through Industry 4.0". International Journal of Production Research. 56 (1–2): 848–861. doi:10.1080/00207543.2017.1403664. ISSN 0020-7543.
  45. ^ Shestakova I. G. New temporality of digital civilization: the future has already come // // Scientific and Technical Journal of St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University. Humanities and social sciences. 2019. # 2. P.20-29
  46. ^ Imkamp, D., Berthold, J., Heizmann, M., Kniel, K., Manske, E., Peterek, M., Schmitt, R., Seidler, J., and Sommer, K.-D.: Challenges and trends in manufacturing measurement technology – the “Industrie 4.0” concept, J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 5, 325–335, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-325-2016, 2016
  47. ^ A.A. Kolomenskii, P.D. Gershon, H.A. Schuessler, Sensitivity and detection limit of concentration and adsorption measurements by laser-induced surface-plasmon resonance, Appl. Opt. 36 (1997) 6539–6547
  48. ^ Arnold, H.: Kommentar Industrie 4.0: Ohne Sensorsysteme geht nichts, available at: http://www.elektroniknet.de/messen-testen/ sonstiges/artikel/110776/ (last access: 10 March 2018), 2014
  49. ^ Ray, Partha Pratim (1 January 2017). "Internet of things for smart agriculture: Technologies, practices and future direction". Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments. 9 (4): 395–420. doi:10.3233/AIS-170440. ISSN 1876-1364.
  50. ^ Ferreira, Diogo; Corista, Pedro; Gião, João; Ghimire, Sudeep; Sarraipa, João; Jardim-Gonçalves, Ricardo (June 2017). "Towards smart agriculture using FIWARE enablers". 2017 International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC): 1544–1551. doi:10.1109/ICE.2017.8280066. ISBN 978-1-5386-0774-9. S2CID 3433104.
  51. ^ Otles, Semih; Sakalli, Aysegul (1 January 2019), Grumezescu, Alexandru Mihai; Holban, Alina Maria (eds.), "15 - Industry 4.0: The Smart Factory of the Future in Beverage Industry", Production and Management of Beverages, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 439–469, ISBN 978-0-12-815260-7, retrieved 26 September 2020
  52. ^ Powell, W. W.; Snellman, K. (2004). "The knowledge economy". Annu. Rev. Sociol. 199–220 (30): 199–220. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100037.
  53. ^ Davison, R.; Vogel, D.; Harris, R.; Jones, N. (2000). "Technology Leapfrogging in developing countries – An inevitably luxury?". The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries. 1 (5): 1-10. doi:10.1002/j.1681-4835.2000.tb00005.x. S2CID 18067795.
  54. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "BIBB : Industrie 4.0 und die Folgen für Arbeitsmarkt und Wirtschaft" (PDF). Doku.iab.de (in German). August 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  55. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Birkel, Hendrik Sebastian; Hartmann, Evi (2019). "Impact of IoT challenges and risks for SCM". Supply Chain Management. 24: 39–61. doi:10.1108/SCM-03-2018-0142.
  56. ^ Longo, Francesco; Padovano, Antonio; Umbrello, Steven (January 2020). "Value-Oriented and Ethical Technology Engineering in Industry 5.0: A Human-Centric Perspective for the Design of the Factory of the Future". Applied Sciences. 10 (12): 4182. doi:10.3390/app10124182.
  57. ^ Alderman, J (1 June 2021). "Women in the smart machine age: Addressing emerging risks of an increased gender gap in the accounting profession". Journal of Accounting Education. 55: 100715. doi:10.1016/j.jaccedu.2021.100715. ISSN 0748-5751.
  58. ^ UNESCO (25 February 2021). "Women a minority in Industry 4.0 fields". UNESCO. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  59. ^ Markus Liffler; Andreas Tschiesner (6 January 2013). "The Internet of Things and the future of manufacturing | McKinsey & Company". Mckinsey.com. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  60. ^ Jump up to: a b McDonagh, James; et al. (31 May 2020). "What Can Digitization Do For Formulated Product Innovation and Development". Polymer International. 70 (3): 248–255. doi:10.1002/pi.6056.
  61. ^ "Formulus". Develop Safe and Effective Products with Formulus®. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  62. ^ "Innovation 4.0: A Digital Revolution for R&D". New Statesman. Retrieved 17 August 2020.

Sources[]

Retrieved from ""