Greater Boston

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Boston Combined Statistical Area

Boston–Worcester–Providence
Metropolitan area
Boston
Boston
Coordinates: 42°21′29″N 71°03′49″W / 42.35817°N 71.06369°W / 42.35817; -71.06369Coordinates: 42°21′29″N 71°03′49″W / 42.35817°N 71.06369°W / 42.35817; -71.06369
Country United States
State(s)
  •  Massachusetts (MA)
  •  Rhode Island (RI)
  •  New Hampshire (NH)
Principal cities
  •  Boston
  • Worcester
  • Providence
  • Lowell
  • Cambridge
  •  Quincy
  • Manchester
Population
 (2018)
 • Total8,285,407 (CSA)
4,875,390 (MSA)
 • Rank
  • Ranked 11th in the US for Metropolitan Statistical Areas
  • Ranked 6th in the US for Combined Statistical Areas
Time zoneEST
Area code(s)617, 781, 857, 339, 978, 508, 351, 774, 603, 401

Greater Boston is the metropolitan region of New England encompassing the municipality of Boston (the capital of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England) and its surrounding areas. The region forms the northern arc of the Northeast megalopolis, so Greater Boston means both a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) and a combined statistical area (CSA), which is broader. The MSA consists of most of the eastern third of Massachusetts, excluding the South Coast and Cape Cod; the CSA additionally includes the municipalities of Providence (capital of Rhode Island), Manchester (the largest city in the U.S. state of New Hampshire), Worcester (the second largest city in Massachusetts and in New England), the South Coast region, and Cape Cod. While the city of Boston covers 48.4 square miles (125 km2) and has about 685,094 people, the urbanization has extended well into surrounding areas and the CSA has a more than 8 million people, making it one of the most populous such regions in the U.S. The CSA is one of two in Massachusetts, the other being Greater Springfield. Greater Boston is the only CSA in New England that lies in three states (Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island).

Some of Greater Boston's most well-known contributions involve the region's higher education and medical institutions. Greater Boston has been influential upon American history and industry. The region and the state of Massachusetts are global leaders in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade.[1]

Over 80% of Massachusetts' population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan region, making Massachusetts one of the most centralized states in the nation.[citation needed] Greater Boston is ranked tenth in population among US metropolitan statistical areas, home to 4,875,390 people as of the 2018 US Census estimate, and sixth among combined statistical areas, with a population of 8,285,407.[2] The area has hosted many people and sites significant to American culture and history, particularly American literature,[3] politics, and the American Revolution.

Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, passengers of the Mayflower. In 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America's most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials.[4] In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the "Cradle of Liberty"[5] for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution.

The Greater Boston region has played a powerful scientific, commercial, and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, the region was a center for the abolitionist, temperance,[6] and transcendentalist[7] movements.[8] In 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the decision of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in Boston.[9] Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the Boston region, including the Adams and Kennedy families.

Harvard University in Cambridge is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States,[10] with the largest financial endowment of any university,[11] and whose Law School has spawned a contemporaneous majority of United States Supreme Court Justices.[12] Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet", in reference to the high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010.[13][14] Both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world.[15]

Definitions[]

Light Blue represents the area in Massachusetts known as Greater Boston, while Dark Blue represents the Metro-Boston area[specify][citation needed] and Red represents the City of Boston.

Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC)[]

The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council.[16] The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the Massachusetts legislature to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, I-495. In 2013, the population of the MAPC district was 3.2 million, which was 48% of the total population of Massachusetts,[17] in an area of 1,422 square miles (3,680 km2),[16] of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.[18]

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman (Route 2 corridor), MetroWest (Framingham), North Shore (Lynn), North Suburban (Woburn), South Shore (Route 3 corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the Merrimack Valley cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of Plymouth County, and all of Bristol County; these areas have their own regional planning bodies. Bristol County is part of the Greater Boston CSA, as part of the Providence MSA.

New England City and Town Area (NECTA)[]

Cambridge and Boston; MIT and Kendall Square in the foreground, and Boston's Financial District in the background

Because New England's local governance model is organized around the smaller New England town unit, and has weak or non-existent county governments, the US Census Bureau organizes its urban regions in the New England around clusters of towns known as New England city and town areas (NECTAs) rather than around county borders as it does in the rest of the country. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area, along with surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area, is defined as the Boston–Cambridge–Nashua, MA–NH Metropolitan NECTA.[19] The Boston NECTA region is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

  • Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA NECTA Division (92 towns)
  • Framingham, MA NECTA Division (12 towns)
  • Peabody–Salem–Beverly, MA NECTA Division (4 towns)
  • Brockton–Bridgewater–Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (8 towns)
  • Haverhill–Newburyport–Amesbury, MA–NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (21 towns)
  • Lawrence–Methuen–Salem, MA–NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (4 towns)
  • Lowell–Billerica–Chelmsford, MA–NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (15 towns)
  • Nashua, NH–MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
  • Taunton–Middleborough–Norton, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (9 towns)
  • Lynn–Saugus–Marblehead, MA NECTA Division (5 towns)

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)[]

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1850650,357—
1860830,99827.8%
1870978,34617.7%
18801,205,43923.2%
18901,515,68425.7%
19001,890,12224.7%
19102,260,76219.6%
19202,563,12313.4%
19302,866,56711.8%
19402,926,6502.1%
19503,186,9708.9%
19603,516,43510.3%
19703,918,09211.4%
19803,938,5850.5%
19904,133,8955.0%
20004,391,3446.2%
20104,552,4023.7%
2019 (est.)4,873,0197.0%
US Decennial Census

An alternative definition defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA–NH Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is further subdivided into three metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area had a total population of approximately 4,875,390 as of 2018 and is the tenth-largest in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their estimated 2018 populations are listed below.

  • Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA–NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,875,390)
    • Boston, MA Metropolitan Division (2,030,772)
      • Norfolk County, Massachusetts (705,388)
      • Plymouth County, Massachusetts (518,132)
      • Suffolk County, Massachusetts (807,252)
    • Cambridge–Newton–Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (2,405,352)
      • Essex County, Massachusetts (790,638)
      • Middlesex County, Massachusetts (1,614,714)
    • Rockingham County–Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (439,266)
      • Rockingham County, New Hampshire (309,176)
      • Strafford County, New Hampshire (130,090)

Combined Statistical Area (CSA)[]

A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Office of Management and Budget as the Boston–Worcester–Providence combined statistical area. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of Manchester, Worcester, Providence, as well as Cape Cod, in addition to greater Boston. The total population as of 2018 for the extended region was estimated at 8,285,417. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the combined statistical area, with their estimated 2018 populations:

  • Downtown Providence Rhode Island 2008
    Providence–Warwick, RI–MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (1,621,337)
    • Bristol County, Massachusetts (564,022)
    • Bristol County, Rhode Island (48,649)
    • Kent County, Rhode Island (163,861)
    • Newport County, Rhode Island (82,542)
    • Providence County, Rhode Island (636,084)
    • Washington County, Rhode Island (126,179)
  • Worcester, MA–CT Metropolitan Statistical Area (947,876)
    • Worcester County, Massachusetts (830,839)
    • Windham County, Connecticut (117,027)
  • Manchester–Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (415,247)
    • Hillsborough County, New Hampshire (415,247)
  • Barnstable Town, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (213,413)
    • Barnstable County, Massachusetts (213,413)
  • Concord, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (151,132)
    • Merrimack County, New Hampshire (151,132)
  • Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,022)
    • Belknap County, New Hampshire (61,022)

Principal cities and towns[]

Winthrop, MA
Cities and towns

Plymouth County:

  • Abington
  • Bridgewater
  • Brockton
  • Carver
  • Duxbury
  • East Bridgewater
  • Halifax
  • Hanover
  • Hanson
  • Hingham
  • Hull
  • Kingston
  • Lakeville
  • Marshfield
  • Middleborough
  • Norwell
  • Pembroke
  • Plymouth
  • Plympton
  • Rochester
  • Rockland
  • Scituate
  • West Bridgewater
  • Whitman

Bristol County:

  • Attleboro
  • Berkley
  • Dighton
  • Easton
  • Freetown
  • Mansfield
  • North Attleborough
  • Norton
  • Raynham
  • Rehoboth
  • Seekonk
  • Taunton

Norfolk County:

  • Avon
  • Bellingham
  • Braintree
  • Brookline
  • Canton
  • Cohasset
  • Dedham
  • Dover
  • Franklin
  • Foxborough
  • Holbrook
  • Medfield
  • Medway
  • Millis
  • Milton
  • Needham
  • Norfolk
  • Norwood
  • Plainville
  • Quincy
  • Randolph
  • Sharon
  • Stoughton
  • Walpole
  • Wellesley
  • Westwood
  • Weymouth
  • Wrentham

Suffolk County:

  • Boston
  • Chelsea
  • Revere
  • Winthrop

Essex County:

  • Amesbury
  • Andover
  • Beverly
  • Boxford
  • Danvers
  • Essex
  • Georgetown
  • Gloucester
  • Groveland
  • Hamilton
  • Haverhill
  • Ipswich
  • Lawrence
  • Lynn
  • Lynnfield
  • Manchester-by-the-Sea
  • Marblehead
  • Merrimac
  • Methuen
  • Middleton
  • Nahant
  • Newbury
  • Newburyport
  • North Andover
  • Peabody
  • Rockport
  • Rowley
  • Salem
  • Salisbury
  • Saugus
  • Swampscott
  • Topsfield
  • Wenham
  • West Newbury

Middlesex County:

  • Acton
  • Arlington
  • Ashland
  • Ayer
  • Bedford
  • Belmont
  • Billerica
  • Boxborough
  • Burlington
  • Cambridge
  • Carlisle
  • Chelmsford
  • Concord
  • Dracut
  • Dunstable
  • Everett
  • Framingham
  • Groton
  • Holliston
  • Hopkinton
  • Hudson
  • Lexington
  • Lincoln
  • Littleton
  • Lowell
  • Malden
  • Marlborough
  • Maynard
  • Medford
  • Melrose
  • Natick
  • Newton
  • North Reading
  • Pepperell
  • Reading
  • Sherborn
  • Shirley
  • Somerville
  • Stoneham
  • Stow
  • Sudbury
  • Tewksbury
  • Tyngsborough
  • Wakefield
  • Waltham
  • Watertown
  • Wayland
  • Westford
  • Weston
  • Wilmington
  • Winchester
  • Woburn

Worcester County:

  • Berlin
  • Blackstone
  • Bolton
  • Boylston
  • Clinton
  • Grafton
  • Harvard
  • Hopedale
  • Lancaster
  • Mendon
  • Milford
  • Millville
  • Northborough
  • Northbridge
  • Shrewsbury
  • Southborough
  • Upton
  • Uxbridge
  • Westborough
  • Worcester

Boston metropolitan area[]

The Census Bureau defines the following as principal cities in the Boston NECTA[19] using criteria developed for what the Office of Management and Budget calls a Core Based Statistical Area:[20]

  • Kendall Square in Cambridge, MA
    Boston
  • Cambridge
  • Lowell
  • Providence
  • Quincy
  • Worcester

Largest cities and towns[]

Cities and towns in the Boston CSA with at least 50,000 residents:

Rank City 2000
population 		2010
population 		2014
population[21] 		% change
(2010 to 2014)
1 Boston 589,141 617,594 655,884 +6.20%
2 Worcester 172,648 181,045 183,016 +1.09%
3 Providence 173,618 178,042 179,154 +0.62%
4 Manchester 107,006 109,565 110,448 +0.81%
5 Lowell 105,167 106,519 109,945 +3.22%
6 Cambridge 101,355 105,162 109,694 +4.31%
7 New Bedford 93,768 95,072 94,845 −0.24%
8 Brockton 94,304 93,810 94,779 +1.03%
9 Quincy 88,025 92,271 93,397 +1.22%
10 Lynn 89,050 90,329 92,137 +2.00%
11 Fall River 91,938 88,857 88,712 −0.16%
12 Newton 83,829 85,146 88,287 +3.69%
13 Nashua 86,605 86,494 87,259 +0.88%
14 Warwick 85,808 82,672 81,963 −0.86%
15 Cranston 79,269 80,387 81,037 +0.81%
16 Somerville 77,478 75,754 78,901 +4.15%
17 Lawrence 72,043 76,377 78,197 +2.38%
18 Pawtucket 72,958 71,148 71,499 +0.49%
19 Framingham 66,910 68,318 70,068 +2.56%
20 Waltham 59,226 60,632 63,014 +3.93%
21 Haverhill 58,969 60,879 62,488 +2.64%
22 Malden 56,340 59,450 60,859 +2.37%
23 Brookline 57,107 58,732 59,115 +0.65%
24 Plymouth 51,701 56,468 57,463 +1.76%
25 Medford 55,765 56,173 57,437 +2.25%
26 Taunton 55,976 55,874 56,544 +1.20%
27 Weymouth 53,988 53,743 55,643 +3.54%
28 Revere 47,283 51,755 54,157 +4.64%
29 Peabody 48,129 51,251 52,376 +2.20%
30 Methuen 43,789 47,255 52,044 +10.13%

Demographics[]

St. Patrick's Day Parade in Scituate, Massachusetts, in Plymouth County, the municipality with the highest percentage identifying Irish ancestry in the United States, at 47.5% in 2010.[22] Irish Americans constitute the largest ethnicity in Greater Boston.
Boston's Chinatown, with its paifang gate, is home to many Chinese and also Vietnamese restaurants.
Boston gay pride march, held annually in June

Population density[]

The most densely populated census tracts in the Boston CSA (2010):[23]

Rank City or neighborhood Census tract Population Population density
/sq mi /km2
1 Fenway–Kenmore 10404 5,817 110,108 285,180
2 Fenway–Kenmore 10403 3,003 87,828 227,470
3 Fenway–Kenmore 10408 1,426 85,137 220,500
4 Beacon Hill 202 3,649 80,851 209,400
5 North End 301 1,954 66,288 171,690
6 North End 302 1,665 64,642 167,420
7 North End 304 2,451 58,435 151,350
8 Cambridge 3539 7,090 56,819 147,160
9 Back Bay 10801 2,783 56,534 146,420
10 East Boston 502 5,231 55,692 144,240

Race and ethnicity[]

The 40 most diverse Census tracts in the Boston CSA:[23]

The 40 census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Hispanic or Latino:[23]

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Black American:[23]

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Asian American:[23]

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Irish American:[24]

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Italian American:[25]

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Portuguese American:[26]

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with French or French Canadian listed as first ancestry:[27]

Other[]

Greater Boston has a sizable Jewish community, estimated at between 210,000 people,[28][29] and 261,000[30] or 5–6% of the Greater Boston metro population, compared with about 2% for the nation as a whole. Contrary to national trends, the number of Jews in Greater Boston has been growing, fueled by the fact that 60% of children in Jewish mixed-faith families are raised Jewish, compared with roughly one in three nationally.[28]

The City of Boston also has one of the largest LGBT populations per capita. It ranks fifth of all major cities in the country (behind San Francisco, and slightly behind Seattle, Atlanta, and Minneapolis respectively), with 12.3% of the city identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.[31]

County 2016 Estimate 2010 Census Change Area Density
Essex County, Massachusetts 779,018 743,159 +4.83% 492.56 sq mi (1,275.7 km2) 1,582/sq mi (611/km2)
Middlesex County, Massachusetts 1,589,774 1,503,085 +5.77% 817.82 sq mi (2,118.1 km2) 1,944/sq mi (751/km2)
Norfolk County, Massachusetts 697,181 670,850 +3.93% 396.11 sq mi (1,025.9 km2) 1,760/sq mi (680/km2)
Plymouth County, Massachusetts 513,565 494,919 +3.77% 659.07 sq mi (1,707.0 km2) 779/sq mi (301/km2)
Suffolk County, Massachusetts 784,230 722,023 +8.62% 58.15 sq mi (150.6 km2) 13,486/sq mi (5,207/km2)
Rockingham County, New Hampshire 303,251 295,223 +2.72% 694.72 sq mi (1,799.3 km2) 437/sq mi (169/km2)
Strafford County, New Hampshire 127,428 123,143 +3.48% 368.97 sq mi (955.6 km2) 345/sq mi (133/km2)
Total 4,794,447 4,552,402 +5.32% 3,487.40 sq mi (9,032.3 km2) 1,375/sq mi (531/km2)

Higher education[]

See also: Boston, Massachusetts § Education; List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston; and List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts
Harvard University, a leading global university, is located in Cambridge, MA in Greater Boston

A long established center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion. Greater Boston contains seven R1 Research Institutions as per the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. This is, by far, the highest number of such institutions in a single Metropolitan Statistical Area in the United States.

Selected statistics[]

Changes in house prices for the Greater Boston area are publicly tracked on a regular basis using the Case–Shiller index; the statistic is published by Standard & Poor's and is also a component of S&P's 10-city composite index of the value of the residential real estate market.

Major companies[]

References:[32][33][34][35]

  • Companies along, inside or outside I-495, outside Route 128:
    • Abbott Laboratories, in Worcester (pharmaceutical laboratory)
    • Advanced Cell Technology, in Worcester (research laboratory)
    • AMD, in Boxborough
    • Analog Devices, in Norwood
    • Atlantic Broadband, in Quincy
    • Atlantic Tele-Network, in Beverly
    • Avid Technology, Inc, in Burlington (headquarters)
    • Azimuth Systems, in Acton
    • Bain & Company, in Boston (headquarters)
    • Bain Capital, in Boston (headquarters)
    • Bertucci's Corporation, in Northborough (headquarters)
    • BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc., in Westborough (headquarters)
    • Bose Corporation, in Framingham (headquarters)
    • Boston Properties, Inc., in Boston (headquarters)
    • Boston Scientific Corporation, in Marlborough (headquarters)
    • Charles River Laboratories, in Wilmington (headquarters)
    • Cisco Systems, in Boxborough
    • CommunityRoot, in Boston (headquarters)
    • David Clark Company, in Worcester (manufacturer of space suits)
    • Diebold, in Marlborough (regional headquarters)
    • Dell Technologies, in Hopkinton (headquarters)
    • Evergreen Solar, in Marlborough (headquarters)
    • Hewlett-Packard, in Marlborough (regional headquarters)
    • Schneider Electric, in Andover, Massachusetts
    • HourlyNerd, in Boston
    • Innerscope Research, in Boston (headquarters)
    • Intel Corporation, in Hudson
    • Kronos Incorporated, in Chelmsford, Massachusetts (headquarters)
    • Marshalls, Inc, in Framingham (headquarters)
    • The MathWorks, in Natick
    • MITRE Corporation, in Bedford (headquarters)
    • Morgan Construction Company, in Worcester (rolling steel mill technology)
    • National Amusements, in Norwood (headquarters)
    • Novartis, headquartered in Cambridge, with locations worldwide (a Swiss multinational pharmaceutical company based in Basel)
    • Philips Electronics North America, in Andover (regional headquarters)
    • Philips Healthcare, in Andover (global headquarters) and Framingham
    • Red Hat, in Westford (engineering headquarters)
    • Reed & Barton in Taunton (factory and headquarters)
    • Saint-Gobain, in Worcester
    • Sepracor, Inc., in Marlborough (headquarters)
    • Staples, Inc., in Framingham (headquarters)
    • Stop & Shop, in Quincy (headquarters)
    • TJX Corporation, in Framingham (headquarters)
    • UniFirst, in Wilmington (headquarters)
    • WB Mason, in Brockton (headquarters)
    • Wyman-Gordon, in Grafton (complex metal components and products)
  • Companies along or inside I-95 (Route 128), not including Boston:
    • Akamai Technologies, in Cambridge (headquarters)
    • AstraZeneca, in Waltham (R&D)
    • BBN Technologies, in Cambridge (headquarters)
    • Biocell Center, in Medford (North American headquarters)
    • Biogen Idec, in Weston (North American headquarters)
    • Carl Zeiss SMT, in Peabody (North American headquarters)
    • Constant Contact, in Waltham
    • Dunkin' Brands, in Canton (headquarters)
    • Facebook, in Cambridge
    • General Electric Aviation, in Lynn
    • Global Partners, in Waltham (headquarters)
    • Google Inc., in Cambridge
    • Haemonetics, in Braintree
    • IBM, in Waltham, Cambridge and Littleton
    • InterSystems Corporation, in Cambridge (headquarters)
    • iRobot Corporation, in Burlington (headquarters)
    • Keurig, in Burlington (headquarters)
    • Lionbridge, in Waltham (US headquarters)
    • Meditech, in Westwood (headquarters)
    • Microsoft Corporation, in Cambridge
    • Millennium Pharmaceuticals, in Cambridge
    • National Amusements (Parent company of CBS and Viacom), in Dedham (headquarters)
    • National Grid, in Waltham (US headquarters)
    • NetApp Inc, in Waltham
    • NetBlazr, in Watertown
    • Nokia, in Burlington
    • Novartis AG, Inc, in Cambridge (research headquarters)
    • Novell, Inc., in Waltham
    • Nuance Communications, in Burlington
    • Oracle Corporation in Burlington
    • Osram Sylvania in Danvers (headquarters)
    • Parametric Technology Corporation in Needham (headquarters)
    • Philips Lighting in Burlington
    • Progress Software in Bedford (headquarters)
    • Raytheon, in Waltham (headquarters)
    • Reebok, in Canton (US headquarters)
    • , in Cambridge (headquarters; many locations in the area)
    • SharkNinja, in Needham (headquarters)
    • SunSetter Products, LP, in Malden (headquarters)
    • Teradyne, in North Reading (headquarters)
    • Thermo Fisher Scientific, in Waltham (headquarters)
    • TripAdvisor, LLC, in Needham (headquarters)
    • Twitter, in Cambridge
    • Vistaprint, in Lexington (North American headquarters)[36]
  • Major companies inside Boston proper:
    • American Tower (headquarters)
    • Au Bon Pain (headquarters)
    • Bain & Company (headquarters)
    • Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts (headquarters)
    • Boston Consulting Group (headquarters)
    • Converse (headquarters)
    • Fidelity Investments (headquarters)
    • General Electric (headquarters)
    • The Gillette Company, now owned by Procter & Gamble (headquarters)
    • Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (headquarters)
    • (headquarters)
    • John Hancock Financial Services, Inc, now the United States division of Canada's Manulife Financial
    • Liberty Mutual (headquarters)
    • LogMeIn (headquarters)
    • LPL Financial (headquarters)
    • Mendix (headquarters)
    • New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc. (headquarters)
    • Partners HealthCare (moving to Assembly Row, Somerville)
    • Puma (North American headquarters, moving to Assembly Row, Somerville)
    • Putnam Investments (headquarters)
    • Rapid7
    • Sapient Corporation (headquarters)
    • Sonesta International Hotels Corp. (headquarters)
    • State Street Corporation (headquarters)
    • Steward Health Care System (headquarters)
    • Toast, Inc. (headquarters)
    • Threat Stack (headquarters)
    • Vertex Pharmaceuticals (headquarters)
    • Wayfair (headquarters)
    • Wellington Management Company (headquarters)
    • Zipcar (headquarters)

Sports[]

Main article: Sports in Boston
Club Sport League Stadium Established League titles
Boston Bruins Ice hockey National Hockey League TD Garden (Boston) 1924 6 Stanley Cups
7 Eastern Conference Titles
Boston Cannons Lacrosse Major League Lacrosse Harvard Stadium (Boston) 2001 1 MLL Championship
Boston Celtics Basketball National Basketball Association TD Garden (Boston) 1946 17 NBA Championships
21 Eastern Conference Titles
Boston Pride Ice hockey National Women's Hockey League Bright Hockey Center (Boston) 2015 2 Isobel Cups
Boston Red Sox Baseball Major League Baseball Fenway Park (Boston) 1901 9 MLB World Series Champions
14 American League Pennants
New England Patriots Football National Football League Gillette Stadium (Foxboro) 1960 6 Super Bowl Champions
11 AFC Champions
New England Revolution Soccer Major League Soccer Gillette Stadium (Foxboro) 1995 1 US Open Cup
1 SuperLiga

Annual sporting events include:

Transportation[]

See also: Boston Transportation

Interstates[]

U.S. Routes[]

  • US 1
  • US 3
  • US 6
  • US 20
  • US 44

State Highways[]

Bridges and tunnels[]

  • Callahan Tunnel, carrying Route 1A Northbound
  • Charles M. Braga Jr. Memorial Bridge, carrying Interstate 195
  • Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge, carrying Route 138
  • Fore River Bridge, carrying Massachusetts Route 3A
  • Sumner Tunnel, carrying Route 1A Southbound
  • Ted Williams Tunnel, carrying I-90
  • Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel, carrying I-93 and Routes 1 and 3 concurrently
  • Tobin Bridge, carrying Route 1
  • Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge, carrying Interstate 93, Route 1 and Route 3 concurrently

Airports[]

Rail and bus[]

The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple
  • Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA, generally known as the "T") rapid transit lines:
    • Red Line heavy rail: Cambridge–Braintree and Boston (Mattapan)
    • Orange Line heavy rail: Boston (Jamaica Plain)–Malden
    • Blue Line heavy rail: Boston–Revere
    • Green Line light rail/streetcar: Cambridge–Brookline and Newton
    • Ashmont–Mattapan High-Speed Line streetcar: Ashmont–Milton–Mattapan
    • Silver Line bus rapid transit South Station–Logan Airport and Downtown–Nubian
  • MBTA Commuter Rail
    • Old Colony Lines serving Plymouth County
    • Providence/Stoughton Line serving northern Bristol County, western Norfolk County, Kent County, and Washington County, connecting to Providence, Rhode Island
    • Fairmount Line shuttle service from South Station
    • Franklin Line serving western Norfolk County
    • Greenbush Line serving Boston's South Shore
    • Needham Line serving Boston suburbs and Needham
    • Framingham/Worcester Line serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to Worcester
    • Fitchburg Line serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to Fitchburg
    • Lowell Line serving northern Middlesex County
    • Haverhill/Reading Line and Newburyport/Rockport Line serving Essex County & Boston's North Shore
  • Amtrak service to New York City and Washington, D.C.
  • Amtrak Downeaster service to Maine from North Station
  • Massport Logan Express
  • Plymouth & Brockton Street Railway Co.

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See Neponset River.

The following Regional Transit Authorities have bus service that connects with MBTA commuter rail stations:

Ocean transportation[]

The Salem Ferry, 92 ft. Catamaran is photographed approaching its dock off Blaney Street at the Salem Maritime National Historic Site in Salem, Massachusetts, United States.
  • Port of Boston (Massport)
  • Cape Cod Canal

Geography[]

Climate[]

Climate data for Concord Municipal Airport, New Hampshire (1991−2020 normals,[a] extremes 1868–present)[b]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 72
(22) 		74
(23) 		89
(32) 		95
(35) 		98
(37) 		101
(38) 		102
(39) 		101
(38) 		98
(37) 		92
(33) 		80
(27) 		73
(23) 		102
(39)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 52
(11) 		54
(12) 		66
(19) 		82
(28) 		90
(32) 		93
(34) 		94
(34) 		92
(33) 		89
(32) 		79
(26) 		69
(21) 		57
(14) 		96
(36)
Average high °F (°C) 31.6
(−0.2) 		34.8
(1.6) 		43.6
(6.4) 		57.5
(14.2) 		69.3
(20.7) 		77.8
(25.4) 		83.0
(28.3) 		81.7
(27.6) 		73.7
(23.2) 		60.9
(16.1) 		48.4
(9.1) 		37.1
(2.8) 		58.3
(14.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 22.3
(−5.4) 		24.7
(−4.1) 		33.4
(0.8) 		45.4
(7.4) 		56.7
(13.7) 		65.8
(18.8) 		71.1
(21.7) 		69.5
(20.8) 		61.4
(16.3) 		49.3
(9.6) 		38.6
(3.7) 		28.3
(−2.1) 		47.2
(8.4)
Average low °F (°C) 12.9
(−10.6) 		14.7
(−9.6) 		23.3
(−4.8) 		33.3
(0.7) 		44.1
(6.7) 		53.7
(12.1) 		59.2
(15.1) 		57.2
(14.0) 		49.0
(9.4) 		37.8
(3.2) 		28.7
(−1.8) 		19.5
(−6.9) 		36.1
(2.3)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −9
(−23) 		−7
(−22) 		2
(−17) 		19
(−7) 		29
(−2) 		39
(4) 		47
(8) 		44
(7) 		32
(0) 		22
(−6) 		12
(−11) 		−1
(−18) 		−12
(−24)
Record low °F (°C) −35
(−37) 		−37
(−38) 		−20
(−29) 		4
(−16) 		21
(−6) 		30
(−1) 		35
(2) 		29
(−2) 		20
(−7) 		10
(−12) 		−17
(−27) 		−24
(−31) 		−37
(−38)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.80
(71) 		2.75
(70) 		3.28
(83) 		3.43
(87) 		3.47
(88) 		3.77
(96) 		3.62
(92) 		3.63
(92) 		3.63
(92) 		4.43
(113) 		3.44
(87) 		3.70
(94) 		41.95
(1,066)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 17.1
(43) 		16.9
(43) 		13.6
(35) 		2.5
(6.4) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.8
(2.0) 		2.5
(6.4) 		14.3
(36) 		67.7
(172)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.2 10.0 11.5 11.4 12.4 12.8 10.9 9.9 9.3 10.6 10.8 12.0 132.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 8.1 7.6 5.2 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.6 6.3 30.3
Average relative humidity (%) 67.9 66.0 64.8 62.0 65.0 70.9 71.8 74.5 76.3 72.8 73.3 72.3 69.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 162.8 171.8 210.5 223.2 258.4 274.3 295.8 261.9 214.7 183.4 127.8 134.8 2,519.4
Percent possible sunshine 56 58 57 56 57 60 64 61 57 54 44 48 56
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 4 5 7 8 8 7 6 3 2 1 5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[37][38][39]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[40]
hide
  • v
  • t
Climate data for Boston, Massachusetts (Logan Airport), 1991−2020 normals,[c] extremes 1872−present[d]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 74
(23) 		73
(23) 		89
(32) 		94
(34) 		97
(36) 		100
(38) 		104
(40) 		102
(39) 		102
(39) 		90
(32) 		83
(28) 		76
(24) 		104
(40)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 58.3
(14.6) 		57.9
(14.4) 		67.0
(19.4) 		79.9
(26.6) 		88.1
(31.2) 		92.2
(33.4) 		95.0
(35.0) 		93.7
(34.3) 		88.9
(31.6) 		79.6
(26.4) 		70.2
(21.2) 		61.2
(16.2) 		96.4
(35.8)
Average high °F (°C) 36.8
(2.7) 		39.0
(3.9) 		45.5
(7.5) 		56.4
(13.6) 		66.5
(19.2) 		76.2
(24.6) 		82.1
(27.8) 		80.4
(26.9) 		73.1
(22.8) 		62.1
(16.7) 		51.6
(10.9) 		42.2
(5.7) 		59.3
(15.2)
Daily mean °F (°C) 29.9
(−1.2) 		31.8
(−0.1) 		38.3
(3.5) 		48.6
(9.2) 		58.4
(14.7) 		68.0
(20.0) 		74.1
(23.4) 		72.7
(22.6) 		65.6
(18.7) 		54.8
(12.7) 		44.7
(7.1) 		35.7
(2.1) 		51.9
(11.1)
Average low °F (°C) 23.1
(−4.9) 		24.6
(−4.1) 		31.1
(−0.5) 		40.8
(4.9) 		50.3
(10.2) 		59.7
(15.4) 		66.0
(18.9) 		65.1
(18.4) 		58.2
(14.6) 		47.5
(8.6) 		37.9
(3.3) 		29.2
(−1.6) 		44.5
(6.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 4.8
(−15.1) 		8.3
(−13.2) 		15.6
(−9.1) 		31.0
(−0.6) 		41.2
(5.1) 		49.7
(9.8) 		58.6
(14.8) 		57.7
(14.3) 		46.7
(8.2) 		35.1
(1.7) 		24.4
(−4.2) 		13.1
(−10.5) 		2.6
(−16.3)
Record low °F (°C) −13
(−25) 		−18
(−28) 		−8
(−22) 		11
(−12) 		31
(−1) 		41
(5) 		50
(10) 		46
(8) 		34
(1) 		25
(−4) 		−2
(−19) 		−17
(−27) 		−18
(−28)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.39
(86) 		3.21
(82) 		4.17
(106) 		3.63
(92) 		3.25
(83) 		3.89
(99) 		3.27
(83) 		3.23
(82) 		3.56
(90) 		4.03
(102) 		3.66
(93) 		4.30
(109) 		43.59
(1,107)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 14.3
(36) 		14.4
(37) 		9.0
(23) 		1.6
(4.1) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.7
(1.8) 		9.0
(23) 		49.2
(125)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.8 10.6 11.6 11.6 11.8 10.9 9.4 9.0 9.0 10.5 10.3 11.9 128.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 6.6 6.2 4.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 4.2 23.0
Average relative humidity (%) 62.3 62.0 63.1 63.0 66.7 68.5 68.4 70.8 71.8 68.5 67.5 65.4 66.5
Average dew point °F (°C) 16.5
(−8.6) 		17.6
(−8.0) 		25.2
(−3.8) 		33.6
(0.9) 		45.0
(7.2) 		55.2
(12.9) 		61.0
(16.1) 		60.4
(15.8) 		53.8
(12.1) 		42.8
(6.0) 		33.4
(0.8) 		22.1
(−5.5) 		38.9
(3.8)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 163.4 168.4 213.7 227.2 267.3 286.5 300.9 277.3 237.1 206.3 143.2 142.3 2,633.6
Percent possible sunshine 56 57 58 57 59 63 65 64 63 60 49 50 59
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 4 5 7 8 8 8 6 4 2 1 5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961−1990)[42][43][44]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[45]
Climate data for Boston, Massachusetts
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °F (°C) 41.3
(5.2) 		38.1
(3.4) 		38.4
(3.5) 		43.1
(6.2) 		49.2
(9.5) 		58.4
(14.7) 		65.7
(18.7) 		67.9
(20.0) 		64.8
(18.2) 		59.4
(15.3) 		52.3
(11.3) 		46.6
(8.2) 		52.1
(11.2)
Source: Weather Atlas[45]
  • v
Climate data for Providence, Rhode Island (T. F. Green Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[e] extremes 1904–present[f]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 70
(21) 		72
(22) 		90
(32) 		98
(37) 		96
(36) 		98
(37) 		102
(39) 		104
(40) 		100
(38) 		88
(31) 		81
(27) 		77
(25) 		104
(40)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 59
(15) 		58
(14) 		67
(19) 		79
(26) 		87
(31) 		92
(33) 		95
(35) 		93
(34) 		88
(31) 		79
(26) 		70
(21) 		62
(17) 		97
(36)
Average high °F (°C) 38.3
(3.5) 		40.5
(4.7) 		47.7
(8.7) 		58.9
(14.9) 		68.9
(20.5) 		77.7
(25.4) 		83.6
(28.7) 		82.2
(27.9) 		74.8
(23.8) 		63.8
(17.7) 		53.2
(11.8) 		43.4
(6.3) 		61.1
(16.2)
Daily mean °F (°C) 30.2
(−1.0) 		32.0
(0.0) 		38.9
(3.8) 		49.3
(9.6) 		59.1
(15.1) 		68.2
(20.1) 		74.4
(23.6) 		73.0
(22.8) 		65.6
(18.7) 		54.4
(12.4) 		44.5
(6.9) 		35.5
(1.9) 		52.1
(11.2)
Average low °F (°C) 22.1
(−5.5) 		23.5
(−4.7) 		30.2
(−1.0) 		39.6
(4.2) 		49.2
(9.6) 		58.8
(14.9) 		65.2
(18.4) 		63.9
(17.7) 		56.5
(13.6) 		45.1
(7.3) 		35.8
(2.1) 		27.6
(−2.4) 		43.1
(6.2)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 4
(−16) 		7
(−14) 		15
(−9) 		29
(−2) 		38
(3) 		47
(8) 		56
(13) 		54
(12) 		43
(6) 		32
(0) 		22
(−6) 		12
(−11) 		2
(−17)
Record low °F (°C) −13
(−25) 		−17
(−27) 		1
(−17) 		11
(−12) 		29
(−2) 		39
(4) 		48
(9) 		40
(4) 		32
(0) 		20
(−7) 		6
(−14) 		−12
(−24) 		−17
(−27)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.96
(101) 		3.44
(87) 		4.90
(124) 		4.29
(109) 		3.37
(86) 		3.81
(97) 		2.91
(74) 		3.59
(91) 		4.17
(106) 		4.18
(106) 		4.27
(108) 		4.65
(118) 		47.54
(1,208)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 10.3
(26) 		10.5
(27) 		6.4
(16) 		0.6
(1.5) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		1.0
(2.5) 		7.6
(19) 		36.6
(93)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.2 10.3 11.6 11.7 12.2 10.8 9.3 9.1 9.1 10.2 9.6 11.9 127.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 5.7 5.4 3.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 3.4 19.3
Average relative humidity (%) 63.9 63.0 62.9 61.4 66.6 70.1 71.0 72.5 73.0 70.2 68.9 67.0 67.5
Average dew point °F (°C) 16.3
(−8.7) 		17.4
(−8.1) 		25.0
(−3.9) 		33.1
(0.6) 		45.0
(7.2) 		55.6
(13.1) 		61.5
(16.4) 		61.0
(16.1) 		53.8
(12.1) 		42.6
(5.9) 		33.3
(0.7) 		22.1
(−5.5) 		38.9
(3.8)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 171.7 172.6 215.6 225.1 254.9 274.1 290.6 262.8 233.0 208.7 148.0 148.6 2,605.7
Percent possible sunshine 58 58 58 56 57 60 63 61 62 61 50 52 58
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 4 6 7 8 8 8 6 4 2 1 5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961–1990)[47][48][49]
Source 2: Weather Atlas [50]
Climate data for Providence
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °F (°C) 41.4
(5.2) 		38.1
(3.4) 		38.7
(3.8) 		44.1
(6.7) 		50.9
(10.5) 		59.6
(15.3) 		67.0
(19.4) 		69.3
(20.7) 		66.7
(19.3) 		61.6
(16.4) 		54.2
(12.3) 		47.7
(8.8) 		53.3
(11.8)
Source: Weather Atlas [50]


See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ^ Official records for Concord were kept at downtown from September 1868 to April 1941 and at Concord Municipal Airport since May 1941; snow records date from December 1942. For more information, see ThreadEx
  3. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  4. ^ Official records for Boston were kept at downtown from January 1872 to December 1935, and at Logan Airport (KBOS) since January 1936.[41]
  5. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  6. ^ Official records for Providence kept at downtown from November 1904 to May 1932 and at T. F. Green Airport since June 1932.[46]

References[]

  1. ^ "Housing and Economic Development:Key Industries". mass.gov. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
  2. ^ "County Population Totals and Components of Change: 2010-2018". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  3. ^ Will Joyner (9 April 1999). "Where Literary Legends Took Shape Around Boston". The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
  4. ^ "The 1692 Salem Witch Trials". SalemWitchTrialsMuseum.com. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
  5. ^ "Faneuil Hall". Celebrateboston.com. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  6. ^ "The Temperance Issue in the Election of 1840: Massachusetts". Teachushistory.org. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
  7. ^ Packer, Barbara (2007). The Transcendentalists. University of Georgia Press; First edition (April 25, 2007). ISBN 978-0820329581.
  8. ^ "Images of the Antislavery Movement in Massachusetts". Masshist.org. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
  9. ^ "Massachusetts court strikes down ban on same-sex marriage". Reuters. November 18, 2003. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  10. ^ "History of Harvard University". Harvard University. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  11. ^ Tamar Lewin (January 28, 2015). "Harvard's Endowment Remains Biggest of All". The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
  12. ^ Richard Wolf (March 16, 2016). "Meet Merrick Garland, Obama's Supreme Court nominee". USA Today. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
  13. ^ "Kendall Square Initiative". MIT. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
  14. ^ Lelund Cheung. "When a neighborhood is crowned the most innovative square mile in the world, how do you keep it that way?". Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
  15. ^ [1] Accessed May 9, 2016.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b "About MAPC". Metropolitan Area Planning Council. Archived from the original on 2007-02-21. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
  17. ^ "Metropolitan Area Planning Council Strategic Plan 2015–2020" (PDF). Metropolitan Area Planning Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
  18. ^ "Transportation Plan – Overview". Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization. 2009. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b "Principal cities of New England city and town areas (NECTAs)" (XLS spreadsheet). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
  20. ^ "Standards for Defining Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. December 27, 2000. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
  21. ^ "City and Town Population for 2013". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2016-01-19. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  22. ^ Jane Walsh (November 25, 2015). "The most Irish town in America is named using US census data". Irish Central. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Mapping the 2010 U.S. Census". The New York Times. 13 December 2010.
  24. ^ "Irish as First Ancestry Population Percentage Rank of Census Tract within 100 miles of Zip Code 02176". Usa.com. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  25. ^ "Italian as First Ancestry Population Percentage Rank of Census Tract within 100 miles of Zip Code 02176". Usa.com. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  26. ^ [2]
  27. ^ "French as First Ancestry Population Percentage Rank of Census Tract within 100 miles of Zip Code 02176". Usa.com. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b Michael Paulson (2006-11-10). "Jewish population in region rises". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
  29. ^ "Cities with the Largest Jewish Population in the Diaspora". adherents.com. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
  30. ^ "Metro Area Membership Report". The Association of Religion Data Archives. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
  31. ^ "12.9% in Seattle are gay or bisexual, second only to S.F., study says". The Seattle Times. The Seattle Times Company. 2006. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
  32. ^ "2009 Globe 100 – Top Massachusetts-based employers". The Boston Globe. 2010-01-19. Archived from the original on May 22, 2009.
  33. ^ [3] Archived March 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ "Top Companies in Massachusetts on the Inc. 5000 - Inc.com". Inc.com. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  35. ^ [4] Archived October 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ "Who We Are & About Us - Vistaprint". News.vistaprint.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  37. ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  38. ^ "Station: CONCORD MUNI AP, NH". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  39. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for CONCORD MUNICIPAL AP, NH 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  40. ^ "Concord, New Hampshire, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  41. ^ ThreadEx
  42. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
  43. ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
  44. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for BOSTON/LOGAN INT'L AIRPORT, MA 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  45. ^ Jump up to: a b "Boston, Massachusetts, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  46. ^ ThreadEx
  47. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  48. ^ "Station: Providence T F Green AP, RI". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  49. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for PROVIDENCE/GREEN STATE, RI 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  50. ^ Jump up to: a b "Providence, Rhode Island, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved July 4, 2019.

Further reading[]

  • Wilson, Susan (2005). The Literary Trail of Greater Boston: A Tour of Sites in Boston, Cambridge, and Concord, Revised Edition. Commonwealth Editions. ISBN 1-889833-67-3. An informative guidebook, with facts and data about literary figures, publishers, bookstores, libraries, and other historic sites on the newly designated Literary Trail of Greater Boston.
  • Warner, Sam, Jr. (2001). Greater Boston: Adapting Regional Traditions to the Present. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1769-1.
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