Greatest Generation

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The Greatest Generation, also known as the G.I. Generation and the World War II generation, is the demographic cohort following the Lost Generation and preceding the Silent Generation. The generation is generally defined as people born from 1901 to 1927.[1] They were shaped by the Great Depression and were the primary participants in World War II.

Etymology[]

The term The Greatest Generation was popularized by the title of a 1998 book by American journalist Tom Brokaw. In the book, Brokaw profiled American members of this generation who came of age during the Great Depression and went on to fight in World War II, as well as those who contributed to the war effort on the home front. Brokaw wrote that these men and women fought not for fame or recognition, but because it was the "right thing to do".[2] This cohort is also referred to as the World War II generation.[3]

Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe called this generation the G.I. Generation in their 1991 book Generations: The History of America's Future.[4] The initials G.I. refer to American soldiers in World War II.

Date and age range definitions[]

Pew Research Center defines this cohort as being born from 1901 to 1927.[5] Strauss and Howe use the birth years 1901–1924.[6]

Characteristics[]

United States[]

Adolescence[]

An impoverished American family living in a shanty, 1936
Main article: Great Depression in the United States

In the United States, members of this generation came of age, were children, or were born during the Progressive Era, World War I, and the Roaring Twenties; a time of economic prosperity with distinctive cultural transformations. Additionally, those alive in 1918 through 1920 experienced the deadly Spanish Flu pandemic. They also experienced much of their youth with rapid technological innovation (e.g., radio, telephone, automobile) amidst growing levels of worldwide income inequality[7][8][9] and a soaring economy.[10][11][12] After the Stock Market crashed, this generation experienced profound economic and social turmoil.

Despite the hardships, historians note that literature, arts, music, and cinema of the period flourished. This generation experienced what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of Hollywood". A number of popular film genres, including gangster films, musical films, comedy films, and monster films attracted mass audiences. The Great Depression also greatly influenced literature and witnessed the advent of comic books, which were popular with members of this generation with such characters as Doc Savage, The Shadow, Superman and Batman. Next to jazz, blues, gospel music, and folk music; swing jazz became immensely popular with members of this generation. The term "Swing Generation" has also been used to describe the cohort due to the popularity of the era's music.[13] The popularity of the radio also became a major influence in the lives of this generation, as millions tuned in to listen to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's "fireside chats" and absorbed news in a way like never before.[14]

World War II[]

Main article: Military history of the United States during World War II
American G.I.s land on Omaha Beach on June 6, 1944
A woman working in a military aircraft factory in Fort Worth, Texas in 1942. Millions of American women found work in the defense industry during the war.

Over 16 million Americans served in World War II, the majority being members of this generation. 38.8% were volunteers, 61.2% were draftees, the average length of their service was 33 months, and total approximate casualties were 671,278 (killed and wounded).[15] Tom Brokaw and others extol this generation for supporting and fighting World War II.

Post-war[]

Two members of this generation embrace on V-J Day
Main article: Post–World War II economic expansion

Following the war, this generation produced children at an unprecedented level. Over 76 million babies were born between 1946 and 1964.[16] Subsidized by the G.I. Bill, this generation moved their families into the suburbs and largely promoted a more conservative mindset as the country faced the threat of the Cold War and a Second Red Scare while some were again called to service in the Korean War. The first member of their generation to be elected president, John F. Kennedy, began a Space Race against the Soviet Union, and his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, further promoted a controversial "Great Society" policy. Research professor of sociology Glen Holl Elder, Jr., a prominent figure in the development of life course theory, wrote Children of the Great Depression (1974), "the first longitudinal study of a Great Depression cohort." Elder followed 167 individuals born in California between 1920 and 1921 and "traced the impact of Depression and wartime experiences from the early years to middle age. Most of these 'children of the Great Depression' fared unusually well in their adult years".[17][18] They came out of the hardships of the Great Depression "with an ability to know how to survive and make do and solve problems.”[19]

Relationship to later generations[]

This generation faced turmoil in the form of the Vietnam War, civil rights movement, Watergate scandal, and a generational culture clash.[20] Attitudes shaped during World War II clashed with those of the Vietnam era as many struggled to understand the general distrust of the government by the younger generations, while some supported anti-war protests.[21]

Later years and legacy[]

U.S. Navy veteran Ruth Harden sings as "Anchors Aweigh" is played during the dedication ceremony of the World War II memorial at Legislative Hall in Dover, Delaware, November 9, 2013.

According to a 2004 study done by AARP, "There are 26 million people aged 70 or older in the United States. These people are largely conservative on economic (59%) and social (49%) issues, and about one-third of them say they have become more conservative on economic, social, foreign policy, moral, and legal issues as they have aged. Over 9 in 10 (91%) of this age group are registered to vote and 90% voted in the 2000 presidential election.[22] The last member of this generation to be elected president was George H.W. Bush (1989-1993), and as of 2021 the last surviving president from this generation is Jimmy Carter (1977-1981). In its latter years, this generation was introduced to continued technological advancements such as mobile phones and the internet.

As of 2019, approximately 389,000 of the 16 million Americans who served in World War II remain alive.[23] Living members of this generation are either in their 90s or are centenarians.

The lives of this generation are a common element of popular culture in the western world,[24] and media related to this generation's experiences continues to be produced.[25] The romanticizing of this generation has faced criticism by some.[26][27] However, some also praise the traits and actions of this generation and cite their sacrifices as a lesson for current generations.[28]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, living members of this generation have been impacted by the pandemic, such as Lee Wooten, who was treated in the hospital for coronavirus and recovered just prior to his 104th birthday in 2020.[29]

Eurasia[]

Britain[]

Main article: Britain in World War II

In Britain, this generation came of age, like most of the western world, during a period of economic hardship as a result of the Great Depression. When the war in Europe began, millions of British citizens joined the war effort at home and abroad. 2.9 million members of this generation served in the war, and there were 384,000 casualties.[30] At home, The Blitz claimed the lives of thousands and destroyed entire British cities. The men and women of this generation continue to be honored in the U.K., particularly on V-E Day. In 2020, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson compared this generation to current generations and indicated his desire for them to show the “same spirit of national endeavour”, in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic.[31] Queen Elizabeth II, a member of this generation who lived through World War II, echoed much of the same.[32]

Germany[]

Main article: Germany in World War II

Members of the World War II generation in Germany came of age following World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919. They faced economic hardships related to the Great Depression and Treaty of Versailles as unemployment rose to nearly 40%. Adolf Hitler then rose to power, and many of this generation joined organizations such as the Hitler Youth. In 1935, Hitler instituted military conscription. During the war, nearly 12.5 million members of this generation served in the war and 4.3 million were killed or wounded.[33] By the end of the war, 5 million Germans were dead, including civilians. German cities and towns were devastated by Allied bombing campaigns. 12 million Germans were refugees and many were forced to settle in the Soviet Union. In addition, the Holocaust claimed the lives of millions of German Jews and others. Following the war, the Allies began the denazification and demilitarization of a post-war Germany. Returning German veterans found their country carved up into four zones of occupation; later becoming West Germany and East Germany. In the west, the Marshall Plan resulted in the "Wirtschaftswunder", an economic boom that caused 185% growth between 1950 and 1963.[34] Surviving members of the German World War II generation would go on to experience the Fall of the Berlin Wall and the creation of the European Union. Unlike the Western allies and the Soviet Union, Germany did not honor its veterans, as the association with Nazism continues in contemporary Germany today.[35]

Soviet Union[]

Main article: Soviet Union in World War II

As children, members of this generation came of age during Stalin's rise to power. They endured the Holodomor famine, which killed millions. The World War II generation of the Soviet Union was further decimated by the war. Stalin's scorched earth policy left its western regions in a state of devastation worsened by the advancing German army. The USSR lost 14% of its pre-war population during WWII, a demographic collapse that would have immense long-term consequences. Mass, forced labor was often utilized and there were between 10 and 11 million Soviet men returning to help rebuild along with 2 million Soviet dissidents held prisoner in Stalin's Gulags. Then came the Cold War and the Space race. Even in the mid-1980s, around 70% of Soviet industrial output was directed towards the military, one of the factors in its eventual economic collapse. Members of this generation are known as "Great Patriotic War" veterans, such as poet Yuri Levitansky who wrote about the horrors of the war and Vasily Zaitsev, a war hero who would later fall victim to post-war paranoia resulting in his unlawful detention. Today, former Soviet states celebrate an annual Victory Day. The latest survey conducted by Russia's Levada Center suggests Victory Day is still one of the most important public holidays for Russian citizens, with 65% of those surveyed planning to celebrate it. But for nearly one third of people (31%) it is a "state public event" while for another 31% it is a “memorial day for all former Soviet people”. Only 16% of those asked recognize it in its original context as a "veterans’ memorial day". The predominant emotion the holiday provokes among Russians (59% of respondents) is national pride, while 18% said "sorrow" and 21% said "both". For modern Russians, the conflict continues to provide the population with a nationalistic rallying call.[36]

Japan[]

Main article: Japan during World War II

The World War II generation of Japan came of age during a time of rapid imperialism. One member of this generation, Hirohito, would become Emperor in 1926, when Japan was already one of the great powers. Nearly 18 million members of this generation would fight in World War II and approximately 3 million, including civilians, would be killed or wounded. Japanese cities, towns, and villages were devastated by Allied bombing campaigns. In an effort to prepare for the assumed Allied invasion, the Japanese government prepared to submit this generation to "Operation Ketsugo", in which the Japanese population would fight a war of attrition.[37] This generation has the unique distinction of being one of the only generations thus far as having been killed by an Atomic bomb; as hundreds of thousands lost their lives when the United States dropped the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Returning veterans found their country occupied and received little support or respect. Surviving members of this generation would see Japan emerge as the world's second-largest economy by 1989.[38] Surviving veterans visit the Yasukuni Shrine to pay tribute to their fallen comrades.[39]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "Is It Time to 'Pass the Torch?' The Generational Dilemma of the 2020 Democratic Primary". 2019-07-30. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  2. ^ Brokaw, Tom (1998). The greatest generation - Tom Brokaw - Google Boeken. ISBN 9780375502026. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
  3. ^ Rose, Kenneth D. (2008). Myth and the Greatest Generation. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. doi:10.4324/9780203941461. ISBN 978-0-415-95677-2.
  4. ^ Strauss, William; Howe, Neil (1991). Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069. Harper Perennial. ISBN 9780688119126.
  5. ^ "Americans Name the 10 Most Significant Historic Events of Their Lifetimes". People Press. 15 December 2016.
  6. ^ Howe, Neil (30 July 2014). "The G.I. Generation and the "Triumph of the Squares"". Forbes. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  7. ^ "Striking it Richer" (PDF). eml.berkeley.edu.
  8. ^ "U.S. income inequality, on rise for decades, is now highest since 1928". 5 December 2013.
  9. ^ "5 facts about economic inequality". 7 January 2014.
  10. ^ Granados, José A. Tapia; Roux, Ana V. Diez (13 October 2009). "Life and death during the Great Depression". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (41): 17290–17295. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10617290T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904491106. PMC 2765209. PMID 19805076.
  11. ^ "Economy in The 1920s". www.shmoop.com.
  12. ^ George H. Soule, Prosperity Decade: From War to Depression: 1917–1929 (1947)
  13. ^ "Timeline: American Generations since 20th Century". projects.scpr.org. Southern California Public Radio. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  14. ^ "Culture in the Thirties". courses.lumenlearning.com. Lumen Learning. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  15. ^ "Research Starters: US Military by the Numbers". nationalww2museum.org. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  16. ^ Pollard, Kelvin (16 April 2014). "Just How Many Baby Boomers Are There?". prb.org. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  17. ^ "About Glen H. Elder, Jr". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  18. ^ "Lives in Changing Times". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  19. ^ Zernike, Kate (13 March 2009). "Generation OMG". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  20. ^ "GI Generation". lifecourse.com. LifeCourse Associates. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  21. ^ "The World War II Generation and Vietnam". PBS.org. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  22. ^ Love, Jeffrey (July 2004). "Political Behavior and Values Across the Generations" (PDF). aarp.org. AARP. p. 3. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  23. ^ Brunell, Don (11 November 2019). "The Greatest Generation is quickly slipping into history". Courier Herald. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  24. ^ Kenny, Glenn (30 May 2016). "World War II According To Hollywood's Greatest Generation". decider.com. New York Post. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  25. ^ Ringel-Cater, Eleanor (28 July 2017). "The Movie Biz: The Greatest Generation's war". bizjournals.com. Atlanta Business Chronicle. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  26. ^ Palaima, Thomas. "Consider War Stories Without Romanticizing Them". lifeandletters.la.utexas.edu. The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  27. ^ Klinkenberg, Kevin (4 September 2019). "Dangerous Nostalgia: Why Romanticizing the 1950s and 1960s Won't Get Us Anywhere". strongtowns.org. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  28. ^ Hanson, Victor (1 January 2018). "What Millennials Can Learn From the Greatest Generation". Newsweek. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  29. ^ Jackson, Amanda (6 December 2020). "A 104-year-old World War II veteran from Alabama has survived Covid-19". CNN. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  30. ^ "The Fallen". parliament.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  31. ^ Hall, Macer (8 May 2020). "Boris Johnson hails Britain's 'greatest generation' as he thanks WWII veterans on VE Day". Express. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  32. ^ Holden, Michael (7 May 2020). "Queen tells Britain 'never give up' in tribute to WW2 generation". Reuters. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  33. ^ Simkin, John (September 1997). "The German Army in the Second World War". spartacus-educational.com. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  34. ^ Davis, Mark (5 May 2015). "How World War II shaped modern Germany". euronews. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  35. ^ Barkin, Noah (9 August 2019). "Where Veterans Aren't Thanked for Their Service. Because of Germany's tortured 20th-century history, its struggle to forge policies to support its veterans is in many ways unique". The Atlantic. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  36. ^ Davis, Mark (5 April 2015). "How World War II shaped modern Russia". Euronews. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  37. ^ Frank, Richard (4 August 2020). "There Are No Civilians in Japan". www.nationalww2museum.org. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  38. ^ Maddison, Angus, Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD. 2007, p. 379, table A.4.
  39. ^ Smyth, Tony (22 October 2014). "Yasukuni Shrine". tokyotales365.com. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
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