Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

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Naval Station Guantanamo Bay
Leeward Point Field
Guantánamo Bay in Cuba
Aerial view of Bulkeley Hall, the headquarters and administration building at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay
NS Guantanamo Bay Location in Cuba
Coordinates	19°55′03″N 75°09′36″W / 19.91750°N 75.16000°W / 19.91750; -75.16000Coordinates: 19°55′03″N 75°09′36″W / 19.91750°N 75.16000°W / 19.91750; -75.16000
Type	United States military base
Site information
Owner	Government of Cuba (leased to the United States)
Operator	United States Navy
Controlled by	Navy Region Southeast
Condition	Operational
Website	Official website
Site history
Built	1903 (1903)
In use	1903 – present
Garrison information
Current commander	Captain Samuel White
Garrison	Joint Task Force Guantanamo
Airfield information
Identifiers	IATA: NBW, ICAO: MUGM, WMO: 783670
Elevation	17 metres (56 ft) AMSL
Runways Direction Length and surface 10/28 2,438 metres (7,999 ft) Asphalt

Guantanamo Bay Naval Base (Spanish: Base Naval de la Bahía de Guantánamo), officially known as Naval Station Guantanamo Bay or NSGB, (also called GTMO, pronounced Gitmo as an acronym, by the U.S. military^[1]) is a United States military base located on 45 square miles (117 km²) of land and water^[2] on the shore of Guantánamo Bay at the southeastern end of Cuba. It was first leased by the United States for use as a coaling station and naval base in 1903 and is the oldest overseas U.S. naval base.^[3] The lease was $2,000 in gold per year until 1934, when the payment was set to match the value in gold in dollars;^[4] in 1974, the yearly lease was set to $4,085.^[5]

Since the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the Cuban government has consistently protested against the U.S. presence on Cuban soil, arguing that the base "was imposed on Cuba by force" and is "illegal" under international law. Since 2002, the naval base has contained a military prison, for alleged unlawful combatants captured in Afghanistan, Iraq, and other places during the War on terror.^[6] Cases of torture of prisoners^[7] by the U.S. military, and their denial of protection under the Geneva Conventions, have been criticized.^[8][9]

Units and commands[]

Access to the Naval Station is very limited and must be pre-approved through the appropriate local chain of command with the Commander of the station as the final approval. Since berthing facilities are limited, visitors must be sponsored indicating that they have an approved residence for the duration of the visit.^[10]

Resident units[]

• Headquarters, Naval Station Guantanamo Bay
• Customer Service Desk (CSD)^[11]
• Joint Task Force Guantanamo^[11][12][13]
  • Headquarters, JTF Guantanamo
  • Joint Detention Group
  • Joint Intelligence Group
  • Joint Medical Group
  • U.S. Coast Guard Maritime Security Detachment Guantanamo Bay
  • AFN Guantanamo Bay radio and television unit
• Marine Corps Security Force Company^[11]
• Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station Atlantic Detachment Guantanamo Bay^[11]
• Naval Hospital Guantanamo Bay^[12]
• Navy Supply^[11]
• Navy Security Forces
• SEABEE Detachment
• U.S. Coast Guard Aviation Detachment Guantanamo Bay

Assigned units[]

• Fleet Composite Squadron Ten (VC-10) (1965–1993)^[12]
• U.S. Marine Corps Ground Defense Force (GDF) (1977–2000 [Redesignated as Marine Corps Security Forces Company on 1 Sep 2000])^[12][13]
• Naval Security Group Activity (Company L) (1966–2001)^[12][14]
• Shore Intermediate Maintenance Activity (SIMA) (1903–1995)^[12][15]
• Fleet Training Group (FTG) (1943–1995)^[12][16]

Homeported watercraft[]

• YC 1639 (open lighter)^[17][18][19]
• Leeward (YFB-92) (ferry boat)^[17][20]
• Windward (YFB-93) (ferry boat)^[17][21]
• YON 258 (non-self propelled fuel oil barge)^[17][22]
• USS Wanamassa (YTB-820) (large harbor tug)^[17][23]
• LCU 1671 and MK-8: landing craft used as an alternate ferry for transportation to areas inaccessible by the primary ferry and for moving hazardous cargo.^[24]
• GTMO-5, GTMO-6 and GTMO-7 (50-ft. utility boats): used for personnel transportation during off-ferry hours.^[24]

Civilian contractors[]

Besides servicemembers, the base houses a large number of civilian contractors working for the military. Many of these contractors are migrant workers from Jamaica and the Philippines, and are thought to constitute up to 40% of the base's population.^[25]

Major contractors working at NSGB have included the following:^{[citation needed]}

• KBR
• Schuyler Line Navigation Company (SYLF)
• Satellite Communication Systems Incorporated
• Centerra
• EMCOR
• Islands Mechanical Contractor
• Munilla Construction Management
• RQ Construction
• MCM Construction
• J&J Worldwide Services

Cargo shipping[]

Ocean transportation is provided by Schuyler Line Navigation Company, a U.S. Flag Ocean Carrier. Schuyler Line operates under government contract to supply sustainment and building supplies to the base.^[26]

History[]

The base in 1916

US Fleet at anchor, 1927

United States training ship Monongahela, around 1903

An aerial view of the naval base with the Navy Exchange and McDonald's at left and an outdoor movie theater at bottom right, 1995

Spanish colonial era[]

The area surrounding Guantanamo bay was originally inhabited by the Taíno people.^[27] On 30 April 1494, Christopher Columbus, on his second voyage, arrived and spent the night. The place where Columbus landed is now known as Fisherman's Point. Columbus declared the bay Puerto Grande.^[28] The bay and surrounding areas briefly came under British control during the War of Jenkins' Ear. Prior to the outbreak of the conflict, the bay was referred to as Walthenham Harbor by British cartographers. The British expeditionary force renamed the bay Cumberland Bay. They eventually retreated from the area after an attempt to march to Santiago de Cuba was repulsed by Spanish troops.^[28]

Guantanamo Bay during the Spanish–American War[]

During the Spanish–American War, the U.S. fleet attacking Santiago^[29] secured Guantánamo's harbor for protection during the hurricane season of 1898. To gain control of the bay, the First Marine Battalion was landed at Fisherman's Point, at the entrance to Guantanamo Bay. After being repeatedly attacked by Spanish forces, the First Marine Battalion, supported by Cuban allies and a U.S. Navy gunboat, attacked and defeated a Spanish force at the Battle of Cuzco Well. The action was highly significant in the U.S. gaining control of the bay.^[30] There is a monument on McCalla Hill to one Navy officer and five Marines who died in battle at Guantanamo Bay.^{[citation needed]}

The war ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1898, in which Spain formally relinquished control of Cuba. Although the war was over, the United States maintained a strong military presence on the island. In 1901 the United States government passed the Platt Amendment as part of an Army Appropriations Bill.^[31] Section VII of this amendment read

That to enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its own defense, the government of Cuba will sell or lease to the United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations at certain specified points to be agreed upon with the President of the United States.^[32]

After initial resistance by the Cuban Constitutional Convention, the Platt Amendment was incorporated into the Constitution of the Republic of Cuba in 1901.^[33] The Constitution took effect in 1902, and land for a naval base at Guantanamo Bay was granted to the United States the following year.^[34]

USS Monongahela (1862), an old warship which served as a storeship at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba was totally destroyed by fire on 17 March 1908. A 4-inch (100 mm) gun was salvaged from her wreck and put on display at the Naval Station. Since the gun was deformed by the heat from the fire, it was nicknamed "Old Droopy". The gun was on display on Deer Point until the command disposed of it, judging its appearance less than exemplary of naval gunnery. A similar gun, possibly also salvaged from the Monongahela, is on display near the Bay View Club on the Naval Station.^{[citation needed]}

Lease[]

The 1903 lease agreement was executed in two parts. The first, signed in February, consisted of the following provisions:^[34]

1. Agreement – This is a lease between the U.S. and Cuba for properties for naval stations, in accord with Article VII of the Platt Amendment.
2. Article 1 – Describes the boundaries of the areas being leased, Guantanamo Bay and Bahia Honda.
3. Article 2 – The U.S. may occupy, use, and modify the properties to fit the needs of a coaling and naval station, only. Vessels in the Cuban trade shall have free passage.
4. Article 3 – Cuba retains ultimate sovereignty, but during the occupation, the U.S. exercises sole jurisdiction over the areas described in Article 1. Under conditions to be agreed on, the U.S. has the right to acquire, by purchase or eminent domain, any land included therein.

The second part, signed five months later in July 1903, consisted of the following provisions:^[35]

1. Article 1 – Payment is $2000 gold coin, annually. All private lands within the boundaries shall be acquired by Cuba. The U.S. will advance rental payments to Cuba to facilitate those purchases.
2. Article 2 – The U.S. shall pay for a survey of the sites and mark the boundaries with fences.
3. Article 3 – There will be no commercial or other enterprise within the leased areas.
4. Article 4 – Mutual extradition
5. Article 5 – Not ports of entry.
6. Article 6 – Ships shall be subject to Cuban port police. The U.S. will not obstruct entry or departure into the bay.
7. Article 7 – This proposal is open for seven months.

SIGNED Theodore Roosevelt and Jose M Garcia Montes.

In 1934, the United States unilaterally changed the payment from gold coin to U.S. dollars per the Gold Reserve Act. The lease amount was set at US$3,386.25, based on the price of gold at the time.^[36] In 1973, the U.S. adjusted the lease amount to $3,676.50, and in 1974 to $4,085, based on further increases to the price of gold in USD.^[37] Payments have been sent annually, but only one lease payment has been accepted since the Cuban Revolution and Fidel Castro claimed that this check was deposited due to confusion in 1959. The Cuban government has not deposited any other lease check since that time.^[38]

The 1903 Lease for Guantanamo has no fixed expiration date.^[39]

World War II[]

During World War II, the base was set up to use a nondescript number for postal operations. The base used the Fleet Post Office, Atlantic, in New York City, with the address: 115 FPO NY.^[40] The base was also an important intermediate distribution point for merchant shipping convoys from New York City and Key West, Florida, to the Panama Canal and the islands of Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago.^[41]

1958–1999[]

The aircraft carrier USS Lexington departs Guantanamo in 1991

Until the 1953–1959 revolution, thousands of Cubans commuted daily from outside the base to jobs within it. In mid-1958, vehicular traffic was stopped; workers were required to walk through the base's several gates. Public Works Center buses were pressed into service almost overnight to carry the tides of workers to and from the gate.^{[citation needed]}

During the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, the families of military personnel were evacuated from the base. Notified of the evacuation on 22 October, evacuees were told to pack one suitcase per family member, to bring evacuation and immunization cards, to tie pets in the yard, to leave the keys to the house on the dining table, and to wait in front of the house for buses.^[42] Dependents travelled to the airfield for flights to the United States, or to ports for passage aboard evacuation ships. After the crisis was resolved, family members were allowed to return to the base in December 1962.^[43]

From 1939, the base's water was supplied by pipelines that drew water from the Yateras River about 4.5 miles (7 km) northeast of the base. The U.S. government paid a fee for this; in 1964, it was about $14,000 a month for about 2.5 million U.S. gal (9,000 m³) per day. In 1964, the Cuban government stopped the flow. The base had about 14 million U.S. gal (50,000 m³) of water in storage, and strict water conservation was put into effect immediately. The U.S. first imported water from Jamaica by barge, then relocated a desalination plant from San Diego (Point Loma).^{[citation needed]} When the Cuban government accused the United States of stealing water, base commander John D. Bulkeley ordered that the pipelines be cut and a section removed. A 38 in (97 cm) length of the 14 in (36 cm) diameter pipe and a 20 in (51 cm) length of the 10 in (25 cm) diameter pipe were lifted from the ground and the openings sealed.^{[citation needed]}

During the 1960s and 1970s, the base had problems with alcohol and racial tension.^[44] Harassment and strip searches also became a regular occurrence for Cuban workers on the base.^[45]

21st century[]

The military facilities at Guantanamo Bay have over 8,500 U.S. sailors and Marines stationed there.^[46][47] It is the only military base the U.S. maintains in a communist country.

Wind turbines atop John Paul Jones Hill, the highest point on the base.

In 2005, the U.S. Navy completed a $12 million wind-power project at the base, erecting four 950-kilowatt, 275-foot-tall (84 m) wind turbines, reducing the need for diesel fuel to power the existing diesel generators (the base's primary electricity generation).^[48][49] In 2006, the wind turbines reduced diesel fuel consumption by 650,000 U.S. gallons (2.5 million liters) annually.^[50]

By 2006, only two elderly Cubans, Luis Delarosa and Harry Henry, still crossed the base's North East Gate daily to work on the base, because the Cuban government prohibited new recruitment since its revolution. They both retired at the end of 2012.^[51]

In January 2009, President Obama signed executive orders directing the CIA to shut what remains of its network of "secret" prisons and ordering the closing of the Guantánamo detention camp within a year.^[52] However, he postponed difficult decisions on the details for at least six months.^[53][54] On 7 March 2011, President Obama issued an executive order that permits ongoing indefinite detention of Guantánamo detainees.^[55] The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 authorized indefinite detention of suspected terrorists,^[56] but enforcement of the relevant section was temporarily blocked by a federal court ruling in the case of Hedges v. Obama on 16 May 2012,^[57] a suit brought by a number of private citizens, including Chris Hedges, Daniel Ellsberg, Noam Chomsky, and Birgitta Jónsdóttir.^[58] After a series of decisions and appeals, the lawsuit was vacated because the plaintiffs lacked standing to file the suit.^[59] As of July 2021, the detention center was in operation.

At the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2013, Cuba's Foreign Minister demanded the U.S. return the base and the "usurped territory" which the Cuban government considers to be "occupied" since the Spanish–American War of 1898.^{[60][61][62][63][64]}

Geography[]

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Map of Guantánamo Bay showing approximate U.S. Naval Base boundaries

Enlargeable, detailed map of Guantánamo Bay Naval Base

The Naval Base is divided into three main geographical sections: Leeward Point, Windward Point, and Guantánamo Bay. Guantánamo Bay physically divides the Naval Station into sections. The bay extends past the boundaries of the base into Cuba, where the bay is then referred to as Bahía de Guantánamo. Guantánamo Bay contains several cays, which are identified as Hospital Cay, Medico Cay, North Toro Cay, and South Toro Cay.^{[citation needed]}

Leeward Point of the Naval Station is the site of the active airfield. Major geographical features on Leeward Point include Mohomilla Bay and the Guantánamo River. Three beaches exist on the Leeward side. Two are available for use by base residents, while the third, Hicacal Beach, is closed.^{[citation needed]}

Windward Point contains most of the activities at the Naval Station. There are nine beaches available to base personnel. The highest point on the base is John Paul Jones hill at a total of 495 feet (151 m).^[13] The geography of Windward Point is such that there are many coves and peninsulas along the bay shoreline providing ideal areas for mooring ships.^{[citation needed]}

According to Stephen Benz, Stephen Crane described the area as "craggy" and "cut with ravines."^[44] He also described the coastline as covered in ridges and "chalky cliffs".^[44]

"No man's land" and Cactus Curtain[]

U.S. Marines stack up landmines for disposal in July 1997.

Cactus Curtain is a term describing the line separating the naval base from Cuban-controlled territory.^[44] After the Cuban Revolution, some Cubans sought refuge on the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. In late 1961, Cuban troops planted an 8-mile (13 km) long, 10-foot (3.0 m) wide^[45] barrier of Opuntia cactus along the northeastern section of the 17-mile (27 km) fence surrounding the base in order to prevent checkpoint evasion when moving between the base and Cuba proper.^[45][65] This was dubbed the Cactus Curtain, an allusion to Europe's Iron Curtain,^[66] the Bamboo Curtain in East Asia or the similar Ice Curtain in the Bering Strait.

The curtain forms part of a "no man's land" that encircles the base.^[45] This area is complete with perimeter patrols, outposts featuring sandbags, and watchtowers,^[44] and has been complemented with barbed wire fences, minefields, and cacti.^[45] Apart from the cacti, both U.S. and Cuban troops erected, maintained, and otherwise manned these defenses, primarily to prevent checkpoint evasion and possible invasion from the other side.^[45]

Land mines[]

U.S. and Cuban troops placed some 55,000 anti-personnel and anti-tank land mines across the "no man's land" around the perimeter of the naval base,^[45] creating the second-largest minefield in the world, and the largest in the Western Hemisphere.^[44] Initially, the mines were laid down by US troops, who also laid down signs stating that the landmines were "precautions" and should not be viewed as "aggressive".^[45] In response, Cuban troops also laid down their own mines, with both sides completing their minefields in 1961.^[45] Between 1961 and 1965, landmine explosions resulted in the deaths of at least 10 people, including as the result of engineering accidents and late-night partygoers.^[45] On 16 May 1996, U.S. President Bill Clinton ordered the demining of the American field. They have since been replaced with motion and sound sensors to detect intruders on the base. The Cuban government has not removed its corresponding minefield outside the perimeter.^[67][68]

Detention camp[]

The entrance to Camp 1 in detention camp's Camp Delta

One of the guard towers at Guantanamo Bay, 1991

In the last quarter of the 20th century, the base was used to house Cuban and Haitian refugees intercepted on the high seas. In the early 1990s, it held refugees who fled Haiti after military forces overthrew president Jean-Bertrand Aristide. These refugees were held in a detainment area called Camp Bulkeley until United States district court Judge Sterling Johnson, Jr. declared the camp unconstitutional on 8 June 1993. This decision was later vacated. The last Haitian migrants departed Guantanamo on 1 November 1995.^{[citation needed]}

Beginning in 2002, some months after the War on Terror started in response to the September 11 attacks, a small portion of the base was used to detain several hundred enemy combatants at Camp Delta, Camp Echo, Camp Iguana, and the now-closed Camp X-Ray. The U.S. military has alleged without formal charge that some of these detainees are linked to al-Qaeda or the Taliban. In litigation regarding the availability of fundamental rights to those imprisoned at the base, the U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that the detainees "have been imprisoned in territory over which the United States exercises exclusive jurisdiction and control."^[69] Therefore, the detainees have the fundamental right to due process of law under the Fifth Amendment. A district court has since held that the "Geneva Conventions applied to the Taliban detainees, but not to members of Al-Qaeda terrorist organization."^[70]

On 10 June 2006, the Department of Defense reported that three Guantanamo Bay detainees committed suicide. The military reported the men hanged themselves with nooses made of sheets and clothes.^[71] A study published by Seton Hall Law's Center for Policy and Research, while making no conclusions regarding what actually transpired, asserts that the military investigation failed to address significant issues detailed in that report.^[72]

On 6 September 2006, President George W. Bush announced that alleged or non-alleged combatants held by the CIA would be transferred to the custody of Department of Defense, and held at Guantanamo Prison. Of approximately 500 prisoners in Guantanamo Bay, only 10 have been tried by the Guantanamo military commission, but all cases have been stayed pending the adjustments being made to comply with the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld.^{[citation needed]}

President Barack Obama said he intended to close the detention camp, and planned to bring detainees to the United States to stand trial by the end of his first term in office. On 22 January 2009, he issued three executive orders. Only one of these explicitly dealt with policy at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, and directed the camp's closure within one year. All three could have possibly impacted the detention center, as well as how the United States holds detainees.^{[citation needed]}

While mandating closure of the detention camp, the naval base as a whole is not subject to the order and will remain operational indefinitely. This plan was thwarted for the time being on 20 May 2009, when the United States Senate voted to keep the prison at Guantanamo Bay open for the foreseeable future and forbid the transfer of any detainees to facilities in the United States. Senator Daniel Inouye, a Democrat from Hawaii and chairman of the appropriations committee, said he initially favored keeping Guantanamo open until Obama produced a "coherent plan for closing the prison."^[73] 39 detainees remain at Guantanamo Bay.^[74]

Represented businesses[]

McDonald's at Guantanamo

Despite the prohibition on the establishment of "commercial or other enterprises" as stated in Article 3 of the second part of the lease, several businesses have been opened in the military base. A Baskin-Robbins ice cream stand, which opened in the 1980s, was one of the first business franchises allowed on the base.^[75] In early 1986, the base added the first and only McDonald's restaurant within Cuba.^[76][77] A Subway restaurant was opened in 2002.^[78] In 2004, a combined KFC & A&W restaurant was opened at the bowling alley and a Pizza Hut Express was added to the Windjammer Restaurant.^[79] There is also a cafe that sells Starbucks coffee, and there is a combined KFC & Taco Bell restaurant.^[80]

Most of the restaurants on the installation are franchises owned and operated by the Department of the Navy.^[81] All proceeds from these restaurants are used to support morale, welfare, and recreation (MWR) activities for service personnel and their families.^[82] These restaurants are located inside the base; as such, they are not accessible to Cubans.

Airfields[]

There are two airfields within the base, Leeward Point Field and McCalla Field. Leeward Point Field is the active military airfield, with the ICAO code MUGM and IATA code NBW.^[83] McCalla Field was designated as the auxiliary landing field in 1970.^[12]

Leeward Point Field[]

Leeward Point Field was constructed in 1953 as part of Naval Air Station (NAS) Guantanamo Bay.^[84]

Leeward Point Field has a single active runway, 10/28, measuring 8,000 ft (2,400 m).^[83] The former runway, 9/27 was 8,500 ft (2,600 m). Currently, Leeward Point Field operates several aircraft and helicopters supporting base operations. Leeward Point Field was home to Fleet Composite Squadron 10 (VC-10) until the unit was phased out in 1993. VC-10 was one of the last active-duty squadrons flying the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk.

McCalla Field[]

McCalla Field was established in 1931^[84] and remained operational until 1970. The airfield was named for Bowman H. McCalla, who was a United States Navy admiral in charge of the Battle of Guantánamo Bay. The current field was expanded in 1941 when the original grass runway was replaced.^[85] Naval Air Station Guantanamo Bay was officially established 1 February 1941. Aircraft routinely operating out of McCalla included JRF-5, N3N, J2F, C-1 Trader,^[86] and dirigibles. McCalla Field is now listed as a closed airfield. The USN aviation assets are now located across the bay at Leeward Point Field.

The area consists of 3 runways: 1/19 at 4,500 ft (1,400 m), 14/32 at 2,210 ft (670 m), and 10/28 at 1,850 ft (560 m).

The airport resides at an elevation of 60 ft (18 m) above mean sea level. The airfield was deactivated in the 1970s but has been used to house refugees beginning in the 1990s and lasted until 2007.^[87] Camp Justice is now located on the grounds of the former airfield.

Education[]

Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) provides for the education of dependent personnel with two schools. Both schools are named for Rear Admiral William Thomas Sampson. W.T. Sampson Elementary School serves grades K–5 and W. T. Sampson High School serves grades 6–12. The Villamar Child Development Center provides child care for dependents from six weeks to five years old. MWR operates a Youth Center that provides activities for dependents.^[88]

Some former students of Guantánamo have shared stories of their experiences with the Guantánamo Public Memory Project.^[89] The 2013 documentary Guantanamo Circus directed by Christina Linhardt and Michael Rose reveals a glimpse of day-to-day life on GTMO as seen through the eyes of circus performers that visit the base.^[90] It is used as a reference by the Guantánamo Public Memory Project.

Climate[]

U.S. Naval Station Guantanamo Bay has an annual rainfall of about 24 in (610 mm).^[91] The amount of rainfall has resulted in the base being classified as a semi-arid desert environment.^[91] The annual average high temperature on the base is 88.2 °F (31.2 °C), the annual average low is 72.5 °F (22.5 °C).

Notable people[]

Notable people born at the naval base include actor Peter Bergman^[93] and American guitarist Isaac Guillory.^[94]

See also[]

• COVID-19 pandemic in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
• Cuba–United States relations
• Platt Amendment
• The Road to Guantanamo – A docudrama directed by Michael Winterbottom about the incarceration of three British detainees at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.
• Cuban-American Treaty of Relations
• Panama Canal Zone
• Guantanamo Bay detention camp

References[]

Further reading[]

• Jonathan M. Hansen, Guantánamo: An American History. New York: Hill and Wang, 2011.
• Alfred de Zayas, "The Status of Guantanamo Bay and the Status of the Detainees" in University of British Columbia Law Review, vol. 37, July 2004, pp. 277–34; A de Zayas Guantanamo Naval Base in Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Oxford University Press 2012)
• Mason, Theodore K. Beyond the Cactus Curtain: The Story of Guantanamo Bay. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1984.

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.

Wikinews has news related to: Guantanamo Bay

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Marines Signaling Under Fire at Guantanamo

Wikisource has original text related to this article: United States – Cuban Agreements and Treaty of 1934

Official U.S. Military website

• CNIC Naval Station Guantanamo Bay Official Website

Maps and photos

• Google Maps
• Virtual 3D Walkthrough of Camp Delta (from the Art project Zone*Interdite) Archived 26 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine