Page semi-protected

McDonald's

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Macdonald (disambiguation).

"McD" and "McDo" redirect here. For the Philippine subsidiary, see McDonald's Philippines. For other uses, see MCD (disambiguation).
For technical reasons, "McDonald's #1 Store Museum" redirects here. For the museum, see McDonald's No. 1 Store Museum.

McDonald's Corporation
TypePublic company
Traded as
ISINUS5801351017
IndustryRestaurants
GenreFast food restaurant
FoundedMay 15, 1940; 81 years ago (1940-05-15) in San Bernardino, California
FoundersRichard and Maurice McDonald (1st restaurant)
Ray Kroc (Founder of the McDonald's Corporation)
Headquarters
Chicago, Illinois
,
U.S.[1]
Number of locations
Increase 38,695 restaurants (2019)
Area served
Worldwide (Over 119 countries)
Key people
  • Enrique Hernandez Jr.[2]
  • (Chairman)
  • Chris Kempczinski
  • (president and CEO)
Products
  • Hamburgers
  • chicken
  • french fries
  • soft drinks
  • soft serves
  • milkshakes
  • salads
  • desserts
  • pancake
  • coffee
  • breakfast
  • wraps
RevenueIncrease US$21.076 billion (2019)
Operating income
Increase US$9.070 billion (2019)
Net income
Increase US$6.025 billion (2019)
Total assetsDecrease US$32.811 billion (2018)
Total equityDecrease −US$6.258 billion (2018)
Number of employees
approx. 210,000 (2018 (1.9 million if franchised is included in 2015)[3])
Websitewww.mcdonalds.com
corporate.mcdonalds.com
Footnotes / references
[4][5]
Corporate logo on red background with the wordmark, used in the 1990s and early 2000s

McDonald's is an American fast food company, founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California, United States. They rechristened their business as a hamburger stand, and later turned the company into a franchise, with the Golden Arches logo being introduced in 1953 at a location in Phoenix, Arizona. In 1955, Ray Kroc, a businessman, joined the company as a franchise agent and proceeded to purchase the chain from the McDonald brothers. McDonald's had its previous headquarters in Oak Brook, Illinois, but moved its global headquarters to Chicago in June 2018.[6][7][8][9]

McDonald's is the world's largest restaurant chain by revenue,[10] serving over 69 million customers daily in over 100 countries[11] across 37,855 outlets as of 2018.[12][13] Although McDonald's is best known for its hamburgers, cheeseburgers and french fries, they feature chicken products, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes, wraps, and desserts. In response to changing consumer tastes and a negative backlash because of the unhealthiness of their food,[14] the company has added to its menu salads, fish, smoothies, and fruit. The McDonald's Corporation revenues come from the rent, royalties, and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. According to two reports published in 2018, McDonald's is the world's second-largest private employer with 1.7 million employees (behind Walmart with 2.3 million employees).[15][16] As of 2020, McDonald's has the ninth-highest global brand valuation.[17]

History

Main article: History of McDonald's
The oldest operating McDonald's restaurant is the third one built, opened in 1953. It is located at 10207 Lakewood Blvd. at Florence Ave. in Downey, California (at
 WikiMiniAtlas
33°56′50″N 118°07′06″W / 33.9471°N 118.1182°W / 33.9471; -118.1182).

Siblings Richard and Maurice McDonald opened the first McDonald's at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, California (at

 WikiMiniAtlas
34°07′32″N 117°17′41″W / 34.1255°N 117.2946°W / 34.1255; -117.2946), on May 15, 1940. The brothers introduced the "Speedee Service System" in 1948, putting into expanded use the principles of the modern fast-food restaurant that their predecessor White Castle had put into practice more than two decades earlier.[citation needed] The original mascot of McDonald's was a chef hat on top of a hamburger who was referred to as "Speedee".[18] In 1962, the Golden Arches replaced Speedee as the universal mascot. The mascot, clown Ronald McDonald, was introduced in 1965. He appeared in advertising to target their audience of children.[19]

Logo from 1940 until 1948
Logo from 1948 until 1953
Logo from 1953 until 1960

On May 4, 1961, McDonald's first filed for a U.S. trademark on the name "McDonald's" with the description "Drive-In Restaurant Services", which continues to be renewed. By September 13, McDonald's, under the guidance of Ray Kroc, filed for a trademark on a new logo—an overlapping, double-arched "M" symbol. But before the double arches, McDonald's used a single arch for the architecture of their buildings. Although the "Golden Arches" logo appeared in various forms, the present version was not used until November 18, 1968, when the company was favored a U.S. trademark.

The present corporation credits its founding to franchised businessman Ray Kroc on April 15, 1955. This was in fact the ninth opened McDonald's restaurant overall, although this location was destroyed and rebuilt in 1984. In 1961, Kroc purchased the McDonald brothers' equity in the company and began the company's worldwide reach.[20] Kroc was recorded as being an aggressive business partner, driving the McDonald brothers out of the industry.

Kroc and the McDonald brothers fought for control of the business, as documented in Kroc's autobiography. The San Bernardino restaurant was eventually torn down in 1971, and the site was sold to the Juan Pollo chain in 1998. This area serves as headquarters for the Juan Pollo chain, and a McDonald's and Route 66 museum.[21] With the expansion of McDonald's into many international markets, the company has become a symbol of globalization and the spread of the American way of life. Its prominence has made it a frequent topic of public debates about obesity, corporate ethics, and consumer responsibility.

Corporate overview

Facts and figures

Corporate logo used from 1960 until November 18, 1968
Corporate logo used from November 18, 1968, until 2003, 2010 to present
Corporate logo used from 1993 to 2010
By 1993, McDonald's had sold more than 100 billion hamburgers so two-digit signs were left at "99 billion".[22]
The McDonald's in Northport, Alabama commemorates U.S. President Ronald Reagan's visit

McDonald's restaurants are in 120 countries and territories and serve 68 million customers each day.[23][24] McDonald's operates 37,855 restaurants worldwide, employing more than 210,000 people as of the end of 2018.[12][13][23] There are a total of 2,770 company-owned locations and 35,085 franchised locations, which includes 21,685 locations franchised to conventional franchisees, 7,225 locations licensed to developmental licensees, and 6,175 locations licensed to foreign affiliates.[12][13]

Focusing on its core brand, McDonald's began divesting itself of other chains it had acquired during the 1990s. The company owned a majority stake in Chipotle Mexican Grill until October 2006, when McDonald's fully divested from Chipotle through a stock exchange.[25][26] Until December 2003, it owned Donatos Pizza, and it owned a small share of Aroma Café from 1999 to 2001. On August 27, 2007, McDonald's sold Boston Market to Sun Capital Partners.[27]

McDonald's has increased shareholder dividends for 25 consecutive years,[28] making it one of the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats.[29][30] The company is ranked 131st on the Fortune 500 of the largest United States corporations by revenue.[31] In October 2012, its monthly sales fell for the first time in nine years.[32] In 2014, its quarterly sales fell for the first time in seventeen years, when its sales dropped for the entirety of 1997.[33]

In the United States, it is reported that drive-throughs account for 70 percent of sales.[34][35] McDonald's closed down 184 restaurants in the United States in 2015, which was 59 more than what they planned to open.[36][37] This move was the first time McDonald's had a net decrease in the number of locations in the United States since 1970.[37]

The McDonald's on-demand delivery concept, which began in 2017 with a partnership with Uber Eats and added DoorDash in 2019 (with select locations adding Grubhub in 2021), accounts for up to 3% of all business as of 2019.[38]

The $100 billion in sales generated by McDonald's company-owned and franchise restaurants in 2019 accounts for almost 4% of the estimated $2.5 trillion global restaurant industry.[39]

Finance

For the fiscal year 2018, McDonald's reported earnings of US$5.9 billion, with an annual revenue of US$21.0 billion, a decrease of 7.9% over the previous fiscal cycle. McDonald's shares traded at over $145 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$134.5 billion in September 2018.

Year Revenue
in mil. USD$ 		Net income
in mil. USD$ 		Total assets
in mil. USD$ 		Price per share
in USD$ 		Locations[40] Employees Ref.
2005 19,117 2,602 29,989 31.88 [41]
2006 20,895 3,544 28,975 36.79 31,046 [41]
2007 22,787 2,395 29,392 50.98 31.377 [41]
2008 23,522 4,313 28,462 58.06 31,967 [42]
2009 22,745 4,551 30,225 57.44 32,478 [43]
2010 24,075 4,946 31,975 70.91 32,737 [44]
2011 27,006 5,503 32,990 83.97 33,510 [45]
2012 27,567 5,465 35,387 92.53 34,480 [46]
2013 28,106 5,586 36,626 97.26 35,429 440,000 [47]
2014 27,441 4,758 34,227 96.38 36,258 420,000 [48]
2015 25,413 4,529 37,939 100.28 36,525 420,000 [49]
2016 24,622 4,687 31,024 120.14 36,899 375,000 [50]
2017 22,820 5,192 33,804 148.76 37,241 235,000 [51]
2018 21,025 5,924 32,811 166.06 37,855 210,000 [52]
2019 21,077 6,025 47,511 38,695 205,000 [53]

Business model

Ray Kroc joined the chain in 1954 and built it into a global franchise, making it the most successful fast food corporation in the world.

The company owns all the land on which its restaurants are situated, which is valued at an estimated $16 to $18 billion.[citation needed] The company earns a significant portion of its revenue from rental payments from franchisees. These rent payments rose 26 percent between 2010 and 2015, accounting for one-fifth of the company's total revenue at the end of the period.[54] In recent times, there have been calls to spin off the company's U.S. holdings into a potential real estate investment trust, but the company announced at its investor conference on November 10, 2015, that this would not happen. CEO Steve Easterbrook discussed that pursuing the REIT option would pose too large a risk to the company's business model.[55]

The United Kingdom and Ireland business model is different from the U.S, in that fewer than 30 percent of restaurants are franchised, with the majority under the ownership of the company. McDonald's trains its franchisees and management at Hamburger University located at its Chicago headquarters.[56][57] In other countries, McDonald's restaurants are operated by joint ventures of McDonald's Corporation and other, local entities or governments.[58]

According to Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser (2001), nearly one in eight workers in the U.S. have at some time been employed by McDonald's. Employees are encouraged by McDonald's Corp. to maintain their health by singing along to their favorite songs in order to relieve stress, attending church services in order to have a lower blood pressure, and taking two vacations annually in order to reduce risk for myocardial infarction.[59] Fast Food Nation states that McDonald's is the largest private operator of playgrounds in the U.S., as well as the single largest purchaser of beef, pork, potatoes, and apples. The selection of meats McDonald's uses varies to some extent based on the culture of the host country.[60]

Headquarters

On June 13, 2016, McDonald's confirmed plans to move its global headquarters to Chicago's West Loop neighborhood in the Near West Side. The 608,000-square-foot structure opened on June 4, 2018, and was built on the former site of Harpo Productions (where The Oprah Winfrey Show and several other Harpo productions taped).[6][7]

The McDonald's former headquarters complex, McDonald's Plaza, is located in Oak Brook, Illinois. It sits on the site of the former headquarters and stabling area of Paul Butler, the founder of Oak Brook.[61] McDonald's moved into the Oak Brook facility from an office within the Chicago Loop in 1971.[62]

Board of directors

As of February 2021, the board of directors had the following members:[63]

  • Enrique Hernandez Jr., non-executive chairman; president and CEO of Inter-Con Security
  • Lloyd H. Dean, president and CEO of Dignity Health
  • Chris Kempczinski, president and CEO of McDonald's
  • Robert A. Eckert, operating partner of Friedman Fleischer & Lowe
  • Margo Georgiadis, CEO of Ancestry.com
  • , non-executive of Conagra Brands
  • John J. Mulligan, executive vice president and COO of Target Corporation
  • , non-executive chairman of Jones Lang LaSalle
  • John W. Rogers Jr., chairman and CEO of Ariel Investments
  • Miles D. White, chairman and CEO of Abbott Laboratories
  • Andrew J. McKenna, chairman emeritus. Also chairman emeritus of Schwarz Supply Source
  • Catherine M. Engelbert, commissioner of the Women's National Basketball Association
  • Paul S. Walsh, executive chairman of McLaren Group

On March 1, 2015, after being chief brand officer of McDonald's and its former head in the UK and northern Europe, Steve Easterbrook became CEO, succeeding Don Thompson, who stepped down on January 28, 2015.

On November 4, 2019, McDonald's announced that Steve Easterbrook would no longer be CEO due to a violation of company guidelines pertaining to relationships with employees. Easterbrook was succeeded as CEO by Chris Kempczinski.[64]

Global operations

See also: List of countries with McDonald's restaurants and International availability of McDonald's products
Countries with McDonald's restaurants, showing their first year with its first restaurant

McDonald's has become emblematic of globalization, sometimes referred to as the "McDonaldization" of society. The Economist newspaper uses the "Big Mac Index": the comparison of the cost of a Big Mac in various world currencies can be used to informally judge these currencies' purchasing power parity. Switzerland has the most expensive Big Mac in the world as of July 2015, while the country with the least expensive Big Mac is India[65][66] (albeit for a Maharaja Mac—the next cheapest Big Mac is Hong Kong).[67]

Thomas Friedman said that no country with a McDonald's had gone to war with another;[68][69] however, the "Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention" is incorrect. Exceptions are the 1989 United States invasion of Panama, the NATO's bombing of Serbia in 1999, the 2006 Lebanon War, and the 2008 South Ossetia war. McDonald's suspended operations in its corporate-owned stores in Crimea after Russia annexed the region in 2014.[70] On August 20, 2014, as tensions between the United States and Russia strained over events in Ukraine, and the resultant U.S. sanctions, the Russian government temporarily shut down four McDonald's outlets in Moscow, citing sanitary concerns. The company has operated in Russia since 1990 and at August 2014 had 438 stores across the country.[71] On August 23, 2014, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Arkady Dvorkovich ruled out any government move to ban McDonald's and dismissed the notion that the temporary closures had anything to do with the sanctions.[72]

Some observers have suggested that the company should be given credit for increasing the standard of service in markets that it enters. A group of anthropologists in a study entitled Golden Arches East[73] looked at the impact McDonald's had on East Asia and Hong Kong, in particular. When it opened in Hong Kong in 1975, McDonald's was the first restaurant to consistently offer clean restrooms, driving customers to demand the same of other restaurants and institutions. McDonald's has taken to partnering up with Sinopec, the second largest oil company in the People's Republic of China, as it takes advantage of the country's growing use of personal vehicles by opening numerous drive-thru restaurants.[74] McDonald's has opened a McDonald's restaurant and McCafé on the underground premises of the French fine arts museum, The Louvre.[75]

The company stated it would open vegetarian-only restaurants in India by mid-2013.[76]

On January 9, 2017, 80% of the franchise rights in the mainland China and in Hong Kong were sold for US$2.08 billion to a consortium of CITIC Limited (for 32%) and private equity funds managed by CITIC Capital (for 20%) and Carlyle (for 20%), which CITIC Limited and CITIC Capital would formed a joint venture to own the stake.[77]

  • McDonald's restaurants

  • Orlando, Florida, United States

  • Markham, Ontario, Canada

  • Pop-up restaurant at the Olympic Park in London, United Kingdom

  • São Paulo, Brazil

  • Lugano, Switzerland

  • Sargodha, Pakistan

  • Paris, France

  • Dubai, UAE

  • Kosher-McDonald's in Ashkelon, Israel

  • Busan, South Korea

  • Tokyo, Japan

  • Hong Kong

  • Sydney, Australia

  • Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Products

Main article: List of McDonald's products
French fries, a soft drink, McSpicy Chicken Fillet, and tomato ketchup packet.

McDonald's predominantly sells hamburgers, various types of chicken, chicken sandwiches, French fries, soft drinks, breakfast items, and desserts. In most markets, McDonald's offers salads and vegetarian items, wraps and other localized fare. On a seasonal basis, McDonald's offers the McRib sandwich. Some speculate the seasonality of the McRib adds to its appeal.[78]

Products are offered as either "dine-in" (where the customer opts to eat in the restaurant) or "take-out" (where the customer opts to take the food off the premises). "Dine-in" meals are provided on a plastic tray with a paper insert on the floor of the tray. "Take-out" meals are usually delivered with the contents enclosed in a distinctive McDonald's-branded brown paper bag. In both cases, the individual items are wrapped or boxed as appropriate.

Since Steve Easterbrook became CEO of the company, McDonald's has streamlined the menu which in the United States contained nearly 200 items. The company has looked to introduce healthier options, and removed high-fructose corn syrup from hamburger buns. The company has removed artificial preservatives from Chicken McNuggets,[79] replacing chicken skin, safflower oil and citric acid found in Chicken McNuggets with pea starch, rice starch and powdered lemon juice.[80]

In September 2018, McDonald's USA announced that they no longer use artificial preservatives, flavors and colors entirely from seven classic burgers sold in the U.S., including the hamburger, cheeseburger, double cheeseburger, McDouble, Quarter Pounder with Cheese, double Quarter Pounder with Cheese and the Big Mac.[81][82] Nevertheless, the pickles will still be made with an artificial preservative, although customers can choose to opt out of getting pickles with their burgers.[83][84]

In November 2020, McDonald's announced McPlant, a plant-based burger, along with plans to develop additional meat alternative menu items that extend to chicken substitutes and breakfast sandwiches.[85][86] This announcement came after the successful testing of Beyond Meat plant based meat substitutes.

International menu variations

See also: International availability of McDonald's products
McDonald's Happy Price Menu. Delhi. 2004.

McDonald's Menu are different in their countries. Restaurants in several countries, particularly in Asia, serve soup. This local deviation from the standard menu is a characteristic for which the chain is particularly known, and one which is employed either to abide by regional food taboos (such as the religious prohibition of beef consumption in India) or to make available foods with which the regional market is more familiar (such as the sale of McRice in Indonesia, or Ebi (prawn) Burger in Singapore and Japan).

In Germany and some other Western European countries, McDonald's sells beer. In New Zealand, McDonald's sells meat pies, after local affiliate McDonald's New Zealand partially relaunched the Georgie Pie fast food chain it bought out in 1996.[87] In Greece, the signature hamburger, Big Mac, is changed by adding Tzatziki sauce and packaging in a pita.[88]

In the United States and Canada, after limited trials on a regional basis, McDonald's began offering in 2015[89] and 2017,[90] respectively, a partial breakfast menu during all hours its restaurants are open.

Restaurants

Types of restaurants

Most standalone McDonald's restaurants offer both counter service and drive-through service, with indoor and sometimes outdoor seating.[91] Drive-Thru, Auto-Mac, Pay and Drive, or "McDrive" as it is known in many countries, often has separate stations for placing, paying for, and picking up orders, though the latter two steps are frequently combined;[91] it was first introduced in Sierra Vista, Arizona in 1975,[92] following the lead of other fast-food chains. The first such restaurant in Britain opened at Fallowfield, Manchester in 1986.[93]

In 1994, McDonald's attempted Hearth Express, a prototype specializing in homestyle takeout meals. Among the fare offered were meatloaf, fried chicken, and baked ham. This experiment started with a single location in Darien, Illinois, but closed in only one year.[94]

McDrive

In some countries, McDrive locations near highways offer no counter service or seating.[95] In contrast, locations in high-density city neighborhoods often omit drive-through service.[96] There are also a few locations, mostly in downtown districts, that offer a "Walk-Thru" service in place of Drive-Thru.[97]

McCafé

Main article: McCafé

McCafé is a café-style accompaniment to McDonald's restaurants. The concept was created by McDonald's Australia, starting with Melbourne in 1993.[98] As of 2016, most McDonald's in Australia have McCafés located within the existing McDonald's restaurant. In Tasmania, there are McCafés in every restaurant, with the rest of the states quickly following suit.[91] After upgrading to the new McCafé look and feel, some Australian restaurants have noticed up to a 60 percent increase in sales. At the end of 2003, there were over 600 McCafés worldwide.[citation needed]

"Create Your Taste" restaurants

From 2015 to 2016, McDonald's tried a new gourmet burger service and restaurant concept based on other gourmet restaurants such as Shake Shack and Grill'd. It was rolled out for the first time in Australia during the early months of 2015 and expanded to China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Arabia and New Zealand, with ongoing trials in the US market. In dedicated "Create Your Taste" (CYT) kiosks, customers could choose all ingredients including type of bun and meat along with optional extras. CYT food was served to the table on wooden boards, fries in wire baskets, and salads in china bowls with metal cutlery at a higher price. In November 2016, Create Your Taste was replaced by a "Signature Crafted Recipes" program designed to be more efficient and less expensive.[99]

Other

McDonald's at the Itis Mall in Itäkeskus, Helsinki, Finland

Some locations are connected to gas stations and convenience stores,[100] while others called McExpress have limited seating or menu or may be located in a shopping mall. Other McDonald's are located in Walmart stores. McStop is a location targeted at truckers and travelers which may have services found at truck stops.[101]

In Sweden, happy meal containers can be used as goggles,[102] with the game Slope Stars.[102] In the Netherlands, McDonald's has introduced McTrax that doubles as a recording studio; it reacts to touch.[102] They can create their own beats with a synth and tweak sounds with special effects.[102]

Special diet

A kosher Express McDonald's outlet in the Malha Mall in Jerusalem

The first kosher McDonald's was established in 1997 at the Abasto de Buenos Aires mall in Buenos Aires, Argentina. There are many kosher branches in Israel.[103][104]

Playgrounds

A McDonald's in Panorama City, Los Angeles, California with a Playplace designed to promote a family-friendly image

McDonald's playgrounds are called McDonald's PlayPlace. Some McDonald's in suburban areas and certain cities feature large indoor or outdoor playgrounds. The first PlayPlace with the familiar crawl-tube design with ball pits and slides was introduced in 1987 in the US, with many more being constructed soon after.[citation needed]

McDonald's Next

McDonald's Next use open-concept design and offer "Create Your Taste" digital ordering. The concept store also offers free mobile device charging and table service after 6:00 pm. The first store opened in Hong Kong in December 2015.[105]

2006 redesign

An American McDonald's in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, in June 2008; this is an example of the "new" look of American McDonald's restaurants

In 2006, McDonald's introduced its "Forever Young" brand by redesigning all of its restaurants, the first major redesign since the 1970s.[106][107] It resembles a coffe shop, with wooden tables, faux-leather chairs, and muted colors; the red was muted to terracotta, the yellow was shifted to golden for a more "sunny" look, and olive and sage green were added. The warmer look has less plastic and more brick and wood, with modern hanging lights for a softer glow. Many restaurants feature free Wi-Fi and flat-screen TVs. Other upgrades include double drive-thrus, flat roofs instead of the angled red roofs, and fiber glass instead of wood. Instead of the familiar golden arches, the restaurants feature "semi-swooshes" (half of a golden arch), similar to the Nike swoosh.[108]

Smoking ban

McDonald's began banning smoking in 1994 when it restricted customers from smoking within its 1,400 wholly owned restaurants.[109]

COVID-19 pandemic

A curbside pickup at a McDonald's drive-thru during the COVID-19 pandemic

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, McDonald's closed most seating and all play areas in its United States restaurants.[110] It transitioned to drive-thru and curbside orders at locations and online food ordering delivery services.[111] The re-opening of McDonald's restaurants for drive-thru in the United Kingdom generated significant queues of traffic throughout the country.[112][113][114][115][116] In July 2020, for the years's second quarter, McDonald's reported earnings of 66 cents per share. Compared to the same period of last year, it represented a fall of 68%.[117]

Treatment of employees

A kiosk for placing orders at the Denton House McDonald's in New Hyde Park, on Long Island, New York

Automation

Since the late 1990s, McDonald's has attempted to replace employees with electronic kiosks which would perform actions such as taking orders and accepting money. In 1999, McDonald's first tested "E-Clerks" in suburban Chicago, Illinois, and Wyoming, Michigan, with the devices being able to "save money on live staffers" and attracting larger purchase amounts than average employees.[118]

In 2013, the University of Oxford estimated that in the succeeding decades, there was a 92% probability of food preparation and serving to become automated in fast food establishments.[119] By 2016, McDonald's "Create Your Taste" electronic kiosks were seen in some restaurants internationally where customers could custom order meals. As employees pushed for higher wages in the late-2010s, some believed that fast food companies such as McDonald's would use the devices to cut costs for employing individuals.[120]

In September 2019, McDonald's purchased an AI-based start-up Apprente for replacing human servers with voice-based technology in its US drive-throughs.[121]

Wages

On August 5, 2013, The Guardian revealed that 90 percent of McDonald's UK workforce are on zero-hour contracts, making it possibly the largest such private sector employer in the country.[122] In April 2017, due to employee strikes, they gave all employees the option of fixed contracts instead.[123] A study released by Fast Food Forward conducted by Anzalone Liszt Grove Research showed that approximately 84 percent of all fast food employees working in New York City in April 2013 had been paid less than their legal wages by their employers.[124]

From 2007 to 2011, fast food workers in the U.S. drew an average of $7 billion of public assistance annually resulting from receiving low wages.[125] The McResource website advised employees to break their food into smaller pieces to feel fuller, seek refunds for unopened holiday purchases, sell possessions online for quick cash, and to "quit complaining" as "stress hormone levels rise by 15 percent after ten minutes of complaining."[126] In December 2013, McDonald's shut down the McResource website amidst negative publicity and criticism. McDonald's plans to continue an internal telephone help line through which its employees can obtain advice on work and life problems.[127]

Liberal think tank the Roosevelt Institute accuses some McDonald's restaurants of actually paying less than the minimum wage to entry positions due to "rampant" wage theft.[128] In South Korea, McDonald's pays part-time employees $5.50 an hour and is accused of paying less with arbitrary schedules adjustments and pay delays.[129] In late 2015, Anonymous-aggregated data collected by Glassdoor suggests that McDonald's in the United States pays entry-level employees between $7.25 an hour and $11 an hour, with an average of $8.69 an hour. Shift managers get paid an average of $10.34 an hour. Assistant managers get paid an average of $11.57 an hour.[130] McDonald's CEO, Steve Easterbrook, earns an annual salary of $1,100,000.[131] His total compensation for 2017 was $21,761,052.[132]

Strikes

See also: Fast food worker strikes
Fast food workers on strike outside of a McDonald's in St. Paul, Minnesota

McDonald's workers have on occasions decided to strike over pay, with most of the employees on strike seeking to be paid $15.00.[133] When interviewed about the strikes occurring, former McDonald's CEO Ed Rensi stated: "It's cheaper to buy a $35,000 robotic arm than it is to hire an employee who's inefficient making $15 an hour bagging french fries" with Rensi explaining that increasing employee wages could possibly take away from entry-level jobs.[134] However, according to Easterbrook, increasing wages and benefits for workers saw a 6% increase in customer satisfaction when comparing 2015's first quarter data to the first quarter of 2016, with greater returns seen as a result.[134]

In September 2017, two British McDonald's stores agreed to a strike over zero-hours contracts for staff. Picket lines were formed around the two stores in Crayford and Cambridge. The strike was supported by the Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn.[135][136]

Occupation

Workers at the McDonald's franchise at Saint-Barthélémy, Marseille, occupied the restaurant, in protest against its planned closure. Employing 77 people, the restaurant is the second-biggest private sector employer in Saint-Barthélémy, which has an unemployment rate of 30 percent.[137] Lawyers for Kamel Guemari, a shop steward at the franchise, claimed an attempt was made to kill him when a car drove at him in the restaurant car park.[138][139]

Working conditions

In March 2015, McDonald's workers in 19 U.S. cities filed 28 health and safety complaints with the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration which allege that low staffing, lack of protective gear, poor training and pressure to work fast has resulted in injuries. The complaints allege that, because of a lack of first aid supplies, workers were told by management to treat burn injuries with condiments such as mayonnaise and mustard.[140] The Fight for $15 labor organization aided the workers in filing the complaints.[141]

Animal welfare standards

In 2015, McDonald's pledged to stop using eggs from battery cage facilities by 2025. Since McDonald's purchases over 2 billion eggs per year or 4 percent of eggs produced in the United States, the switch is expected to have a major impact on the egg industry and is part of a general trend toward cage-free eggs driven by consumer concern over the harsh living conditions of hens.[142][143] The aviary systems from which the new eggs will be sourced are troubled by much higher mortality rates, as well as introducing environmental and worker safety problems.[144] The high hen mortality rate, which is more than double that of battery cage systems, will require new research to mitigate. The facilities have higher ammonia levels due to faeces being kicked up into the air. Producers raised concerns about the production cost, which is expected to increase by 36 percent.[145]

McDonald's continues to source pork from facilities that use gestation crates, and in 2012 pledged to phase them out.[146]

Marketing and advertising

Main article: McDonald's advertising

McDonald's has for decades maintained an extensive advertising campaign. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage, and also sponsors sporting events ranging from Little League to the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games.[147] Television has played a central role in the company's advertising strategy.[148] To date, McDonald's has used 23 different slogans in United States advertising, as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions.[149]

Children's advertising

Main articles: Ronald McDonald and McDonaldland

Celebrity endorsements

In 1992, basketball player Michael Jordan became the first celebrity to have a McDonald's value meal named after him. The "McJordan", a Quarter Pounder with pickles, raw onion slices, bacon and barbecue sauce, was available at Chicago franchises.[150]

In March 2014, a special "Sprite 6 Mix by LeBron James" flavor of Sprite featuring the flavors of lemon-lime, orange, and cherry, debuted just before the NBA playoffs.[151] James’ endorsement of Sprite has also included the seasonal "cranberry" and "winter-spiced cranberry" editions of the beverage. James’ deal with Coca Cola and Sprite ended in 2020, with a new partnership with Pepsi and Mountain Dew launching in 2021.[152]

In September 2020, McDonald's partnered with rapper Travis Scott to release the "Travis Scott Meal", a Quarter Pounder with cheese, bacon, lettuce, pickles, ketchup and mustard; medium fries with barbecue sauce; and a Sprite, nationwide. Scott designed new uniforms for McDonald's employees and released Cactus Jack merchandise using vintage visuals from the fast food chain's history.[153] The company followed up with the "J Balvin Meal", a Big Mac with no pickles; fries with ketchup; and a Oreo McFlurry, in a partnership with reggaeton singer J Balvin.[154] LeBron James has been a spokesman for McDonald's from 2003 to 2017[155] while co-endorsing Coca Cola-Sprite since early in his career.[156]

In 2021, McDonald's partnered with Korean boy group BTS to release the "BTS Meal" in 50 countries around the world, starting on May 26 in select countries. The meal consists of a 10-piece Chicken McNuggets, medium fries, medium Coke, and for the first time in the United States, two spicy dipping sauces: Sweet Chili and Cajun.[157]

Space exploration

McDonald's and NASA explored an advertising agreement for a planned mission to the asteroid 449 Hamburga; however, the spacecraft was eventually cancelled.[158]

Sponsorship in NASCAR

The McDonald's-sponsored car of Jamie McMurray in 2016

McDonald's entered the NASCAR Cup Series in 1977, sponsoring Richard Childress for one race. Between the years 1977 and 1986, McDonald's would only sponsor a handful of races in a season. In 1993, McDonald's became the full-time sponsor for the No. 27 Junior Johnson & Associates Ford, driven by Hut Stricklin.[159] In 1994, Stricklin was replaced in the car by Jimmy Spencer, who would go on to win twice that season. The following season McDonald's would move over to the No. 94 Bill Elliott Racing Ford, driven by team-owner Bill Elliott.[160] McDonald's stayed with Elliott until the 2001 season when they moved again, this time to the No. 96 PPI Motorsports Ford, driven by rookie Andy Houston. However, when the team failed to field a car for the entire season, McDonald's became absent from NASCAR until 2004, when it joined Evernham Motorsports as a part-time sponsor for drivers Elliott, Kasey Kahne, Elliott Sadler, A. J. Allmendinger, and Reed Sorenson until 2010.[159]

During the 2010 season, McDonald's would enter its longest partnership with a team at Chip Ganassi Racing, sponsoring the No. 1 Chevrolet driven by Jamie McMurray until his final race in the 2019 Daytona 500.[161][162] McDonald's moved to CGR's No. 42 of Kyle Larson, whom the company sponsored until his suspension in 2020,[163] and also had a one-race partnership with Richard Petty Motorsports' No. 43 Chevrolet driven by Bubba Wallace in 2019 and 2020.[164][165] McDonald's continued working with the No. 42 under new driver Ross Chastain in 2021 and also joined Wallace's new team 23XI Racing as a "founding partner".[166][167]

Sports awards and honors

See also: Category:McDonald's High School All-Americans

McDonald's is the title sponsor of the McDonald's All-American Game, all-star basketball games played each year for top ranked amateur American and Canadian boys' and girls' high school basketball graduates.

Charity

See also: Ronald McDonald House Charities

McHappy Day

A Ronald McDonald House collection box in Framingham, Massachusetts

McHappy Day is an annual event at McDonald's, during which a percentage of the day's sales go to charity. It is the signature fundraising event for Ronald McDonald House Charities.[168]

In 2007, it was celebrated in 17 countries: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, England, Finland, France, Guatemala, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United States, and Uruguay.

According to the Australian McHappy Day website, McHappy Day raised $20.4 million in 2009. The goal for 2010 was $20.8 million.[169]

McDonald's Monopoly donation

In 1995, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital received an anonymous letter postmarked in Dallas, Texas, containing a $1 million winning McDonald's Monopoly game piece. McDonald's officials came to the hospital, accompanied by a representative from the accounting firm Arthur Andersen, who examined the card under a jeweler's eyepiece, handled it with plastic gloves, and verified it as a winner.[170] Although game rules prohibited the transfer of prizes, McDonald's waived the rule and made the annual $50,000 annuity payments for the full 20-year period through 2014, even after learning that the piece was sent by an individual involved in an embezzlement scheme intended to defraud McDonald's.

McRefugee

See also: McRefugee

McRefugees are poor people in Hong Kong, Japan, and China who use McDonald's 24-hour restaurants as a temporary hostel.[171]

Criticism

A PETA activist dressed as a chicken confronts the manager of the Times Square McDonald's over the company's animal welfare standards.

In the late 1980s, Phil Sokolof, a millionaire businessman who had suffered a heart attack at the age of 43, took out full-page newspaper ads in New York, Chicago, and other large cities accusing McDonald's menu of being a threat to American health, and asking them to stop using beef tallow to cook their french fries.[172]

In 1990, activists from a small group known as London Greenpeace (no connection to the international group Greenpeace) distributed leaflets entitled What's wrong with McDonald's?, criticizing its environmental, health, and labor record. The corporation wrote to the group demanding they desist and apologize, and, when two of the activists refused to back down, sued them for libel leading to the "McLibel case", one of the longest cases in English civil law. A documentary film of the McLibel Trial has been shown in several countries.[173]

In 2001, Eric Schlosser's book Fast Food Nation included criticism of the business practices of McDonald's. Among the critiques were allegations that McDonald's (along with other companies within the fast food industry) uses its political influence to increase its profits at the expense of people's health and the social conditions of its workers. The book also brought into question McDonald's advertisement techniques in which it targets children. While the book did mention other fast-food chains, it focused primarily on McDonald's.[174]

In 2002, vegetarian groups, largely Hindu and Buddhist, successfully sued McDonald's for misrepresenting its French fries as vegetarian, when they contained beef broth.[175] In the same year, Spanish band Ska-P released a song titled "McDollar" in their album ¡¡Que Corra La Voz‼ criticizing McDonald's.

Though the company objected, the term "McJob" was added to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary in 2003.[176] The term was defined as "a low-paying job that requires little skill and provides little opportunity for advancement".[177] Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary also contains the word "McMansion", a critical, pejorative term used to describe an overly large, ostentatious, sometimes poorly designed or constructed house, often found in a suburb or in new developments on traditionally rural land. McMansions are often built in multiples that are difficult to distinguish from one another, like assembly-line factory parts or fast-food hamburgers.[178][179]

Morgan Spurlock's 2004 documentary film Super Size Me claimed that McDonald's food was contributing to the increase of obesity in society and that the company was failing to provide nutritional information about its food for its customers. Six weeks after the film premiered, McDonald's announced that it was eliminating the super size option, and was creating the adult Happy Meal. There was a documentary called Fat Head, which pointed out inconsistencies in Super Size Me.[citation needed]

Screenshot from McDonald's Video Game

In 2006, an unsanctioned McDonald's Video Game by Italian group Molleindustria was released online. It is parody of the business practices of the corporate giant, taking the guise of a tycoon style business simulation game. In the game, the player plays the role of a McDonald's CEO, choosing whether or not to use controversial practices like genetically altered cow feed, plowing over rainforests, and corrupting public officials. McDonald's issued a statement distancing itself from the game.[180]

In January 2014, McDonald's was accused of having used a series of tax maneuvers to avoid taxes in France. French authorities have billed McDonald's France in 2016 for 300 million euros for unpaid taxes on profit.[181]

In April 2020, McDonald's apologized after footage showing a notice that was being displayed inside one of its restaurants in China saying that "black people are not allowed to enter."[182]

In October 2020, the Azerbaijan branch of McDonald's was criticized for Facebook and Instagram posts endorsing Azerbaijan's military actions against Armenia in Nagorno-Karabakh.[183] While McDonald's restaurants exist in Armenia, as of January 2020, none of them were franchises of the global chain.[184][185]

Company responses to criticism

Discreet shopfront in historic Stratford-upon-Avon

In response to public pressure, McDonald's has sought to include more healthy choices in its menu and has introduced a new slogan to its recruitment posters: "Not bad for a McJob".[186] The word McJob, first attested in the mid-1980s[176] and later popularized by Canadian novelist Douglas Coupland in his book Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture, has become a buzzword for low-paid, unskilled work with few prospects or benefits and little security. McDonald's disputes this definition of McJob. In 2007, the company launched an advertising campaign with the slogan "Would you like a career with that?" on Irish television, asserting that its jobs have good prospects.

In an effort to respond to growing consumer awareness of food provenance, the fast-food chain changed its supplier of both coffee beans and milk. UK chief executive Steve Easterbrook said: "British consumers are increasingly interested in the quality, sourcing, and ethics of the food and drink they buy".[187] In a bid to tap into the ethical consumer market,[188] McDonald's switched to using coffee beans taken from stocks that are certified by the Rainforest Alliance, a conservation group. Additionally, in response to pressure, McDonald's UK started using organic milk supplies for its bottled milk and hot drinks, although it still uses conventional milk in its milkshakes, and in all of its dairy products in the United States.[189] According to a report published by Farmers Weekly in 2007, the quantity of milk used by McDonald's could have accounted for as much as 5 percent of the UK's organic milk output.[190]

McDonald's announced in May 2008 that, in the United States and Canada, it has switched to using cooking oil that contains no trans fats for its french fries, and canola-based oil with corn and soy oils, for its baked items, pies and cookies, by end of 2018.[191]

With regard to acquiring chickens from suppliers who use CAK/CAS methods of slaughter, McDonald's says that it needs to see more research "to help determine whether any CAS system in current use is optimal from an animal welfare perspective."[192]

Environmental record

Since McDonald's began receiving criticism for its environmental practices in the 1970s, it has significantly reduced its use of materials.[193] For instance, an "average meal" in the 1970s—a Big Mac, fries, and a drink—required 46 grams (1.6 oz) of packaging; today, it requires 25 grams (0.88 oz), a 46 percent reduction.[194] In addition, McDonald's eliminated the need for intermediate containers for cola by using a delivery system that pumps syrup directly from the delivery truck into storage containers, saving two million pounds (910 tonnes) of packaging annually.[195] Weight reductions in packaging and products, as well as increased usage of bulk packaging, ultimately decreased packaging by twenty-four million pounds (11,000 tonnes) annually.[196] McDonald's efforts to reduce solid waste by using less packaging and by promoting the use of recycled materials were recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.[197]

In 1990, McDonald's worked with the Environmental Defense Fund to stop using "clam shell"-shaped styrofoam food containers to store its food products.[198]

In April 2008, McDonald's announced that 11 of its restaurants in Sheffield, England, were engaged in a biomass trial program that cut its waste and carbon footprint by half in the area. In this trial, waste from the restaurants was collected by Veolia Environmental Services and used to produce energy at a power plant. McDonald's announced plans to expand this project, although the lack of biomass power plants in the United States would prevent adoption of this plan as a national standard there anytime soon.[199] In addition, in Europe, McDonald's has been recycling vegetable grease by converting it to fuel for its diesel trucks.[200]

In an effort to reduce energy usage by 25 percent in its restaurants, McDonald's opened a prototype restaurant in Chicago in 2009, intending to use the model in its other restaurants throughout the world. Building on past efforts, specifically a restaurant it opened in Sweden in 2000 that was the first to incorporate green ideas, McDonald's designed the Chicago site to save energy by managing storm water, using skylights for more natural lighting, and installing partitions and tabletops made from recycled goods, among other measures.[201]

In 2012, McDonald's announced they would trial replacing styrofoam coffee cups with an alternative material.[202]

In 2018, McDonalds switched from plastic straws to paper ones in Ireland and the United Kingdom[203] and Australia[204] in an effort to reduce plastic pollution. Followed by the Netherlands in 2020,[205] and Germany in 2021.[206] Disabled activists criticized that the shift away from plastic straws is ableist, as certain disabilities result in the loss of gross or fine motor control, thus would prevent a customer from safely lifting, balancing or drinking from a cup.[207]

In January 2021, McDonald's Arcos Dorados, the largest independent McDonald's franchise in the world which operates stores in Latin America and the Caribbean, introduced food trays manufactured by UBQ Materials that use a mix of food waste by-products to reduce the use of virgin plastic.[208]

McDonald's uses a corn-based bioplastic to produce containers for some products. The environmental benefits of this technology are controversial, with critics noting that biodegradation is slow and produces greenhouse gases, and that contamination of traditional plastic waste streams with bioplastics can complicate recycling efforts.[209]

Studies of litter have found that McDonald's is one of the most littered brands worldwide. In 2012, a study found that McDonald's was the most littered brand in Queensland.[210][211] In 2009, Keep Britain Tidy likewise found McDonald's to be the leading producer of fast-food litter on British streets, accounting for 29% of the total.[212] An early protest against this practice was "Operation Send-It-Back", launched by London Greenpeace in 1994 in response to the company's targeting of activists in the McLibel Trial.[213] Participants in Operation Send-It-Back returned 30 sacks of McDonald's litter to the company.[213] In the 2010s, similar individual protests took place in New Zealand[214] and England.[215]

Legal cases

Main article: McDonald's legal cases

McDonald's has been involved in a number of lawsuits and other legal cases, most of which involved trademark disputes. The company has threatened many food businesses with legal action unless it drops the Mc or Mac from trading names.

European Union

In April 2017, Irish fast-food chain Supermac's submitted a request to the European Union Property Office to cancel McDonald's owned trademarks within the European Union, claiming that McDonald's engaged in "trademark bullying; registering brand names... which are simply stored away in a war chest to use against future competitors", after the trademarks had prevented Supermac's from expanding out of Ireland. The EUIPO ruled in Supermac's favour, finding that McDonald's "has not proven genuine use" of many trademarks, cancelling McDonald's owned trademarks such as "Big Mac" and certain "Mc"-related trademarks within the European Union.[216][217][218]

Burger King responded by trolling McDonald's by giving their sandwiches names like "Like a Big Mac But Juicier", "Like a Big Mac, But Actually Big" and "Big Mac-ish But Flame-Grilled of Course".[219]

Malaysia

On September 8, 2009, McDonald's Malaysian operations lost a lawsuit to prevent another restaurant calling itself McCurry. McDonald's lost in an appeal to Malaysia's highest court, the Federal Court.[220] On December 29, 2016, McDonald's Malaysia issued a statement that said only certified halal cakes are allowed inside its restaurants nationwide.[221]

Australia

In April 2007, in Perth, Western Australia, McDonald's pleaded guilty to five charges relating to the employment of children under 15 in one of its outlets and was fined A$8,000.[222]

United Kingdom

The longest-running legal action of all time in the UK was the McLibel case against two defendants who criticized a number of aspects of the company. The trial lasted 10 years and called 130 witnesses. The European Court of Human Rights deemed that the unequal resources of the litigants breached the defendants rights to freedom of speech and biased the trial. The result was widely seen as a "PR disaster" for McDonald's.[223]

United States

The 1994 court case Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants examined a McDonald's practice of serving coffee so hot that when spilled, it caused third degree burns requiring weeks of hospitalization and skin grafting surgery.[224][225] The trial outcome was an award of $2.86 million (equivalent to $4.56 million in 2019)[226] for the plaintiff, 81-year old Stella Liebeck.[224][225] The amount was later reduced to $640,000 (equivalent to $1 million in 2019). In 2019, a McDonald's employee, Jenna Ries, sued the restaurant chain over allowing sexual harassment in the work place and described the working environment as "toxic".[227]

See also

References

  1. ^ Bomkamp, Samantha (June 13, 2016). "Mcdonald's HQ Move Is Boldest Step Yet in Effort to Transform Itself". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  2. ^ "Enrique Hernandez, Jr". McDonalds.com.
  3. ^ Cain, Áine. "McDonald's drive-thrus are 'not suitable for horses' — and 11 other insider facts about McDonald's that employees know and most customers don't". Business Insider.
  4. ^ "MCDONALDS CORP, 10-K". February 22, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  5. ^ "McDonald's Corporation 2017 Annual Report Form (10-K)" (PDF). United States Securities and Exchange Commission. February 23, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b "McDonald's future Near West Side neighbors air parking, traffic safety beefs". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b Hufford, Austen (June 14, 2016). "McDonald's to Move Headquarters to Downtown Chicago". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
  8. ^ "McDonald's Headquarters Opening in West Loop, Offers Food From Around The World". April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018 – via CBS Chicago.
  9. ^ "McDonald's Opens New Global Headquarters in Chicago's West Loop". July 4, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  10. ^ null. "McDonald's Is King Of Restaurants In 2017 – pg.1". Forbes. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
  11. ^ "McDonald's: 60 years, billions served". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b c http://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0000063908/d72ec326-1c7b-4773-9130-0b32322d435d.html
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Data" (PDF). d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net.
  14. ^ Robbins, John (October 8, 2010). "How Bad Is McDonald's Food?". HuffPost.
  15. ^ "The world's 30 largest employers will surprise you". www.msn.com. June 29, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  16. ^ "The World's Largest Employers". WorldAtlas. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  17. ^ Magazine, BrandZ (July 1, 2020). "BrandZ Global Top 100 Most Valuable Brands". BrandZ.
  18. ^ Dotz, Warren; Morton, Jim (1996). What a Character! 20th Century American Advertising Icons. Chronicle Books. pp. 27–28. ISBN 0-8118-0936-6.
  19. ^ "The McDonalds and Their Restaurant". referenceforbusiness.com. Retrieved January 16, 2017. In 1962, McDonald's golden arches replaced Speedee as the restaurant's main symbol, and ads told customers to "Look for the golden arches." ... Kroc believed in advertising heavily and in targeting children. In 1965, the company introduced a new mascot, a red-haired clown named Ronald McDonald, who became a frequent and friendly face in television commercials.
  20. ^ "Ray Kroc". Entrepreneur. October 9, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  21. ^ "McDonalds Museum". Juan Pollo. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
  22. ^ Luna, Nelson (September 8, 2019). "Goodbye, golden arches: Columbia to redevelop McDonald's property as part of Manhattanville expansion". Columbia Daily Spectator. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b McDonald's – The Leading Global Food Service Retailer :: AboutMcDonalds.com. Retrieved May 8, 2008
  24. ^ "McDonald's Momentum Delivers Another Year of Strong Results for 2011". Yahoo Finance. January 24, 2012. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
  25. ^ Brand, Rachel (December 23, 2006). "Chipotle founder had big dreams". Rocky Mountain News. Archived from the original on July 8, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
  26. ^ "McDonald's sets October deadline to sell Chipotle stock". Denver Business Journal. July 25, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
  27. ^ "McDonald's Wraps Up Boston Market Sale". Dow Jones & Company, Inc. News Services. August 27, 2007. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 28, 2007.
  28. ^ Baertlein, Lisa (September 24, 2009). "McDonald's raises cash dividend by 10%". Reuters. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  29. ^ "Definition of S&P 500 Aristocrat at Investopedia". Investopedia.com. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  30. ^ "List of 2009 Dividend Aristocrats via Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 10/1/2009". Seekingalpha.com. December 23, 2008. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  31. ^ "McDonald's". Fortune. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
  32. ^ Tiffany Hsu (November 9, 2012). "McDonald's monthly sales fall for first time in nine years". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  33. ^ Wong, Venessa (January 7, 2015). "McDonald's New Turnaround Plan Is So 1990s". www.bloomberg.com.
  34. ^ Baertlein, Lisa (March 14, 2017). "McDonald's, late to mobile ordering, seeks to avoid pitfalls". Reuters. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
  35. ^ Patton, Leslie (November 23, 2015). "McDonald's Knows You're Sick of Screw-Ups at Drive-Thru Windows". Bloomberg. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
  36. ^ Ferdman, Roberto A. (August 13, 2015). "This is a terrible sign for McDonald's". The Washington Post.
  37. ^ Jump up to: a b "McDonald's to Cut U.S. Stores for First Time in Decades". The New York Times. Associated Press. June 18, 2015.
  38. ^ Lucas, Amelia (July 16, 2019). "McDonald's adds DoorDash as new delivery partner, ending exclusivity with UberEats". CNBC.
  39. ^ Hottovy, RJ (August 11, 2020). "Value, Access, and Franchisee Health Position McDonald's for Postpandemic Growth". Morningstar.com. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  40. ^ "McDonald's: Entwicklung der Anzahl der Restaurants bis 2017 | Statistik". Statista (in German). Retrieved November 18, 2018.
  41. ^ Jump up to: a b c "2007 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  42. ^ "2008 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  43. ^ "2009 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  44. ^ "2010 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  45. ^ "2011 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  46. ^ "2012 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  47. ^ "2013 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  48. ^ "2014 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  49. ^ "2015 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  50. ^ "2016 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  51. ^ "2017 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  52. ^ "2018 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  53. ^ "2019 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  54. ^ Lublin, Joann S.; Jargon, Julie (October 15, 2015). "McDonald's Nears Decision on Real Estate". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  55. ^ Jargon, Julie. "McDonald's Won't Spin Off Real Estate Holdings". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  56. ^ "Hamburger University Campus". mcdonalds.com. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  57. ^ "Our Facility". corporate.mcdonalds.com. Archived from the original on September 2, 2016.
  58. ^ "McDonald's Business Model and Strategy :: McDonald's". corporate.mcdonalds.com. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  59. ^ Eidelson, Josh (November 19, 2013). "McDonald's tells workers to "sing away stress," "chew away cares" and go to church". Salon. Retrieved August 21, 2014. These and other tips appear on a "McResource Line" website created by the McDonald's Corp. to advise workers on stress, health and personal finances. Among the tips that appear on the site: "Chewing gum can reduce cortisol levels by 16%"; "At least two vacations a year can cut heart attack risk by 50%"; "Singing along to your favorite songs can lower your blood pressure"; and "People who attend more church services tend to have lower blood pressure."
  60. ^ Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation.
  61. ^ Steele, Jeffrey. Oak Brook history in caring hands society president is part of village's changing heritage". Chicago Tribune. July 29, 1998. Page 88. Retrieved September 17, 2009.
  62. ^ Cross, Robert. Inside Hamburger Central". Chicago Tribune. January 9, 1972. G18. Retrieved September 17, 2009.
  63. ^ "Board of Directors". McDonald's. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  64. ^ Grothaus, Michael (November 4, 2019). "Who is Chris Kempczinski, McDonald's new CEO? 5 things you need to know". Fast Company. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  65. ^ "India's 50 most trusted brands". Rediff.com. January 20, 2011.
  66. ^ "The Big Mac index". The Economist. October 7, 2015.
  67. ^ "The Big Mac index – Currency comparisons, to go". The Economist. July 28, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
  68. ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (December 8, 1996). "Foreign Affairs Big Mac I". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  69. ^ "The Lexus and the Olive Tree". Thomaslfriedman.com. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
  70. ^ "McDonald's quits Crimea due to fears of trade clash". INA Daily News. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
  71. ^ "Russia Shuts 4 McDonald's Restaurants Amid Ukraine Tensions". Moscow News.Net. August 20, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  72. ^ "Russian Deputy PM says McDonalds is not being targeted in response to sanctions". Russia Herald. August 23, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
  73. ^ Stanford University Press, 1998, edited by James L. Watson
  74. ^ "McDonald's deal with oil company marries China's new love of fast food, cars". Archived from the original on March 25, 2007.
  75. ^ Samuel, Henry (October 4, 2009). "McDonald's restaurants to open at the Louvre". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  76. ^ Gasparro, Annie; Jargon, Julie (September 5, 2012). "McDonald's to Go Vegetarian in India". The Wall Street Journal. p. B7.
  77. ^ "Voluntary Announcement: Acquisition of a Controlling Interest in Mcdonald's Mainland China and Hong Kong Businesses" (PDF). CITIC Limited. Hong Kong Stock Exchange. January 9, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
  78. ^ "Fanatics Preach Fast Food Evangelism". Fox News Channel. July 23, 2011. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
  79. ^ "McDonald's is going for healthier fare and greater digitisation". The Economist. January 28, 2017. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
  80. ^ "McDonald's to remove corn syrup from buns, curbs antibiotics in chicken". Reuters. August 1, 2016.
  81. ^ "McDonald's says classic burgers no longer have artificial ingredients". Free Malaysia Today. September 28, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  82. ^ "McDonald's Removing Artificial Preservatives From 7 Classic Burgers". Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  83. ^ "McDonald's says classic burgers no longer have artificial ingredients". AFP.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  84. ^ "McDonald's makes move to ditch artificial preservatives, colours and flavours". NewsComAu. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  85. ^ Garcia, Tonya. "McDonald's to launch its own plant-based burger, the McPlant, after Beyond Meat test". MarketWatch. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  86. ^ Sozzi, Brian (November 9, 2020). "McDonald's unveils its own meatless burger McPlant, a year after Beyond Meat test". www.yahoo.com. Yahoo Finance. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  87. ^ "McDonald's takes Georgie Pie nationwide". Stuff.co.nz. October 1, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  88. ^ Khan, Mahmood; Khan, Maryam (2013). "I'm Lovin' It"—Around the World: A Case Study of McDonald's "Glocalization". 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London, EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: International CHRIE. doi:10.4135/9781529710199. ISBN 978-1-5297-1019-9.CS1 maint: location (link)
  89. ^ "The Time is Now: McDonald's Serving All Day Breakfast Nationwide". McDonald's. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
  90. ^ "McDonald's all-day breakfast launches across Canada". Global News. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
  91. ^ Jump up to: a b c Mohapatra, Sanjay (2012). Information Strategy Design and Practices. Google Books: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-4614-2427-7.
  92. ^ Craven, Scott (August 29, 2016). "AZ Central — You won't believe where McDonald's opened its first drive-thru" (News Article).
  93. ^ "McDonald's Restaurants". Caterersearch.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
  94. ^ "HEARTH EXPRESS CLOSED". Supermarket News. July 31, 1995.
  95. ^ "McDrive: il fast food comodo, facile e veloce". McDonald's Italia (in Italian). Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  96. ^ "McDonald's vs Newk's Franchise Cost Comparison and Analysis". thefranchisemall.com. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  97. ^ Duca, Lauren (April 10, 2016). "This McDonald's has a "Walk-Thru"". Teen Vogue. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  98. ^ "McDonald's Australia". mcdonalds.com.au. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  99. ^ Kieler, Ashlee (November 3, 2016). "McDonald's Ends 'Create Your Taste' Customized Burger Program". Consumerist. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
  100. ^ "McDonald's and BP test combined operations. (McDonald's Restaurants; BP Oil Co.)". Archived from the original on January 18, 2012.
  101. ^ "McDonald's serves up 'MCSTOP' – Its restaurant for big crowds". August 16, 1984. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012.
  102. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Restaurants going high tech". Yahoo Tech. June 14, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  103. ^ "El único Mc Donald's kosher del mundo fuera de Israel es certificado por Ajdut Kosher" Archived June 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (Spanish and English). Last consulted: May 22, 2011
  104. ^ "Buenos Aires Restaurants – Kosher McDonald's". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
  105. ^ "Big Mac with a side of quinoa? Inside the world's first McDonald's Next". CNN. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
  106. ^ "McDonald's wants a digital-age makeover". Archived from the original on September 23, 2006.
  107. ^ "Mickey D's McMakeover". Archived from the original on May 24, 2006.
  108. ^ Bruce Horovitz (May 9, 2011). "McDonald's revamps store to look more upscale". USA Today. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
  109. ^ "McDonald's Bans Smoking at All the Sites It Owns". The New York Times. February 24, 1994.
  110. ^ Business, Rob McLean, CNN. "McDonald's closes seating at corporate-owned restaurants amid coronavirus outbreak". CNN.
  111. ^ Saxena, Jaya (March 17, 2020). "Corporate-Owned McDonald's Will Only Offer Drive-Thru, Takeout, and Delivery Amid Coronavirus Pandemic". Eater. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  112. ^ Hennessy, Peter (June 3, 2020). "Police rush to McDonald's as motorists cause problems on reopening day". lincolnshirelive.
  113. ^ Corcoran, Sophie (June 3, 2020). "Humberside Police called as McDonald's customers abuse staff". hulldailymail.
  114. ^ Fitzpatrick, Tara (June 2, 2020). "Scots cops called to McDonald's branches as customers queue for hours in chaos". dailyrecord.
  115. ^ Taylor, Michael (June 3, 2020). "Police warn McDonald's queues could 'lead to accidents'". somersetlive.
  116. ^ Harrison, Claire (June 4, 2020). "Police warning to drivers after dangerous queues at McDonald's". coventrytelegraph.
  117. ^ Haddon, Heather (July 28, 2020). "Coronavirus Pandemic Squeezes McDonald's Profit". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  118. ^ Gibson, Richard (August 12, 1999). "Want Fries With That? Ask McDonald's New E-Clerks". The Wall Street Journal.
  119. ^ O'Toole, James (May 22, 2014). "Robots will replace fast-food workers". CNN. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  120. ^ Johnson, Hollis (May 16, 2016). "Fast food workers are becoming obsolete". Business Insider. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  121. ^ "McDonald's uses AI for ordering at drive-throughs". BBC News. September 11, 2019.
  122. ^ Neville, Simon (August 25, 2008). "McDonald's ties nine out of 10 workers to zero-hours contracts". The Guardian. London. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  123. ^ "FAQS | McDonald's UK". www.mcdonalds.com. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  124. ^ Anzalone Liszt Grove Research and Fast Food Foreward. New York's Hidden Crime Wave: Wage Theft and New York City's Fast Food Workers
  125. ^ Maclay, Kathleen. "Fast Food, Poverty Wages: The Public Cost of Low-wage jobs in the Fast Food Industry". University of California Labor Center October 15, 2013.
  126. ^ Susanna Kim (November 21, 2013). McDonald's Defends Telling Workers to 'Quit Complaining' to Reduce Stress. ABC News. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
  127. ^ "McDonald's Closes Employee Website Amid Criticism". DailyDigest. Associated Press. December 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
  128. ^ Goldberg, Harmony, "How McDonald's gets away with rampant wage theft", Salon, April 6, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  129. ^ Tae-hoon, Lee (August 16, 2015). "McDonald's lures customers with illegal ads on Independence Day". The Korea Observer. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
  130. ^ "McDonald's Hourly Pay". Glassdoor. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
  131. ^ Beckerman, Josh. "McDonald's New CEO Gets 69% Pay Raise", Wall Street Journal, March 3, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  132. ^ Sherman, Erik (July 12, 2018). "How Many Workers Must Live In Poverty For McDonald's CEO To Make $21.8 Million?". Forbes. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  133. ^ Bruce Horovitz and Yamiche Alcindor (April 15, 2015). Fast-food strikes widen into social-justice movement. USA Today. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  134. ^ Jump up to: a b Taylor, Kate (May 25, 2016). "McDonald's ex-CEO just revealed a terrifying reality for fast-food workers". Business Insider. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  135. ^ "McDonald's faces strike for first time in UK as workers take action over pay and zero-hour contracts". The Independent. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  136. ^ "McDonald's workers to go on strike in Britain for first time". The Guardian. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  137. ^ Chazan, David (September 1, 2019). "Marseille fights to stop McDonald's from closing in rare French support for American fast-food giant". The Telegraph. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  138. ^ "Lawyers claim attempted murder of McDonald's trade unionist in France". Morning Star. August 31, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  139. ^ "Marseille: Kamel Guemari porte plainte pour tentative de meurtre". La Marsaillaise (in French). August 31, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  140. ^ "Fast-food chains tell workers to treat burns with mustard, ketchup, and mayo". Mother Jones. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
  141. ^ Jana Kasperkevic (March 16, 2015). McDonald's workers told to treat burns with condiments, survey shows. The Guardian. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  142. ^ Owen, Tess (September 10, 2015). "McDonald's Is Switching to Cage-Free Eggs at a Delicate Moment for the Poultry Industry". VICE News. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
  143. ^ "The Insanely Complicated Logistics of Cage-Free Eggs for All". Wired. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
  144. ^ Gelles, David (July 16, 2016). "Eggs That Clear the Cages, but Maybe Not the Conscience". The New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
  145. ^ Kesmodel, David (March 18, 2015). "Cage-Free Hens Study Finds Little Difference in Egg Quality". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
  146. ^ Strom, Stephanie (February 13, 2012). "McDonald's Set to Phase Out Suppliers' Use of Sow Crates". The New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
  147. ^ "McDonald's renews as FIFA World Cup Sponsor until 2014". FIFA. Retrieved October 24, 2014
  148. ^ Smith, Andrew F. (2012). Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 175.
  149. ^ "McDonald's slogans used around the world, past and present". Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
  150. ^ "Remembering Michael Jordan's Landmark McDonald's Deal". Sports. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  151. ^ "Sprite and LeBron James Create Limited-Edition Flavor | Press Release". www.coca-colacompany.com.
  152. ^ "LeBron James leaving Coke after almost 18 years to sign endorsement deal with Pepsi, per reports". CBS Sports.
  153. ^ Ju, Shirley (September 9, 2020). "Travis Scott McDonald's Deal Marks First Celebrity Meal Since Michael Jordan in 1992". Variety. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  154. ^ Saxena, Jaya (October 6, 2020). "McDonald's Partners With J Balvin Following the Huge Success of the Travis Scott Meal". Eater. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  155. ^ "LeBron set to sign deal with Pepsi, sources say". ESPN.com. January 16, 2021.
  156. ^ "LeBron James signs deal with Sprite". Cleveland19.
  157. ^ Shanfeld, Ethan (April 20, 2021). "BTS Meal Coming to McDonald's in May". Variety. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
  158. ^ "Mars rover Curiosity's other mission: publicity machine". Statesman.com. December 5, 2012. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  159. ^ Jump up to: a b "Daytona 500 champ gets McDonald's sponsorship". Fox News. February 25, 2010. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  160. ^ "Bill Elliott, McDonald's to reunite". Motorsport.com. Motorsport Network. August 25, 2004. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  161. ^ "Spire Motorsports partners with CGR to field Daytona 500 car for Jamie McMurray". Spire Motorsports. NASCAR. January 18, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  162. ^ "McDonald's set to race with Kyle Larson, No. 42 team in 2019". Chip Ganassi Racing. NASCAR. January 18, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  163. ^ Long, Dustin (April 13, 2020). "McDonald's, Credit One Bank, Clover terminate sponsorship of Kyle Larson". NBC Sports. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  164. ^ "McDonald's to Sponsor Wallace". Richard Petty Motorsports (Press release). Motor Racing Network. February 21, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  165. ^ "Wallace opts out of the No. 43 at season's end". Fulton Sun. AP. September 12, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  166. ^ Pockrass, Bob [@bobpockrass] (December 14, 2020). "Chip Ganassi Racing will also have sponsorship from McDonalds in 2021. McDonalds is one of the five sponsors announced today by 23XI Racing" (Tweet). Retrieved December 16, 2020 – via Twitter.
  167. ^ Estrada, Chris (December 14, 2020). "23XI Racing reveals 'founding partners' for 2021 season". NBC Sports. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  168. ^ McHappy Day, Ronald McDonald House Charities. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
  169. ^ McHappy Day Archived April 25, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  170. ^ "Donor Turns Fast Food Into Big Bucks For Hospital". The New York Times. December 8, 1995. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  171. ^ "The night time 'McRefugees' of Hong Kong". BBC News. October 27, 2015. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
  172. ^ Dennis McLellan (April 16, 2004). "Phil Sokolof, 82; Used His Personal Fortune in Fight Against High-Fat Foods". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  173. ^ "McLibel: Longest case in English history". BBC News. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
  174. ^ Schlosser, Eric (2000). "Fast Food Nation". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
  175. ^ "Letter from McDonald's headquarters claiming fries are vegetarian".
  176. ^ Jump up to: a b "Merriam-Webster: 'McJob' is here to stay". CNN Offbeat News. Associated Press. November 11, 2003. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008.
  177. ^ "McJob". Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary. 1986. Retrieved November 29, 2009.
  178. ^ "McMansion: Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Merriam-Webster Unabridged. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  179. ^ Garfield, Leanna. "Millennials are ditching the cookie-cutter McMansion for the 'McModern'". Business Insider. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  180. ^ Bluestien, Greg. "Creators Put Politics Into Video Games", The Associated Press, published January 21, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
  181. ^ "France bills McDonald's $341 million for unpaid tax: report". Reuters. April 19, 2016. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  182. ^ "McDonald's apologises after China store bans black people". France 24. April 14, 2020.
  183. ^ Siranush Ghazanchyan (October 28, 2020). "Armenian community calls on McDonald's to denounce support of Azerbaijani aggression".
  184. ^ "McDonald's has 'No Intention' to Open in Armenia says Spokesperson". January 21, 2020.
  185. ^ "Why is there no McDonald's in Armenia yet?". February 7, 2017.
  186. ^ Sweney, Mark (April 20, 2006). "Not bad for a McJob?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
  187. ^ Ian Ashbridge (July 3, 2007). "McDonalds' milk goes organic – 7/3/2007 – Farmers Weekly". Fwi.co.uk. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
  188. ^ Carrigan, Marylyn and De Pelsmacker, Patrick (2009). Will ethical consumers sustain their values in the global credit crunch? International Marketing Review, 26(6), pp. 674–687,(p.7).
  189. ^ "The Truth-O-Meter : Chef Jamie Oliver praises McDonald's in England". Truth-O-Meter. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
  190. ^ Ian Ashbridge (July 3, 2007). "McDonald's milk goes organic – 03/07/2007 – FarmersWeekly". Fwi.co.uk. Archived from the original on September 24, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  191. ^ "McDonald's cooking oil trans fat-free in U.S., Canada". Reuters. May 23, 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  192. ^ "Report of the Corporate Responsibility Committee of the Board of Directors of McDonald's Corporation" (PDF). November 19, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
  193. ^ "National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education" (PDF).
  194. ^ Environmental Defense Fund. Task Force Report. p. 42.
  195. ^ Environmental Defense Fund and McDonald's Corporation. Waste Reduction Task Force Final Report. Oak Brook, IL: McDonald's, 1991. p. 22.
  196. ^ "Corporation. McDonald's Packaging – The Facts. Oak Brook, IL: McDonald's, 1990. p. 7". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  197. ^ "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency". Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2008.
  198. ^ "McDonald's and Environmental Defense Fund Mark 20 Years of Partnerships for Sustainability". Environmental Defense Fund. November 15, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2013.
  199. ^ "McDonald's hails success of waste-to-energy trial". Businessgreen.com. April 14, 2008. Archived from the original on September 26, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
  200. ^ "Local woman creates environmental-friendly Web site". Herald-dispatch.com. April 19, 2008. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
  201. ^ Goodman, Matthew (April 5, 2009). "Big Mac, hold the CO2". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011.
  202. ^ "McDonald's testing eco-friendlier coffee cups". NBC News. March 12, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2013.
  203. ^ Rob Picheta (August 5, 2019). "McDonald's new paper straws aren't recyclable – but its axed plastic ones were". CNN. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  204. ^ "McDonald's move to ban plastic straws angers Aussies". news.com.au. July 19, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  205. ^ "McDonald's Netherlands bans plastic straws and lids, focus on sustainability". dutchreview.com. September 11, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  206. ^ "Germany to ban plastic straws by mid-2021". euractiv.com. September 18, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  207. ^ Elizabeth Sulis Kim (September 2, 2018). "The anti-plastic straw campaign is helpful – but if we want to save marine life, we need to stop eating fish". The Independent. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  208. ^ Peters, Adele (January 25, 2021). "These new McDonald's trays are made from food waste". Fast Company.
  209. ^ Vidal, John (April 26, 2008). "'Sustainable' bio-plastic can damage the environment". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
  210. ^ Cowen (March 1, 2013). "Study reveals McDonalds to be pick of the litter". Sunshine Coast Daily. Retrieved February 6, 2020. According to a study by litter prevention organisation Keep Australia Beautiful (KAB), McDonalds packaging accounted for 17.7% of discarded trash found in the state.
  211. ^ McGregorTan Research (September 2012). "National Branded Litter Study 2011/12" (PDF). Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  212. ^ Louise Gray (January 13, 2009). "McDonald's waste makes up largest proportion of fast food litter on streets". Telegraph. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  213. ^ Jump up to: a b Deegan, Denise (2001). "How Not to Deal with Activists". Managing Activism: A Guide to Dealing with Activists and Pressure Groups. Kogan Page Publishers. p. 29. ISBN 9780749434359.
  214. ^ Denise Piper (July 19, 2019). "Northland pensioner dumps rubbish outside McDonald's to protest littering". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved February 6, 2020. Northland pensioner dumps rubbish outside McDonald's to protest littering
  215. ^ Ash Bolton (April 23, 2010). "Dave Elgram dumps rubbish in restaurant in protest at McDonald's litter in Swaythling". Daily Echo. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  216. ^ "'It's like Connacht winning against the All Blacks': Supermac's CEO responds to Big Mac trademark success against McDonald's". Independent.ie. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
  217. ^ "'End of the McBully' - Supermac's wins trademark case against McDonald's". RTÉ. January 15, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  218. ^ "EU strips McDonald's of its Big Mac trademark in Europe". The Independent. January 15, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
  219. ^ "'Like a Big Mac But Juicier': Burger King renames sandwiches to troll McDonald's". The Guardian.
  220. ^ BBC online news article dated September 8, 2009 News.BB.co.uk
  221. ^ Balakrishnan, Nandini (December 30, 2016). "Cakes Without The Halal Logo Will Not Be Allowed In McD's". SAYS.
  222. ^ "McDonald's fined for employing underage workers". ABC News. April 12, 2007. Archived from the original on April 18, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
  223. ^ "McLibel: Longest case in English history". BBC News. February 15, 2005. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  224. ^ Jump up to: a b Weiman, Darryl S. (July 1, 2018). "The McDonalds' Coffee Case". Huffington Post. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  225. ^ Jump up to: a b Goodman, Amy (January 25, 2011). "Do You Know the Full Story Behind the Infamous McDonald's Coffee Case and How Corporations Used it to Promote Tort Reform?". Democracy Now!.
  226. ^ Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2020). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved September 22, 2020. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
  227. ^ "McDonald's workers sue over sexual harassment, 'toxic' work culture". Reuters. November 13, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2019.

Further reading

  • Chatelain, Marcia (2020). Franchise: The Golden Arches in Black America. Liveright. ISBN 978-1631493942.
  • Evans, Stephen (April 20, 2004). "McDonald's: The journey to health". BBC News. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
  • Horovitz, Bruce (May 8, 2014). "McDonald's testing seasoned fries". USA Today. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
  • Love, John F. (April 1987). "Big Macs, Fries, and Real Estate". Financial Executive (4): 20–6.[dead link]
  • Thomas Derdak and Jay P. Pederson, ed. (2004). "McDonald's". International directory of company histories. 67 (3rd ed.). St. James Press. pp. 108–9. ISBN 978-1-55862-512-9.
  • "McDonald's: Behind The Arches" by John F. Love, paperback July 1, 1995
  • Grinding It Out: The Making of McDonald's by Ray Kroc, 1977 ISBN 0809282593
  • Ray & Joan: The Man Who Made the McDonald's Fortune and the Woman Who Gave It All Away by Lisa Napoli, 2016 ISBN 1101984953
  • Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal by Eric Schlosser, 2001 ISBN 0395977894

External links

Retrieved from ""