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Interstate 35E (Minnesota)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Interstate 35E marker
Interstate 35E
I-35E highlighted in red
Route information
Defined by MS § 161.12(2)
Maintained by MnDOT
Length39.340 mi[1] (63.312 km)
Major junctions
South end I-35 / I-35W in Burnsville
 
North end I-35 / I-35W in Columbus,
near Forest Lake
Location
CountiesDakota, Ramsey, Anoka
Highway system
  • Minnesota Trunk Highways
← I-35→ I-35W

Interstate 35E (I-35E) is an Interstate Highway in the US state of Minnesota, passing through downtown Saint Paul. It is one of two through routes for Interstate 35 through the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, the other being Interstate 35W through Minneapolis. Thus, both ends of I-35E are shared with I-35W and I-35.

During the early years of the Interstate Highway System, branching Interstates with directional suffixes such as N, S, E, and W were common nationwide. On every other Interstate nationwide, these directional suffixes have been phased out by redesignating the suffixed route numbers with a loop or spur route number designation (such as I-270 in Maryland, which was once I-70S), or in some cases were assigned a different route number (such as I-76, which was once I-80S). In the case of I-35 in the Twin Cities area, since neither branch is clearly the main route and both branches return to a unified Interstate beyond the cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, officials at the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) have allowed the suffixes of E and W in Minnesota to remain in the present day. I-35 also splits into I-35E and I-35W in Dallas–Fort Worth, Texas, for similar reasons as the I-35 split in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area.

Similar to the Texas split, the Minnesota version of I-35E continues the exit numbers of I-35, while those of I-35W begin with 1 just north of the split. I-35E also carries the legislative route of I-35—unsigned legislative route 390—through the Twin Cities. On the other hand, the portion of I-35E through the West Seventh neighborhood of Saint Paul is a controversial four-lane parkway that heavy trucks are prohibited from using.

Interstate 35E in Minnesota is 39 miles (63 km) in length.

Route description[]

The southern terminus of I-35E is at exit 88A in Burnsville, where I-35 splits into I-35E and I-35W. While I-35W heads north into Minneapolis, I-35E takes a northeasterly path into Saint Paul. There is no access between I-35E and I-35W here, but Dakota County Road 42 (exit 88B), immediately to the north, connects the two Interstates in Burnsville. Major interchanges south of Saint Paul include State Highway 77 (MN 77, signed as Cedar Avenue—exit 92) at Apple Valley – Eagan and Interstate 494 (exit 99) in Mendota Heights. Between exits 94 and 97, the highway deviates from its relatively straight path to avoid Blackhawk Lake. As it crosses I-494, I-35E turns more to the north, crossing MN 62 (exit 101) and MN 13 (exit 102) in Mendota Heights before crossing the Mississippi River on the Lexington Bridge into the city of Saint Paul. This portion of I-35E is four lanes wide (two in each direction), except between MN 77 and MN 62, where it carries six lanes. The Lexington Bridge carries six lanes—four through lanes and the exit and entrance lanes for MN 13—as well as a bicycle and pedestrian path.[2] The bridge has an innovative automatic anti-icing system that sprays potassium acetate onto the bridge surface to prevent frost and ice formation in inclement weather.

The new Lexington Bridge, completed in 2004

The auxiliary lanes from MN 13 leave at the first exit in Saint Paul, a half interchange with Shepard Road (exit 103A) with ramps toward the bridge. Shepard Road is a four-lane roadway with minimal intersections that follows the Mississippi River northeast into downtown Saint Paul. Immediately after Shepard Road is MN 5 (West 7th Street) (exit 103B), which leads northeast to downtown through the heart of the West Seventh neighborhood. The portion of I-35E between MN 5 and downtown is a mostly sunken four-lane parkway with a speed limit of 45 miles per hour (72 km/h) (this portion is sometimes referred to as the "practice freeway" by locals[3]), a ban on trucks over 9,000 pounds (4,100 kg) gross vehicle weight, and median landscaping. This parkway was built instead of a typical six-lane freeway because of local opposition. Major interchanges on this section include Ayd Mill Road (exit 104B), a sunken four-lane road to the northwest, and Kellogg Boulevard (exit 106B), which extends in both directions as part of a loop around downtown.[2]

The four lanes of I-35E pass through downtown Saint Paul in the center of the six lanes of I-94/US 52, with a short overlap occupying the blocks between 11th and 12th streets. Despite this short overlap, there is no weaving between the two highways, since an exit in each direction of I-35E—exit 107A from I-35E north to I-94 east/US 52 South, and exit 107B from I-35E south to I-94 west/US 52 north—takes traffic that would move to the right in the overlap instead to the right of the entire roadway. There are no interchanges on the common segment, and no direct access from I-35E northbound to I-94 west/US 52 north or I-94 eastbound/US 52 southbound to I-35E south. Kellogg Boulevard provides an indirect connection; Ayd Mill Road, further west, nears I-94/US 52 but does not connect without several turns and traffic lights. Unlike the west split of I-35E and I-94/US 52, all ramps are present at the east split; among other uses, the I-35E southbound to I-94 east/ US 52 north and I-94 westbound/US 52 northbound to I-35E north ramps carry traffic following US Highway 10 (US 10), which overlaps I-35E north of downtown, and truck traffic using the nearby Lafayette Freeway (US 52) to avoid the parkway through the West Seventh neighborhood.[2]

From downtown Saint Paul north to the junction with I-694 west (exit 113) in Little Canada, where US 10 also leaves I-35E, the highway carries three lanes of traffic in each direction, in addition to a single MnPASS HOV lane. Major interchanges here include Cayuga Street (exit 108), and MN 36 (exit 111). An overlap of about one mile (1.5 km) exists between the two interchanges with I-694 (exits 113 and 114). Heading northbound on I-35E, the four lanes split into three for I-35E northbound and two for I-694 westbound, and then three lanes from I-694 eastbound enter on the right. These six lanes then split into three on the left for I-35E northbound and three on the right for I-694 eastbound; after the turn north, a lane joins on the right from I-694 westbound traffic. The configuration in the other direction, where I-35E southbound and I-694 westbound merge, is similar, but with only five total lanes instead of six where the freeways overlap.[2] A four-year construction project, called "Unweave the Weave" beginning in 2004, was completed in 2008, and eliminated weaving where previously three I-35E lanes were inside three I-694 lanes, and left lane onramps existed.[4]

I-35E is four lanes wide north of I-694; the third lane added northbound from the I-694 westbound ramp exits immediately onto County Road E (exit 115) in Vadnais Heights. Other than the northern terminus of I-35E (exit 127) in Columbus near Forest Lake, where it merges with I-35W to re-form I-35, there are only four interchanges on I-35E north of I-694 between Vadnais Heights and Columbus, all for county roads.[2]

History[]

1955 plan for I-35E and other Twin Cities Area Interstates

Early plans for the Interstate Highway System include a route along roughly the same alignment as the present I-35 through the Twin Cities area, but are not detailed enough to show exactly how the cities would be served.[5][6] When preliminary urban routes were laid out in 1955, a split alignment was chosen to serve both cities equally. South of the Twin Cities, I-35 followed the corridor of old US 65, which had followed Lyndale Avenue between Burnsville and downtown Minneapolis. I-35E was located parallel to MN 13, which cut northeast to Saint Paul from old US 65 south of the Minnesota River. North of the metropolitan area, I-35 closely paralleled US 61, which passed through Saint Paul; I-35W paralleled old US 8 from Minneapolis northeast through New Brighton and then to the present day I-35E–I-35W split at Columbus near Forest Lake, near where old US 8 had joined US 61.[7] The Minnesota Legislature defined I-35E as part of unmarked Legislative Route 390, which stretched south to the Iowa state line and north to the city of Duluth along I-35.

I-35E was completed north of downtown Saint Paul in 1970. The first section to open ran north from Maryland Avenue in Saint Paul to I-694 in Little Canada; this was completed in the early 1960s, concurrently with I-694 west to old MN 49 (Rice Street).[8] Later that decade, I-35E was extended south to downtown Saint Paul, opening first to Pennsylvania Avenue and then to I-94, including the I-35E / I-94 concurrency (and I-94 in both directions[9]). In 1970,[10] I-35E was extended north along the I-35E / I-694 concurrency in Little Canada – Vadnais Heights and also extended northbound to its northern terminus at Columbus near Forest Lake; the adjacent sections of I-35, I-35W, and I-694 opened at about the same time.[11][12]

The southern half of I-35E in the metro area took a lot longer to build. Its first section—a short stretch from MN 110 north to State Highway 5, including the Lexington Bridge over the Mississippi River—opened in the mid-1960s.[13] Even though the connecting piece of I-35W and I-35 at the southern terminus of I-35E in Burnsville opened in the mid-1960s, it was not until the mid-1980s that I-35E was completed south of MN 110 at Mendota Heights and southbound through Eagan and Apple Valley, where there had been a missing link of I-35E for 20 years.[12] Construction was delayed by opposition from nearby residents in Burnsville and from environmentalists over the proposed alignment across Blackhawk Lake. The final plan involved a new alignment avoiding the lake, as well as a less complicated interchange at I-494 in Mendota Heights, eliminating access to MN 55 that was part of the earlier plans.[14]

Controversy through the West Seventh neighborhood of Saint Paul[]

The St. Peter Street bridge over the I-94 overlap

The missing piece through the West Seventh neighborhood of Saint Paul, from MN 5 (West 7th Street) northeast to I-94 in downtown Saint Paul, was held up by controversy. Construction began in 1964, and was planned for completion in the 1970s as a typical six-lane freeway, but in late 1969, a group of neighbors in the area had formed "Residents in Protest 35E" (R.I.P. 35E) to oppose the completion of I-35E. The group convinced the city to drop its support, and in August it filed a joint lawsuit against the Minnesota Highway Department (MHD) and U.S. Department of Transportation along with four neighborhood associations and eight citizens. The parties quickly reached an agreement, favorable to the plaintiffs, to halt construction pending an environmental impact statement (EIS).[10]

The Saint Paul City Council decided in late 1974 to support I-35E, possibly due to the influence of proponents. R.I.P. 35E proposed an alternative to the original plan, and convinced the city council to go along with it. The plan included a four-lane boulevard expansion of Pleasant Avenue (the street chosen for the I-35E alignment), with another route such as Shepard Road or the nearby Lafayette Freeway forming part of I-35E. The group opposed any direct connection of this parkway to I-94 near the State Capitol, where I-35E and I-94 were to merge. The EIS was completed in early 1975, identifying noise pollution, air pollution, vibrations, and slope stability as the main concerns. In addition to the nearby location of historic districts, hospitals were worried about the effects of vibrations on sensitive operations; the MHD solved this problem while the report was being developed. The EIS identified the primary benefit of completing I-35E as connecting downtown Saint Paul to the Interstate Highway System, and determined that the original Pleasant Avenue corridor was the best choice, but with minor changes such as lowering the freeway below Grand Avenue and Ramsey Street.[10]

A bill passed by the Minnesota Legislature on May 31, 1975, imposed a moratorium on building I-35E, as well as other area freeways such as the canceled I-335 project and the MN 55 (Hiawatha Avenue) expansion project. This law defined several new legislative routes, which "may be added by order of the commissioner of transportation to the trunk highway system" (as opposed to other such routes, which were added to that system by the legislature):

Legislative Route No. 380. Beginning at a point on Route No. 390 [I-35E] at its intersection with Shepard Road in the city of Saint Paul; thence extending in a northeasterly direction generally following along the course of Shepard Road to a point on Route No. 112 [Lafayette Freeway]; thence extending in a northeasterly direction to a point on Route No. 392 [I-94] easterly of the downtown area of Saint Paul; providing a connector route between Route No. 390 and Routes No. 112 and 392;

Legislative Route No. 381. Beginning at a point on Route No. 112 [Lafayette Freeway], northerly of the Lafayette Street bridge in the city of Saint Paul; thence extending in a northwesterly direction to a point on Route No. 390 [I-35E], southerly of Maryland Avenue in the city of Saint Paul; providing a connector route between Route No. 112 and Route No. 390; and

Legislative Route No. 382. Beginning at a point on Route No. 390 [I-35E] at its junction with Route No. 111 [MN 5], thence extending in a general northerly direction, within the corridor of the right of way already acquired on the effective date of this act, for Route No. 390, to a point on Short Line Road; thence extending in a northeasterly direction within said corridor of right of way to the intersection of Pleasant Avenue and Kellogg Boulevard in the city of Saint Paul.

The parkway at Ramsey Street

Legislative Routes 380 and 381 provided for an alternate alignment of I-35E along Shepard Road and a northerly extension of the Lafayette Freeway, while Legislative Route 382 was a "four-lane parkway facility" that the MHD could build along the original alignment of I-35E, but without a connection to I-94. The city announced its support of the parkway in August 1976.[10]

An act passed on April 5, 1978, added a condition to the definition of Legislative Route 390 (I-35E):

Legislative Route No. 390 [I-35E] shall not include any portion of Legislative Route No. 382 [the parkway] as designated by section 161.117 or any portion of any route connecting Route No. 382 to Route No. 392 [I-94], nor shall it include any portion of trunk highway marked number 3 from trunk highway marked number 110 in Dakota County to East Seventh Street in the city of Saint Paul.

At the time, old MN 3 was marked along the nearby Lafayette Freeway (now US 52) from the late 1970s to 1994.[15]

It also allowed a connection from the parkway to I-94, but this link could not be controlled access. The Metropolitan Council was to complete a draft EIS for the parkway and I-35E by September 1, 1979, with the cooperation of Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) and Saint Paul. There was widespread support for a 45-mile-per-hour (72 km/h) parkway, with landscaping and a truck restriction, but the non-connection to I-94 jeopardized federal Interstate funding, since it could no longer be part of the continuous I-35E. Two notable alternatives came out of the draft EIS—a parkway with or without an I-94 connection. The parkway with a connection would provide the same level of service as a typical freeway.[10]

R.I.P. 35E and other citizens' groups continued to oppose a direct connection, arguing that it would be no different from a typical freeway, since drivers would be more likely to exceed the speed limit if it was a continuous roadway to I-94. Saint Paul changed its mind again in September 1981, supporting a direct connection, along with MnDOT and the Metropolitan Council. A bill passed in March 1982 removed the stipulation that the parkway shall not connect to I-94, and allowed Route 390 (I-35E) to use Route 382 (the parkway). The final EIS was approved at about that time, and several groups including R.I.P. 35E filed suit in early 1983.[10]

The suit alleged that the EIS focused almost exclusively on the Pleasant Avenue alignment, and that it did not consider the effect of a direct connection on speed limit compliance; faster traffic would mean more noise. Judge Paul Magnuson ruled in February 1984 that the EIS was valid, stating that the Pleasant Avenue alternative was the only reasonable one that would meet goals. This court order has been interpreted as a legal contract, prohibiting the state from raising the speed limit or allowing trucks.[10] Construction went forward, and I-35E was opened from MN 5 north to Saint Clair Avenue in 1984, using original bridges that had been built for three lanes in each direction. Further extensions, including all new bridges,[12] were opened to Grand Avenue in 1986, to Kellogg Boulevard in November 1988,[16] and to I-94 on October 15, 1990, 26 years after construction began. The 1990 opening ceremony of I-35E in downtown Saint Paul was attended by a group of highway experts from the Soviet Union, and both the US and Soviet national anthems were played.[17]

Later changes[]

The original plans for the I-94 overlap in downtown Saint Paul did not include the right-side ramps that eliminate weaving.[18] The ramp from I-35E northbound to I-94 eastbound was added when I-35E was finally completed in 1990, and a five-year construction project that was completed in 1992 added the ramp from I-35E southbound to I-94 westbound, as well as a direct ramp from I-35E southbound to the Lafayette Freeway (US 52) to avoid weaving across I-94 east.[19][20] This project was done because the old Spaghetti Junction at the east split of I-35E and I-94 would not be able to handle the extra load from the completed I-35E parkway.[21]

When the first piece of the parkway opened in 1984, unused provisions, pending more study, were added for a direct link to Ayd Mill Road, a sunken four-lane road with minimal intersections that leads northwest from I-35E. The ramps were built and temporarily opened in 1992 for high-occupancy vehicles, due to the closure of the nearby Lafayette Bridge (US 52) for reconstruction.[22][23] The ramps were reopened on June 12, 2002, as a test,[24] and remain open as of 2017. A controversial extension of Ayd Mill Road to I-94 remains on the table.[25][26]

The 1964 Lexington Bridge across the Mississippi River was replaced by a new bridge, built from 2001 to 2004,[27] due to deterioration of the old structure including cracks in steel beams.[28] Unweave the Weave, a project to eliminate weaving at the I-694 overlap, was completed in 2008.

The 1965 bridge just north of downtown Saint Paul carrying a daily traffic volume of 148,000 vehicles over Cayuga Street and the BNSF Railway line was rated by MnDOT as meeting minimum tolerable limits in 2006. Its superstructure and substructure were described as poor with advanced section loss, deterioration, spalling, or scour.[29] As the fourth busiest bridge in the state,[30] it was scrutinized following the collapse of the I-35W Mississippi River Bridge in nearby Minneapolis on August 1, 2007. The bridge was replaced in a construction project that finished in late 2016.[31][32]

Exit list[]

Exit numbers and mileposts increase numerically from the south end, continuing the numbers used on I-35.

CountyLocationmi[1]kmExitDestinationsNotes
DakotaBurnsville88.268142.054 I-35 south – Albert Lea
I-35W north		I-35E south and I-35W south merge into I-35; no access to I-35W from I-35E
88.794–
88.848		142.900–
142.987		88B CSAH 42
Apple Valley90.615–
90.659		145.831–
145.902		90 CSAH 11
Eagan92.629–
92.649		149.072–
149.104		92 MN 77 (Cedar Avenue) – Zoo
93.772150.91193 CSAH 32 (Cliff Road)
94.906152.73694 CSAH 30 (Diffley Road)
97.123156.30497A CSAH 31 (Pilot Knob Road)
97.433156.80397B CSAH 28 (Yankee Doodle Road)Northbound exit is via exit 97A
98.559158.61598 CSAH 26 (Lone Oak Road)
Mendota Heights99.667–
99.684		160.398–
160.426		99 I-494Signed as exits 99A (east) and 99B (west); I-494 exit 70
101.169–
101.183		162.816–
162.838		101 MN 62Previously MN 110; signed as exits 101A (east) and 101B (west) southbound
102.590165.103102
 MN 13 (Sibley Highway) / Great River Road (National Route)		Southern end of Great River Road overlap
Mississippi River102.630–
102.896		165.167–
165.595		Lexington Bridge
RamseySaint Paul103.346–
103.364		166.319–
166.348		103A
 Great River Road (National Route) (Shepard Road)		Northbound exit and southbound entrance; northern end of Great River Road overlap
103.688–
103.692		166.870–
166.876		103B MN 5 (West 7th Street)
104.464168.119104A CSAH 38 (Randolph Avenue)
104.599–
104.639		168.336–
168.400		104BAyd Mill RoadNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
105.014–
105.038		169.004–
169.042		104CVictoria StreetSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
105.562169.886105St. Clair AvenueSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
106.281–
106.444		171.043–
171.305		106A Grand AvenueNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
106.980172.168106BKellogg BoulevardNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
107.450172.924106C11th Street – State CapitolNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
107.497173.000107B I-94 west – MinneapolisSouth end of I-94 overlap; southbound exit and northbound entrance; unmarked US 12 west, unmarked US 52 west
107.614173.188107A I-94 east / US 10 east / US 52 south / 10th Street, Wacouta StreetNorth end of I-94 overlap; south end of US 10 overlap; unmarked US 12 east
108.042–
108.074		173.877–
173.928		107CUniversity Avenue – State CapitolSouthbound exit only
108.279–
108.311		174.258–
174.310		108 CSAH 33 (Pennsylvania Avenue)Closed; had no southbound entrance
108Cayuga StreetOpened partially in 2013; completed in 2016
109.400176.062109 CSAH 31 (Maryland Avenue)
Saint Paul–Maplewood
city line		110.339–
110.420		177.573–
177.704		110A CSAH 30 (Larpenteur Avenue) / Wheelock Parkway
Maplewood110.905–
110.931		178.484–
178.526		110BRoselawn Avenue
Little Canada111.704–
111.742		179.770–
179.831		111 MN 36 – Stillwater, MinneapolisSigned as exits 111A (east) and 111B (west)
112.560181.148112 CSAH 21 (Little Canada Road)
113.531182.710113 I-694 west / US 10 westNorth end of US 10 overlap; south end of I-694 overlap, I-694 exit 46.
Vadnais Heights114.181183.757114 I-694 eastNorth end of I-694 overlap, I-694 exit 47
115.441185.784115 CSAH 15 (County Road E)
White Bear Lake117.470189.050117 CSAH 96
White Bear Township120.570194.039120 CSAH 60 / CR 81 / County Road JNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
AnokaLino Lakes123.570198.867123 CSAH 14
Columbus127.608205.365 I-35 north – Duluth
I-35W south		I-35E north and I-35W north merge into I-35; no access to I-35W from I-35E
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
  •       Closed/former
  •       Concurrency terminus
  •       Incomplete access

See also[]

  • Flag of the United States.svg United States portal
  • Blank shield.svg U.S. Roads portal

References[]

  1. ^ a b Minnesota Department of Transportation (August 14, 2014). "Statewide Trunk Logpoint Listing" (PDF). St. Paul: Minnesota Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e Google (August 13, 2007). "Overview Map of I-35E in Minnesota" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
  3. ^ Weeks, John A., III (October 4, 2014). "The Highway Edition". Odd Twin Cities. Retrieved August 6, 2012.[self-published source]
  4. ^ Minnesota Department of Transportation Metro Region. "Unweave the Weave: Reconstruction of the I-35E and I-694 Interchange". Minnesota Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on July 10, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
  5. ^ Bureau of Public Roads (1939). Proposed Interregional Highway System (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Bureau of Public Roads – via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. ^ Bureau of Public Roads (September 1955). "National System of Interstate and Defense Highways" (Map). General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas Designated in September 1955. Scale not given. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. i. OCLC 4165975 – via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. ^ Bureau of Public Roads (September 1955). "Minneapolis-St. Paul" (Map). General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas Designated in September 1955. Scale not given. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 46. OCLC 4165975 – via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. ^ Minnesota Department of Transportation. "Control Section 6285: I-694 west of I-35E" (PDF). Construction Project Log Records. Minnesota Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2012.
  9. ^ Minnesota Department of Transportation. Construction Project Log Records. Minnesota Department of Transportation.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Cavanaugh, Patricia (October 2006). Politics and Freeways: Building the Twin Cities Interstate System (PDF) (Report). University of Minnesota Center for Urban and Regional Affairs and Center for Transportation Studies. Publication No. CURA 06-01. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2007.
  11. ^ Minnesota Department of Transportation. Construction Project Log Records. Minnesota Department of Transportation.
  12. ^ a b c Minnesota Department of Transportation. Construction Project Log Records. Minnesota Department of Transportation.
  13. ^ Minnesota Department of Transportation. Construction Project Log Records. Minnesota Department of Transportation.
  14. ^ Gerdes, Del. "Interstate Memories: My Recollections of Interstate Work in District 9". Minnesota Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
  15. ^ Rand McNally (1977). Gulf Tourgide (Map).[full citation needed]
  16. ^ Boxmeyer, Don (October 7, 1990). "New Urban Time Warp Makes Downtown Go by in a Flash of Parkway". St. Paul Pioneer Press. p. 7A.
  17. ^ Kelly, Sean T. (October 16, 1990). "Last Mile of I-35E Opens in St. Paul After 19-Year Wait". St. Paul Pioneer Press. p. 1B.
  18. ^ Capitol Area Architectural and Planning Board (n.d.). "Map of the Capitol Area with the Grounds as They Appear Today" (Map). History of the Capitol Area. Scale not given. St. Paul, MN: Capitol Area Architectural and Planning Board. Archived from the original on September 25, 2006. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
  19. ^ Ahern, Don (May 7, 1989). "Freeway Travel will Fray Nerves". St. Paul Pioneer Press. p. 1A.
  20. ^ Ahern, Don (October 26, 1992). "Jumbled Junction Takes a New Turn". St. Paul Pioneer Press. p. 1A.
  21. ^ Kelly, Sean (July 5, 1988). "35E Parkway Work Inching Closer". St. Paul Pioneer Press. p. 1C.
  22. ^ Saint Paul Department of Public Works (February 1999). Ayd Mill Road Draft Environmental Impact Statement Executive Summary: 2.0 Background (Report). City of Saint Paul, Minnesota. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 14, 2007.
  23. ^ Ahern, Don (March 20, 1992). "Council Approves Ayd Mill Link with I-35E for This Summer". St. Paul Pioneer Press. p. 1D.
  24. ^ City of Saint Paul, Minnesota (July 16, 2002). "Mayor's Ayd Mill Road form letter". City of Saint Paul, Minnesota. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 14, 2007.
  25. ^ Snelling Hamline Community Council. "Ayd Mill Road". Snelling Hamline Community Council. Archived from the original on February 20, 2008. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
  26. ^ Saint Paul Department of Public Works. "Ayd Mill Road Test". City of Saint Paul, Minnesota. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
  27. ^ "Jackhammer Alert". St. Paul Pioneer Press. August 30, 2004. p. B2.
  28. ^ Doyle, Pat (May 26, 2001). "A Bridge Too Far Gone?". Star Tribune. Minneapolis. p. A23.
  29. ^ Freitag, Jim (August 11, 2007). "Two Bridges, Bad and Worse". Star Tribune. Minneapolis, Minnesota. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
  30. ^ Minnesota Department of Transportation (2006). 2006 Metro Area Traffic Volume Index Map (PDF) (Map). Minnesota Department of Transportation. Sheets 2E, 3E, 3F. Retrieved August 9, 2007.
  31. ^ Minnesota Department of Transportation. "I-35E Corridor Projects: Cayuga Project". Minnesota Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  32. ^ Minnesota Department of Transportation. "News Release: Southbound Interstate 35E/Cayuga Street ramp in St. Paul opens Dec. 2" (Press release). Minnesota Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.

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