Interstate 90 in New York

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the section of Interstate 90 in New York. For the entire route, see Interstate 90.
Interstate 90 marker
Interstate 90
Map of New York with I-90 highlighted in red
Route information
Maintained by NYSTA and NYSDOT
Length385.88 mi[1] (621.01 km)
ExistedAugust 14, 1957[2]–present
Major junctions
West end I-90 at the Pennsylvania state line in Ripley
 
East end
 I-90 Toll / Mass Pike at the Massachusetts state line in Canaan
Location
CountiesChautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Monroe, Ontario, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Madison, Oneida, Herkimer, Montgomery, Schenectady, Albany, Rensselaer, Columbia
Highway system
  • Interstate Highway System
← NY 89A→ NY 90

Interstate 90 (I-90) is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs from Seattle, Washington, to Boston, Massachusetts. In the U.S. state of New York, I-90 extends 385.88 miles (621.01 km) from the Pennsylvania state line at Ripley to the Massachusetts state line at Canaan, and is the second-longest highway in the state after NY 17. Although most of the route is part of the tolled New York State Thruway, two non-tolled sections exist along I-90 (the first, situated outside of Buffalo, is included in the Thruway system; the second, situated in the Capital District, is not part of the Thruway system and links Albany and its eastern suburbs). Within New York, I-90 has a complete set of auxiliary Interstates, which means that there are interstates numbered I-190 through I-990 in the state, with no gaps in between. For most of its length in New York, I-90 runs parallel to the former Erie Canal route, New York State Route 5 (NY 5), U.S. Route 20 (US 20) and the CSX railroad mainline that traverses the state.

I-90 was assigned in 1957 as part of the establishment of the Interstate Highway System. In New York, it was overlaid on the pre-existing New York State Thruway from Pennsylvania to Albany, from where it would have continued to Massachusetts on a new freeway that bypassed the Berkshire Connector to the north. Ultimately, the freeway was built from the Thruway mainline in Albany to the Berkshire Connector in Schodack, and I-90 was assigned to the segment of the Connector east of the proposed freeway. The Albany–Schodack freeway was completed in stages during the 1960s and 1970s and fully open by 1977.

Route description[]

New York State Thruway[]

Main article: New York State Thruway (mainline)

West of Albany, I-90 in New York is designated along the mainline of the New York State Thruway. The Thruway begins at the Pennsylvania state line in Chautauqua County, following the shore of Lake Erie northeast and passes through the town of Cheektowaga, a large suburb of Buffalo directly east of the city. Two auxiliary routes, I-190 (leading to Niagara Falls and connecting into Canada as Ontario Highway 405) and I-290 (a northerly bypass of Buffalo) connect with I-90 here. Both auxiliary routes provide access between I-90 and Canada's largest city, Toronto. East of Erie County, the Thruway turns east and passes through the suburbs of several major cities in Upstate New York, generally following the path of the Erie Canal. It passes south of Rochester and north of Syracuse, which are served by three auxiliary Interstate Highways: I-490 and I-390 connect to Rochester, while I-690 leads to Syracuse.[3] The speed limit, enforced by the New York State Police, is 65 miles per hour along most of this stretch.[4]

Approaching exit 54 on I-90 westbound in West Seneca

East of Syracuse, the Thruway follows the Erie Canal and, later, the Mohawk River into the Mohawk Valley toward Utica, where I-90 skirts the northern edge of downtown and meets I-790, a short route leading into the city's center. Farther east, the freeway indirectly serves the canal and riverside cities of Little Falls (via NY 169) and Amsterdam (NY 30) on its way to Schenectady, where I-890 splits from the Thruway and serves as the connection to the city center. It rejoins I-90 in Albany County, where I-90 leaves the mainline of the Thruway at exit 24 in Albany, which is signed for I-87 north and I-90 east. Here, the route designation of the Thruway changes from I-90 east to I-87 south. Traffic intending to continue on I-90 or reach I-87 north must exit the Thruway here. Exit numbers and mile markers for I-90 reset after exiting.[3]

Albany and Rensselaer counties[]

Guilderland Service Area

The Albany–Schodack section of I-90—the only portion of I-90 in New York that is not part of the Thruway system—begins concurrent with I-87 and heads southeast from Thruway exit 24 to a toll barrier that, for now, marks the end of tolls along the freeway. Now a toll-free highway, I-90 and I-87 continue to exits 1N and 1S, which are for the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and Fuller Road Alternate (unsigned NY 910F), respectively. Located off exit 1S and Fuller Road Alternate, a spur of the Northway leading to Western Avenue (US 20), is the Crossgates Mall in Guilderland. I-90 proceeds eastward, meeting Washington Avenue at an interchange connecting to UAlbany, a state university, eastbound and Fuller Road (County Route 156 or CR 156) westbound.[citation needed]

Exits 3 and 4, located 0.6 miles (1.0 km) apart in an area bounded by Washington and Central (NY 5) avenues, lead to the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the New York State Police Academy (exit 3) and to the Crosstown Arterial (NY 85 at exit 4). I-90 subsequently crosses over NY 5 and passes north of Westgate Plaza as it connects to Everett Road (CR 155). The freeway continues along the northern edge of Albany to exit 5A,[citation needed] a large trumpet interchange originally built to serve I-687.[5] After that project was cancelled, it was repurposed as an exit for Corporate Woods Boulevard. East of exit 5A, I-90 passes by slightly more residential areas ahead of a stack interchange with US 9 1 mile (1.6 km) north of downtown Albany. Albany Memorial Hospital is located just north of the exit on US 9.[citation needed]

The stack interchange between I-90 and US 9 in Albany as seen from I-90 eastbound

Not far to the east of US 9 is a second stack interchange, connecting I-90 to I-787 in the industrial northeasternmost section of the city of Albany. At this point, I-90 turns to the southeast and follows the Patroon Island Bridge over the Hudson River and into Rensselaer County. Across the river, I-90 becomes the Rensselaer County Veterans Memorial Highway and passes through much less developed areas. In its first 1.5 miles (2.4 km) in the county, the freeway meets Washington Avenue at the northern edge of the city of Rensselaer and the west end of NY 43 in the town of North Greenbush, southwest of US 4 and Defreestville. South of NY 43, I-90 and US 4 follow parallel routings into East Greenbush, where I-90 directly connects to US 4 at exit 9.[citation needed]

I-90 heads southeastward across an undeveloped, forested section of the county, crossing over NY 151 and entering the town of Schodack, where it meets Miller Road, a connector between I-90 and the concurrent routes of US 9 and US 20. The freeway and the overlapping U.S. Routes follow similar routings to Schodack Center, at which point I-90 finally connects to US 9 and US 20 at exits 11E and 11W. I-90 heads due south from this point, passing over NY 150 and paralleling US 9, which splits from US 20 at Schodack Center. The routes cross paths again at exit 12 just north of where I-90 rejoins the Thruway system at a toll barrier preceding exit B1 of the Berkshire Connector.[citation needed]

Berkshire Connector[]

Main article: New York State Thruway (Berkshire Connector)

I-90 heads southeast on the Connector, meeting the north end of the Taconic State Parkway in the Columbia County town of Chatham at exit B2 and NY 22 at exit B3 in the town of Canaan 1 mile (1.6 km) from the Massachusetts state line. The Berkshire Connector ends at the state line; however, I-90 continues southeast into Massachusetts as the Massachusetts Turnpike.[3]

History[]

Main article: New York State Thruway
Overhead signage for exit 24 in Albany, where I-90 leaves the Thruway mainline to serve downtown Albany.
The Berkshire Connector (I-90) near exit B2 in Chatham

The east–west corridor I-90 follows across New York has always been major, followed by the (1790s), Erie Canal (1825), New York Central Railroad (1853), and later the Yellowstone Trail (1912), which became US 20 and NY 5. It was planned as part of a nationwide toll road system as early as 1938.[6] Exactly which cities would be served changed over the years, but it was the state of New York that made the decision in 1942, when they passed a law for the construction of a New York City–Albany–Buffalo–Pennsylvania "thruway". This highway, passing Utica, Syracuse, and Rochester on its path between Albany and Buffalo, would provide construction jobs in the post-World War II period.[7] The Berkshire Thruway, a branch east from near Albany to Massachusetts, was authorized in 1944, completing the east–west route across the state.[8] However, construction, which began in 1946, proceeded very slowly, with only one four-mile (6 km) portion open by 1950, when a law created the New York State Thruway Authority (NYSTA) to operate the route as a toll road. Construction then progressed much more rapidly, especially after 1954, when the authority was allowed to issue bonds not backed by the state (thus having higher interest rates).[9] The roadway was completed between Buffalo and Albany in 1954,[10] to New York City in 1956,[11] to Pennsylvania in 1957,[12] and to Massachusetts in 1959.[13]

In the meantime, the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act was enacted in 1956, promising a toll-free network of Interstate Highways throughout the nation. The Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) commissioner soon announced that the toll road met all federal Interstate Highway standards,[14] and on August 14, 1957, most of the mainline of the Thruway was incorporated into the system as part of Interstates 87 and 90. Most of the connecting Massachusetts Turnpike was also included, but a more northerly alignment, avoiding the Berkshire Thruway, was proposed by the states of New York and Massachusetts for I-90 through Albany past Pittsfield to East Lee, Massachusetts.[2][15] This alignment would be about 30% shorter than the all-toll alignment, and would provide relief to the four-lane Castleton Bridge on the Berkshire Thruway, which had been built narrower than the rest of the system because of the planned parallel alternate.[16] The BPR objected to the duplication, which would cost over $90 million, and refused to approve this alignment.[17] The eventual route ran southeast from Albany to the Berkshire Thruway at the Nassau interchange, providing Albany with an alternate route and additional bridge, but not offering any savings in distance, and creating a "toll trap" for drivers accessing the Taconic State Parkway from Albany.[18]

Construction on the route of I-90 through Albany began c. 1963, with both ends at existing Thruway interchanges: exit 24, which crossed the Adirondack Northway (I-87) at a cloverleaf interchange and connected to Washington Avenue in western Albany, and exit B1, which connected to US 9 near Nassau.[19][20] Work on the freeway began at the Northway and progressed southeasterly to the Berkshire Connector in Rensselaer County. The portion between the Northway and Everett Road was opened to traffic in the mid-1960s[21][22] while the piece extending from Everett Road to US 4 east of Rensselaer was completed in the early 1970s.[23][24] The last section of the highway was completed to US 9 and US 20 in Schodack Center c. 1974[25][26] and finished by 1977.[27] The Northway cloverleaf was rebuilt in the late 1980s.[28][29]

In 1999, the New York State Department of Transportation, the Federal Highway Administration and NYSTA discussed redesignating the Berkshire Connector as I-90 and redesignating the non-toll part of I-90 from Thruway exit 24 to exit B1 on the Connector as I-88. The section of the Thruway between exits 25 and 24 would then be co-designated as both I-90 and I-88. This was never implemented.[30]

Exit list[]

The mileposts below for the non-Thruway section follow actual signage, where mile 0.00 is located just east of the toll booths for exit 24 of the Thruway.[31][32]

CountyLocation[32]mi[33][32]kmExitDestinationsNotes
ChautauquaRipley496.00798.23– I-90 west – ErieContinuation into Pennsylvania; western terminus of the Thruway
494.92796.5061Shortman Road – Ripley
488.50786.16Ripley Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
Town of Westfield485.00780.5360 NY 394 – Westfield, Mayville
Dunkirk467.74752.7559 NY 60 – Dunkirk, Fredonia
Hanover455.54733.1258 US 20 / NY 5 – Silver Creek, Irving
ErieEvans446.60718.73Angola Service Area
444.87715.9557AEden, Angola
Hamburg436.22702.0357 NY 75 – Hamburg, East AuroraRamp access at NY 75 converted from trumpet interchange to at-grade intersection in 2018[34][35]
432.45695.9656 NY 179 (Mile Strip Road) – Blasdell, Orchard Park
Lackawanna431.15693.87Lackawanna Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
West Seneca429.47691.1655 US 219 – Ridge Road, Lackawanna, West SenecaEastbound entrance from and westbound exit to US 219; full access to/from Ridge Road; northern terminus of US 219
Buffalo427.94688.7054 NY 400 / NY 16 – West Seneca, East Aurora
426.17685.8553 I-190 – Downtown Buffalo, Canada, Niagara Falls
424.92683.8452AWilliam Street
423.19681.0652Walden Avenue – Cheektowaga, BuffaloSigned as exits 52E (east) and 52W (west)
421.57678.4551 NY 33 – Buffalo, Buffalo Niagara International AirportSigned as exits 51E (east) and 51W (west)
420.93677.4250ACleveland DriveEastbound exit and westbound entrance
420.34676.4750 I-290 – Niagara Falls
Williamsville418.15672.95Williamsville Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
Cheektowaga417.27671.5349 NY 78 – Depew, Buffalo Niagara International Airport
Clarence411.60662.41Clarence Service Area (westbound)
GeneseePembroke401.72646.5148A NY 77 – Pembroke, Medina
Town of Batavia397.00638.91Pembroke Service Area (eastbound)
390.13627.8548 NY 98 – Batavia
Town of Le Roy379.10610.10Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
378.56609.2347 I-490 / NY 19 – Le Roy, Rochester
375.20603.83Ontario Service Area (westbound)
MonroeHenrietta368.80593.53Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
365.30587.89Scottsville Service Area (eastbound)
362.44583.2946 I-390 – Rochester, Corning
358.10576.31Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
OntarioTown of Victor350.99564.8645 I-490 – Rochester, VictorVictor only appears on eastbound signage. Eastern terminus of Interstate 490; Also serves NY 96
349.20561.98Seneca Service Area (eestbound)
348.00560.05Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
Farmington347.13558.6544 NY 332 – Canandaigua, Victor
Town of Manchester340.70548.30Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
340.15547.4243 NY 21 – Manchester, Palmyra
336.90542.19Clifton Springs Service Area (eastbound)
Town of Phelps327.10526.4242 NY 14 – Geneva, LyonsAlso serves NY 318
SenecaJunius323.60520.78Junius Ponds Service Area (westbound)
Tyre320.41515.6541 NY 414 – Waterloo, Clyde
CayugaMontezuma310.10499.06Port Byron Service Area (eastbound)
Brutus304.19489.5540 NY 34 – Weedsport, AuburnTo NY 31
OnondagaVan Buren294.60474.11Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
291.30468.80Warners Service Area (westbound)
289.53465.9539 I-690 / NY 690 – Syracuse, Fulton
288.80464.78Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
Liverpool285.95460.1938 CR 57 – Liverpool, Syracuse
283.79456.7237Electronics Parkway – Liverpool, Syracuse
Syracuse283.40456.09Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
282.93455.3336 I-81 – Watertown, Binghamton, Syracuse AirportExit 25A on I-81
281.30452.71Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
East Syracuse279.40449.65DeWitt Service Area (eastbound)
278.93448.8935 NY 298 / NY 635 – Syracuse, East Syracuse
DeWitt277.50446.59Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
276.58445.1134A I-481 – Syracuse, Oswego, ChittenangoExit 6 on I-481; Future I-81
276.10444.34Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
MadisonSullivan266.20428.41Chittenango Service Area (westbound)
Canastota261.50420.8434 NY 13 – Canastota, Chittenango
OneidaVerona252.71406.7033 NY 365 – Verona, Oneida
Westmoreland244.00392.68Oneida Service Area (eastbound)
243.37391.6732 NY 233 – Westmoreland, Rome
Utica232.85374.7431

 I-790 / NY 8 / NY 12 to NY 49 / NY 5 – Utica, Rome
HerkimerSchuyler227.00365.32Schuyler Service Area (westbound)
Village of Herkimer219.70353.5730 NY 28 – Herkimer, Mohawk
Danube210.62338.9629A NY 169 – Little Falls, Dolgeville
209.90337.80Indian Castle-Iroquois Service Area
MontgomeryTown of Canajoharie194.10312.3729 NY 10 / NY 5S – Canajoharie, Sharon SpringsTo NY 80
RootMowhawk Valley Welcome Center (westbound)
Fultonville182.17293.1728 NY 30A – Fultonville, Fonda
Amsterdam173.59279.3727 NY 30 – Amsterdam
171.80276.49Mohawk Service Area (eastbound)
SchenectadyRotterdam168.20270.69Pattersonville Service Area (westbound)
162.22261.0726 I-890 / NY 5 / NY 5S – Schenectady, Scotia
161.00259.10Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
158.82255.6025A I-88 / NY 7 – Schenectady, Binghamton
157.80253.95Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
AlbanyGuilderland153.83247.5725 I-890 / NY 7 / NY 146 – Schenectady
152.80245.91Guilderland Service Area (eastbound)
Albany149.60240.76Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
148.15
0.00		238.42
0.00		24
 I-87 Toll south / New York Thruway south – New York City		I-90 leaves the New York State Thruway, Western terminus of I-87 concurrency, Alternate Route To I-90 East-Berkshire Connector/Massachusetts Turnpike
0.100.161S
 To US 20 (Western Avenue) / Crossgates Mall Road		Access via Fuller Road Alternate
1N I-87 north – Albany International Airport, Montreal, SaratogaExits 1E-W on I-87/Northway, Eastern terminus of I-87 concurrency
0.801.292Washington Avenue (NY 910D)
CR 156 (Fuller Road) – UAlbany
1.852.983State Offices
2.193.524 NY 85 west – Slingerlands, VoorheesvilleEastern terminus of NY 85
3.195.135 Everett Road (CR 155)To NY 5
3.806.125ACorporate Woods BoulevardFormerly planned for I-687
5.108.216 US 9 / Henry Johnson Boulevard – Loudonville, Arbor Hill
6.169.916A I-787 – Troy, AlbanyExit 5 on I-787
Hudson River6.4110.32Patroon Island Bridge
RensselaerRensselaer6.9211.147Washington Avenue – RensselaerEastbound exit and westbound entrance; other movements via exit 8
North Greenbush7.7312.448 NY 43 east – DefreestvilleWestern terminus of NY 43
East Greenbush9.4715.249 US 4 – East Greenbush, RensselaerTo NY 151
Schodack13.1021.0810 Miller Road (CR 54) – Schodack Center, East Greenbush
14.5123.3511 US 9 / US 20 – East Greenbush, NassauSigned as exits 11W (north/west) and 11E (south/east) eastbound; To NY 150
19.5731.4912 US 9 – Hudson, Castleton-on-HudsonTo NY 203 & NY 66
19.9932.17Rensselaer Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
20.3932.81B1


 To I-87 Toll / New York Thruway – New York City, Buffalo		Western terminus of Berkshire Connector concurrency, Alternate route to I-90-Thruway west
ColumbiaChatham15.0924.29B2 NY 295 / Taconic State Parkway south – Chatham, East Chatham, CanaanNorthern terminus of Taconic Parkway; To NY 66
Canaan18.129.1Canaan Toll Gantry (E-ZPass or Toll by Mail)
23.2737.45B3 NY 22 – Austerlitz, New Lebanon, West Stockbridge, StockbridgeTo Route 102 & Route 41
24.2839.07–
 I-90 Toll east / Mass Pike east – Springfield, Boston		Continuation into Massachusetts; eastern terminus of Berkshire Connector concurrency
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also[]

  • New York State Thruway

References[]

  1. ^ "2008 Traffic Volume Report for New York State" (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation. June 16, 2009. pp. 146–149. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Official route numbering for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways (Map). American Association of State Highway Officials. August 14, 1957.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c New York State Map (Map). Cartography by . I Love New York. 2009.
  4. ^ "History of NY Thruway 1991–2000". Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
  5. ^ "History". Adirondack Northway Exit 3 Project. New York State Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  6. ^ Location of Routes Selected for Study (Map). Bureau of Public Roads. 1938.
  7. ^ Statement by Assemblyman Moffat and Senator Hampton Relative to the Establishment of a State Thruway System, March 13, 1942, New York Legislative Document, 1942, v. 15 no. 80–82, p. 153
  8. ^ "The New York State Thruway: The Beginning". Thruway Chronology. New York State Thruway Authority. 2002. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
  9. ^ Kaszynski, William (2000). The American Highway: The History and Culture of Roads in the United States. McFarland & Company. pp. 141–142. ISBN 0-7864-0822-7.
  10. ^ Weaver, Warren Jr. (October 27, 1954). "More of Thruway Opened by Dewey". The New York Times. p. 31.
  11. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (August 27, 1956). "Thruway Opening Final Link Friday". The New York Times. p. 21.
  12. ^ "The Thruway Becomes the Longest Toll Road". The New York Times. December 15, 1957. p. 159.
  13. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (May 24, 1959). "Boston to Chicago". The New York Times. p. XX1.
  14. ^ Pierce, Bret (September 19, 1956). "Thruway Called a Model Project". The New York Times. p. 39.
  15. ^ "Traffic Engineering for I90". . Institute of Traffic Engineers. 28. 1957.
  16. ^ Highway Cost Estimates: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Public Works, 1958, p. 173
  17. ^ U.S. Congress, Miscellaneous Highway Legislation, 1961, p. 112
  18. ^ "Rockefeller Urged to Veto Road Link". The New York Times. March 30, 1964. p. 25.
  19. ^ New York with Sight-Seeing Guide (Map) (1962 ed.). Cartography by General Drafting. Esso. 1962.
  20. ^ New York Happy Motoring Guide (Map) (1963 ed.). Cartography by General Drafting. Esso. 1963.
  21. ^ New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Mobil. 1965.
  22. ^ New York (Map) (1969–70 ed.). Cartography by General Drafting. Esso. 1968.
  23. ^ New York State Highways (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. . 1969.
  24. ^ New York and New Jersey Tourgide Map (Map) (1972 ed.). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Gulf Oil Company. 1972.
  25. ^ New York (Map) (1973 ed.). Cartography by H.M. Gousha Company. Shell Oil Company. 1973.
  26. ^ New York and New Jersey Tourgide Map (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Gulf Oil Company. 1974.
  27. ^ New York (Map) (1977–78 ed.). Cartography by General Drafting. Exxon. 1977.
  28. ^ Federal Highway Administration (2009). "Structure 1073530". National Bridge Inventory. United States Department of Transportation.
  29. ^ Federal Highway Administration (2009). "Structure 1073540". National Bridge Inventory. United States Department of Transportation.
  30. ^ Bergman Associates (February 13, 2008). "Hudson River Crossing Study" (PDF). Capital District Transportation Committee and New York State Department of Transportation. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2011. Retrieved December 25, 2009.
  31. ^ Google (October 2011). "Exit 24". Google Street View. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b c Office of Technical Services (2014). "Inventory Listing". New York State Department of Transportation Engineering Division. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
  33. ^ "2011 Traffic Volume Report" (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation. September 25, 2012. pp. 148–149. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
  34. ^ "Thruway Authority Announces Start of Bridge Removal Project in the Town of Hamburg" (Press release). New York State Thruway Authority. May 14, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  35. ^ O'Brien, Barbara (April 28, 2017). "How the Thruway Authority Will Change Exit 57 in Hamburg". The Buffalo News. Retrieved September 16, 2019.

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