Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest

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Italy
Italy
Member stationRAI
National selection events
National final
  • Sanremo Music Festival
  • 1956–1966
  • 1967-1969 (artist)
  • 1972
  • 1997
  • 2011–2013
  • 2015–2022
  • Canzonissima
  • 1970-1971 (artist)
  • 1973-1975 (artist)
Internal selection
  • 1976–1980
  • 1983–1985
  • 1987–1993
  • 2014
Participation summary
Appearances46
Host1965, 1991, 2022
First appearance1956
Highest placement1st: 1964, 1990, 2021
Nul points1966
External links
Official RAI website for ESC
Italy's page at Eurovision.tv
Song contest current event.png For the most recent participation see
Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022

Italy has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 46 times since making its debut at the first contest in 1956. It was one of the seven countries that competed at the first contest, which took inspiration from the Sanremo Music Festival.[1] Italy competed at the contest without interruption until 1980, discontinuing its participation on a number of occasions during the 1980s and 1990s. After a 13-year absence starting in 1998, the country returned to the contest in 2011. Italy has won the contest three times, along with an additional 15 top-five finishes. Italy hosted the contest in Naples (1965) and Rome (1991), and will host the 2022 contest in Turin.

In 1958, Domenico Modugno finished third with the song "Nel blu, dipinto di blu". Renamed "Volare", the song became a huge international hit, topping the US Billboard Hot 100 and winning two Grammy Awards at its first edition. Emilio Pericoli also finished third in 1963, before Italy won for the first time in 1964 with Gigliola Cinquetti and "Non ho l'età". Cinquetti returned to the contest in 1974 and finished second with the song "Sì", losing to ABBA. Italy then finished third in 1975 with Wess and Dori Ghezzi and the song "Era". The country's best result of the 1980s was Umberto Tozzi and Raf finishing third in 1987. Italy's second victory in the contest came in 1990 with Toto Cutugno and the song "Insieme: 1992". Other good 1990s results were Mia Martini in 1992 and Jalisse in 1997, who both finished fourth. After 1997, Italy withdrew from the competition.

On 31 December 2010, the EBU announced that Italy would be returning to the contest as part of the "Big Five", meaning that it automatically qualified for the final.[2] Italy's return to the contest has proved to be successful, finishing in the top ten in eight of the last ten contests (2011–21), including second places for Raphael Gualazzi (2011) and Mahmood (2019), and third place for Il Volo (2015). Il Volo won the televote, receiving votes from all countries, but came sixth with the juries. This was the first time since the introduction of the mixed jury–televote system in 2009 that the televote winner did not end up winning the contest. Italy achieved its third victory at the contest in 2021, with the rock band Måneskin and the song "Zitti e buoni".

History[]

Absences[]

Italy has withdrawn from the Eurovision Song Contest a number of times. The first withdrawal was in 1981, when RAI stated that interest had diminished in the country.[3] This absence continued through 1982, before Italy returned in 1983. Italy again withdrew in 1986 when RAI decided not to enter the contest.[citation needed] From 1994 to 1996 Italy withdrew again, with RAI citing a lack of interest in participating. Italy returned in 1997, before withdrawing again without explanation, and the country did not participate again until 2011.[4]

None of the 20th century Eurovision-winning songs were particularly successful in the Italian charts. "Non ho l'età" by Gigliola Cinquetti was a hit in February 1964 when the song won the 1964 contest, but according to the official "Hit Parade Italia" website, "Waterloo", "Ding-a-dong", "Puppet on a String", "Save Your Kisses for Me" and even Italy's own winning entry of 1990, "Insieme: 1992", all failed to enter the top ten of the records sales charts. A notable exception to this rule was the 1984 entry "I treni di Tozeur" by Alice and Franco Battiato, which shared 5th place in the final, but still became a #3 hit in Italy and also placed at #20 on the chart of the best-selling Italian singles in 1984.

TV censorship of the 1974 contest[]

RAI refused to broadcast the 1974 contest because their competing song, sung by Gigliola Cinquetti, coincided with the intense political campaigning for the 1974 Italian divorce referendum which was to be held a month later in May. Despite the Eurovision Song Contest taking place more than a month before the planned vote, Italian censors refused to allow the contest and song to be shown or heard. RAI censors felt that the song, titled "Sì" (Yes), and contained lyrics constantly repeating the aforementioned word could be subject to accusation of being subliminal messaging and a form of propaganda to influence the Italian voting public to vote 'yes' in the referendum ('yes' to repeal the law that allowed divorce).[5] The song thus remained censored on most Italian state TV and radio stations for over a month. At the contest in Brighton, Cinquetti finished second, losing to ABBA. "Sì" went on to be a UK top ten hit, peaking at number eight. It also reached the German top 20.[citation needed]

The 2008–2010 period[]

In 2008, two notable Italian musicians, Vince Tempera (who was the conductor for Malta in 1975 and had helped San Marino take part in the ESC in 2008) and Eurovision winner Toto Cutugno expressed their sorrow at Italy's non-participation and called for the country to return to the contest.[6][7]

Contestants from the 2008 contest, starting with the winner Dima Bilan appeared on the Italian show Carramba! Che fortuna, hosted by Raffaella Carrà on Rai Uno. Whether this was an initiative by Carrà (who presented three shows in TVE concerning the event) to try to bring Eurovision back to Italy is not clear, but Sietse Bakker, then-Manager Communications & PR of the Eurovision Song Contest, reiterated that "Italy is still very much welcome to take part in the competition."[8][9]

Shortly after revealing the list of participants for the 2009 contest, the EBU announced that they would work harder to bring Italy back into the contest, along with former participants Monaco and Austria.[10]

Successful return to the contest[]

At a press conference presenting the fourth edition of the Italian X Factor, Rai 2 director Massimo Liofredi announced that the winner of the competition might advance to represent Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest, rather than participate in the Sanremo Festival, as in previous years. On 2 December 2010, it was officially announced by the Eurovision Song Contest official website that Italy had applied to compete in the 2011 contest.[11] Their participation was further confirmed on 31 December with the announcement of the official participant list.[2]

Italy's return to the contest after a 13-year absence has been successful, finishing in the top ten in eight of the last ten contests (2011–21). In 2011, Raphael Gualazzi finished second, then Italy's best result since 1990. Italy came first with the jury vote, but only 11th in the televote to place second overall behind eventual winner Azerbaijan. Nina Zilli in 2012 and Marco Mengoni in 2013 were able to achieve a top 10 position (9th and 7th respectively); the latter, gathered 126 points, exactly doubling the points total of the other "Big Five" countries that year. This trend had a stop in 2014 when Emma Marrone, selected internally, ended in 21st place, worst placing ever for an Italian entry. In 2015, Sanremo winners Il Volo finished third with 292 points, behind Sweden and Russia. Italy placed first in the televote with 366 points, but sixth in the jury vote. Since the introduction of the 50/50 split voting system, this was the first time that the televote winner did not win the contest overall. Francesca Michielin, selected among the competitors of Sanremo 2016 after the waiver of the winners Stadio, ended in 16th place. Francesco Gabbani, a fan-favourite with "Occidentali's Karma", came in 6th place in 2017. The year after, although not initially a big favourite with the bookmakers, Ermal Meta and Fabrizio Moro returned Italy to the top 5 with "Non mi avete fatto niente", aided significantly by finishing third in the televote, which heavily counterbalanced the 17th place of the jury, finishing fifth overall. In 2019, Mahmood placed second with 472 points, Italy's best result since 2011, until Måneskin won the contest in 2021 with 524 points. Måneskin's victory marked the band's breakthrough on the international music scene.[12]

The video for "Occidentali's Karma" by Francesco Gabbani is the first Eurovision song to reach more than 200 million views on YouTube, while "Zitti e buoni" by Måneskin and "Soldi" by Mahmood are the second and third most-streamed Eurovision song on Spotify, respectively. In addition, the live performance of "Zitti e buoni" is the most viewed live performance on the Eurovision YouTube channel.[13]

Italy and the "Big Five"[]

Since 1999, four countries – France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom – have automatically qualified for the Eurovision final regardless of their results in previous contests.[14] These countries earned this special status by being the four biggest financial contributors to the EBU, and subsequently became known as the "Big Four". In a meeting with OGAE Serbia in 2007, then-Executive Supervisor of the Contest Svante Stockselius stated that, if Italy were to return to the contest in the future, the country would also automatically qualify for the final, becoming part of a "Big Five".[15][16] However, with the official announcement of the return of Italy, it was not confirmed whether the country would compete in one of the two semi-finals or be part of the "Big Five", as RAI, third largest contributor to the EBU, had not applied for "Big Five" membership.[17] On 31 December 2010, it was announced that Italy would take part in the 2011 contest and confirmed that the country would indeed automatically qualify for the final as part of the "Big Five".[2]

Italy is currently the most successful Big Five country in the Eurovision Song Contest following the introduction of the rule, finishing in the top ten in eight of the last ten contests (2011–21), including a victory for Måneskin (2021), second places for Raphael Gualazzi (2011) and Mahmood (2019), and third place for Il Volo (2015). They are one of the only two countries of the Big Five – since it was introduced – to have won, the other being Germany in 2010.

Participation overview[]

Table key
1
 Winner
2
 Second place
3
 Third place
◁
 Last place
X
 Entry selected but did not compete
†
 Upcoming
Year Entrant Song Language Place Points Semi Points
1956
 Franca Raimondi "Aprite le finestre" Italian 2[a] N/A No semi-finals
Tonina Torrielli "Amami se vuoi" Italian 2[a]
1957
 Nunzio Gallo "Corde della mia chitarra" Italian 6 7
1958
 Domenico Modugno "Nel blu, dipinto di blu" Italian 3 13
1959
 Domenico Modugno "Piove (Ciao, ciao bambina)" Italian 6 9
1960
 Renato Rascel "Romantica" Italian 8 5
1961
 Betty Curtis "Al di là" Italian 5 12
1962
 Claudio Villa "Addio, addio" Italian 9 3
1963
 Emilio Pericoli "Uno per tutte" Italian 3 37
1964
 Gigliola Cinquetti "Non ho l'età" Italian 1 49
1965
 Bobby Solo "Se piangi, se ridi" Italian 5 15
1966
 Domenico Modugno "Dio, come ti amo" Italian 17 ◁ 0
1967
 Claudio Villa "Non andare più lontano" Italian 11 4
1968
 Sergio Endrigo "Marianne" Italian 10 7
1969
 Iva Zanicchi "Due grosse lacrime bianche" Italian 13 5
1970
 Gianni Morandi "Occhi di ragazza" Italian 8 5
1971
 Massimo Ranieri "L'amore è un attimo" Italian 5 91
1972
 Nicola Di Bari "I giorni dell'arcobaleno" Italian 6 92
1973
 Massimo Ranieri "Chi sarà con te" Italian 13 74
1974
 Gigliola Cinquetti "Sì" Italian 2 18
1975
 Wess and Dori Ghezzi "Era" Italian 3 115
1976
 Al Bano and Romina Power "We'll Live It All Again" English, Italian 7 69
1977
 Mia Martini "Libera" Italian 13 33
1978
 Ricchi e Poveri "Questo amore" Italian 12 53
1979
 Matia Bazar "Raggio di luna" Italian 15 27
1980
 Alan Sorrenti "Non so che darei" Italian 6 87
1983
 Riccardo Fogli "Per Lucia" Italian 11 41
1984
 Alice and Battiato "I treni di Tozeur" Italian 5 70
1985
 Al Bano and Romina Power "Magic Oh Magic" Italian, English 7 78
1987
 Umberto Tozzi and Raf "Gente di mare" Italian 3 103
1988
 Luca Barbarossa "Vivo (Ti scrivo)" Italian 12 52
1989
 Anna Oxa and Fausto Leali "Avrei voluto" Italian 9 56
1990
 Toto Cutugno "Insieme: 1992" Italian 1 149
1991
 Peppino di Capri "Comme è ddoce 'o mare" Neapolitan 7 89
1992
 Mia Martini "Rapsodia" Italian 4 111
1993
 Enrico Ruggeri "Sole d'Europa" Italian 12 45 Kvalifikacija za Millstreet
1997
 Jalisse "Fiumi di parole" Italian 4 114 No semi-finals
2011
 Raphael Gualazzi "Madness of Love" Italian, English 2 189 Member of the "Big 5"
2012
 Nina Zilli "L'amore è femmina (Out of Love)" English, Italian 9 101
2013
 Marco Mengoni "L'essenziale" Italian 7 126
2014
 Emma "La mia città" Italian 21 33
2015
 Il Volo "Grande amore" Italian 3 292
2016
 Francesca Michielin "No Degree of Separation" Italian, English 16 124
2017
 Francesco Gabbani "Occidentali's Karma" Italian 6 334
2018
 Ermal Meta and Fabrizio Moro "Non mi avete fatto niente" Italian 5 308
2019
 Mahmood "Soldi" Italian[b] 2 472
2020
 Diodato "Fai rumore" Italian Contest cancelled[c] X
2021
 Måneskin "Zitti e buoni" Italian 1 524 Member of the "Big 5"
2022
 Mahmood and Blanco "Brividi" Italian Upcoming † Member of the "Big 5" and host country

Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest[]

Further information: Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest
Entrant Language Song At Congratulations At Eurovision
Final Points Semi Points Year Place Points
Domenico Modugno Italian "Nel blu, dipinto di blu" 2 267 2 200 1958 3 13

Hostings[]

Year Location Venue Presenters
1965 Naples Auditorium RAI Renata Mauro
1991 Rome Teatro 15 di Cinecittà Gigliola Cinquetti and Toto Cutugno
2022 Turin PalaOlimpico Alessandro Cattelan, Laura Pausini and Mika

Awards[]

Marcel Bezençon Awards[]

Further information: Marcel Bezençon Awards
Year Category Song Performer Final Points Host city Ref.
2015 Press Award "Grande amore" Il Volo 3 292 Austria Vienna
[18]
2017 Press Award "Occidentali's Karma" Francesco Gabbani 6 334 Ukraine Kyiv
[19]
2019 Composer Award "Soldi" Mahmood 2 465 Israel Tel Aviv
[20]

Winner by OGAE members[]

Further information: OGAE
Year Song Performer Final
result 		Points Host city Ref.
2015 "Grande amore" Il Volo 3 292 Austria Vienna
[21]
2017 "Occidentali's Karma" Francesco Gabbani 6 334 Ukraine Kyiv
[22]
2019 "Soldi" Mahmood 2 465 Israel Tel Aviv
[23]

Related involvement[]

Conductors[]

Year Sanremo Conductor[d] Eurovision Conductor Musical Director Notes Ref.
1956 Gian Stellari N/A [24]
1957 Armando Trovajoli
1958 Italy United Kingdom Alberto Semprini
1959  [it]
1960 Cinico Angelini
1961 Gianfranco Intra
1962 Cinico Angelini
1963  [it]
1964  [it]
1965 Gianni Marchetti Gianni Ferrio [e]
1966 Unknown  [it] N/A [f]
1967 N/A Giancarlo Chiaramello
1968
1969 Ezio Leoni
1970  [it] [25]
1971  [it]
1972 Gian Franco Reverberi
1973 N/A Enrico Polito
1974 Gianfranco Monaldi
1975  [it]
1976 Maurizio Fabrizio
1977
1978 Nicola Samale
1979 No conductor [g]
1980 United Kingdom Del Newman [26]
1983 Maurizio Fabrizio
1984 Giusto Pio
1985 Fiorenzo Zanotti
1987  [it]
1988 No conductor [h]
1989 Mario Natale
1990 Gianni Madonini
1991 Bruno Canfora
1992  [it] N/A
1993 Vittorio Cosma
1997 Lucio Fabbri
2011 Ferdinando Arnò No orchestra
2012 N/A[i]
2013 Fabio Gurian
2014 N/A [j]
2015  [it]
2016  [it]
2017  [it]
2018  [it]
2019 Dario Faini
2020  [it] [k]
2021  [it]
2022 Carmelo Patti (nights 1, 3 and 5)
Michele Zocca (night 4)

Heads of delegation[]

Year Head of delegation Ref.
2011–2019 Nicola Caligiore
[27]
2020– Simona Martorelli
[28]

Commentators and spokespersons[]

Year Final commentator Semi-final commentator Spokesperson Ref.
1956 Bianca Maria Piccinino No semi-finals No spokesperson
1957 Nunzio Filogamo
1958  [it]
1959 Enzo Tortora
1960 Giorgio Porro
1961 Corrado Mantoni
1962  [it]
1963
1964 Rosanna Vaudetti
1965 Daniele Piombi
1966 Enzo Tortora
1967 Mike Bongiorno
1968
1969
1970 Enzo Tortora
1971 No spokesperson
1972
1973
1974 Rosanna Vaudetti  [it]
1975 Silvio Noto
1976 Rosanna Vaudetti
1977  [it]
1978 Rosanna Vaudetti
1979  [it]
1980 Michele Gammino Mariolina Cannuli
1981–1982 No broadcast Did not participate
1983  [it] No semi-finals Paola Perissi
1984 Antonio De Robertis Mariolina Cannuli
1985 Rosanna Vaudetti Beatrice Cori
1986 No broadcast Did not participate
1987 Rosanna Vaudetti No semi-finals Mariolina Cannuli
1988 Daniele Piombi
1989  [it]  [it]
1990 Nicoletta Orsomando Paolo Frajese
1991 No commentator Rosanna Vaudetti
1992 Peppi Franzelin Nicoletta Orsomando
1993  [it] Ettore Andenna Peppi Franzelin
[29]
1994–1996 No broadcast Did not participate
1997 Ettore Andenna No semi-finals Peppi Franzelin
1998–2002 No broadcast Did not participate
2003 Fabio Canino [it] and Paolo Quilici No semi-finals
[30]
2004–2005 No broadcast
2006 Unknown
[31]
2007–2010 No broadcast
2011 Raffaella Carrà and Bob Sinclar Raffaella Carrà Raffaella Carrà
2012  [it] and  [it]  [it]  [it]
2013 Filippo Solibello, Marco Ardemagni and  [it] Federica Gentile
[32][33]
2014 Linus and  [it] Marco Ardemagni and Filippo Solibello Linus
2015 Federico Russo and  [it] (TV)
Marco Ardemagni and Filippo Solibello (radio)		 Federico Russo
2016 Flavio Insinna and Federico Russo Claudia Andreatti
2017  [it] and  [it] Giulia Valentina
2018 Serena Rossi and Federico Russo (TV)
Carolina Di Domenico and  [it] (radio)		 Carolina Di Domenico and
2019 Flavio Insinna and Federico Russo (TV)
Ema Stokholma and  [it] (radio)		 Federico Russo and Ema Stokholma Ema Stokholma
[34]
2021  [it] and Cristiano Malgioglio (TV)
Ema Stokholma and Gino Castaldo (radio)		 Ema Stokholma and Saverio Raimondo Carolina Di Domenico
[35]

Other shows[]

Show Commentator Channel Ref.
Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light Flavio Insinna and Federico Russo Rai 1
[36]
 [it] and  [it] Rai 4
Rai Radio 2

Photogallery[]

  • Domenico Modugno in Hilversum (1958)

  • Bobby Solo in Naples (1965)

  • Al Bano and Romina Power in The Hague (1976)

  • Raphael Gualazzi in Düsseldorf (2011)

  • Marco Mengoni in Malmö (2013)

  • Emma in Copenhagen (2014)

  • Il Volo in Vienna (2015)

  • Francesca Michielin in Stockholm (2016)

  • Francesco Gabbani in Kyiv (2017)

  • Ermal Meta and Fabrizio Moro in Lisbon (2018)

  • Mahmood in Tel Aviv (2019)

  • Måneskin in Rotterdam (2021)

See also[]

Notes and references[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ a b The full results for the first contest in 1956 are unknown, only the winner was announced. The official Eurovision site lists all the other songs as being placed second.
  2. ^ Contains phrases in Arabic.
  3. ^ The 2020 contest was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
  4. ^ All conductors are of Italian nationality unless otherwise noted.
  5. ^ Ferrio also conducted the Austrian and Irish entries
  6. ^ Giacomazzi was originally brought in to conduct the Italian entry, but the Luxembourgish orchestra didn't perform it to singer Domenico Modugno's satisfaction. The Italian performance was then accompanied by a small ensemble of musicians, with Giacomazzi playing piano. Therefore, the Italian entry didn't technically feature the orchestra, but Giacomazzi was still credited as the entry's conductor.
  7. ^ The Italian entry was performed without orchestral accompaniment.
  8. ^ The Italian entry was performed without orchestral accompaniment.
  9. ^ The Italian entrant was chosen from the competitors of the 2012 Sanremo Music Festival; the selected entrant, Nina Zilli, competed at Sanremo with "Per sempre," conducted by  [it]. Her chosen entry, "L'amore è femmina," was not a Sanremo entry.
  10. ^ The Italian entry was determined through an internal selection.
  11. ^ Although Diodato accepted RAI's invitation to represent Italy at the 2020 contest, it was subsequently canceled due to COVID-19.

References[]

  1. ^ "Sanremo - the festival that inspired Eurovision". Eurovision.tv. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Bakker, Sietse (31 December 2010). "43 nations on 2011 participants list". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  3. ^ "History - Eurovision Song Contest 1981". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 17 September 2008.
  4. ^ "Italy - Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 23 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ "Sì - lyrics - Diggiloo Thrush". www.diggiloo.net. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  6. ^ Kasapoglou, Yiorgos (7 March 2008). "Italy: Maestro Tempera calls Italy back to Eurovision". ESCToday. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
  7. ^ Bakker, Sietse (16 June 2008). "Cutugno: "Italy's absence unfortunate"". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  8. ^ Hondal, Víctor (19 September 2008). "Italy: Eurovision stars guests on Rai Uno". ESCToday. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  9. ^ Siim, Jarmo (17 September 2008). "Eurovision stars going to Italy!". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  10. ^ floras, stella (13 January 2009). "EBU working for Eurovision full house in 2010". ESCTodayaccessdate=30 July 2009.
  11. ^ Bakker, Sietse (2 December 2010). "Italy applied for 2011 Eurovision Song Contest!". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  12. ^ "Chartbreaker: Inside Måneskin's Unlikely, TikTok-Assisted Journey to Rock Stardom". Billboard. Retrieved 22 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ Adessi, Antonio (27 June 2021). "Måneskin: oltre 60 milioni di visualizzazioni per Zitti e buoni su YouTube". Eurofestivalnews (in Italian). Retrieved 27 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ O'Connor, John Kennedy (2005). The Eurovision Song Contest 50 Years The Official History. London: Carlton Books Limited. ISBN 1-84442-586-X.
  15. ^ "Svante Stockselius meets members of OGAE Serbia". Oikotimes. 22 June 2007. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
  16. ^ Fulton, Rick (14 May 2007). "The East V West Song Contest". Daily Record. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
  17. ^ "Italy made no motion for Big 5 membership yet". Oikotimes. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2010.[permanent dead link]
  18. ^ "Winners of the Marcel Bezençon Awards 2015". eurovision.tv. 25 May 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  19. ^ "Winners of the Marcel Bezençon Awards 2017". eurovision.tv. 14 May 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  20. ^ "Here are the winners of the 2019 Marcel Bezençon Awards". eurovision.tv. 18 May 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  21. ^ Cobb, Ryan (21 April 2017). "Analysing ten years of OGAE voting: "Underneath the fan favourite bias is a worthwhile indicator"". escxtra.com. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  22. ^ Gallagher, Robyn (30 April 2017). "OGAE Poll 2017 final results: Italy confirmed as winner, Belgium second, Sweden third". Wiwibloggs. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  23. ^ Herbert, Emily (30 April 2019). "Eurovision 2019: Italy Wins OGAE Poll 2019". eurovoix.com. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  24. ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (2012). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. One: The 1950s and 1960s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 93–101. ISBN 978-1-84583-065-6.
  25. ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Two: The 1970s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 142–168. ISBN 978-1-84583-093-9.
  26. ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (2016). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Three: The 1980s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-118-9.
  27. ^ Granger, Anthony (10 November 2019). "Italy: Nicola Caligiore to Step Down as Head of Delegation". eurovoix.com. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  28. ^ Granger, Anthony (14 May 2020). "Italy: Simona Martorelli Named as New Head of Delegation". Eurovoix. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  29. ^ "Enrico Ruggeri Sole d'Europa Eurofestival 1993". youtube.com. 26 October 2008. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  30. ^ Lombardini, Emanuele; Pigliavento, Alessandro (2012). "Guida all'EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2012" (PDF). Eurovision Italia. Eurovision Italia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  31. ^ "EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2006". eurofestivalnews.com.
  32. ^ "Natascha Lusenti affiancherà Ardemagni-Solibello nel commento all'Eurovision 2013" (in Italian). Eurofestival.ws. 5 April 2013. Archived from the original on 19 May 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  33. ^ Gordon Roxburgh (18 May 2013). "Good evening Malmö - Voting order revealed". Eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 19 May 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  34. ^ https://www.rai.it/dl/doc/1557818030923_RDTV_13maggio_down.pdf (pagina 14)
  35. ^ "Eurovision 2021: Date e dove vederlo. Quando sono i Maneskin".
  36. ^ "Eurovision, Europe Shine a Light: il 16 maggio alle 20.35 su Rai1, Radio2 e RaiPlay" [Eurovision, Europe Shine a Light: on 16 May at 20:35 on Rai1, Radio2 and RaiPlay]. eurofestivalnews.com. 10 April 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.

External links[]

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