Jiujiang

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Jiujiang (disambiguation).
Jiujiang
九江市
Kiukiang
Prefecture-level city
Jiujiang Panorama
Jiujiang Panorama
Location of Jiujiang City jurisdiction in Jiangxi
Location of Jiujiang City jurisdiction in Jiangxi
Coordinates (Jiujiang municipal government): 29°39′40″N 115°57′14″E / 29.661°N 115.954°E / 29.661; 115.954Coordinates: 29°39′40″N 115°57′14″E / 29.661°N 115.954°E / 29.661; 115.954
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceJiangxi
SeatMunicipal seat
Government
 • Party SecretaryBinyang Lin
 • MayorYiping Xie
Area
 • Prefecture-level city18,823 km2 (7,268 sq mi)
 • Urban
598 km2 (231 sq mi)
 • Metro
598 km2 (231 sq mi)
Elevation
[1]
20 m (70 ft)
Highest elevation
(Jiuling Mountains)
1,794 m (5,886 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)
 • Prefecture-level city4,600,276
 • Density240/km2 (630/sq mi)
 • Urban
2,814,240
 • Urban density4,700/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
1,164,268
 • Metro density1,900/km2 (5,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
ISO 3166 codeCN-JX-04
Websitewww.jiujiang.gov.cn/english/
Jiujiang
Chinese九江

Jiujiang (Chinese: 九江), formerly transliterated Kiukiang[2] or Kew Keang, is a prefecture-level city located on the southern shores of the Yangtze River in northwest Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China. It is the second-largest prefecture-level city in Jiangxi province. Jiujiang literally means "nine rivers".

It is one of the first five cities open to foreign trade along the Yangtze River after Chinese Reform and Opening policy. It is Yangtze River shipping hub international gateway, and Jiangxi's only international trade port city. Jiujiang Port is the fourth largest port on the Yangtze River.[3][4]

Its population was 4,600,276 inhabitants at the 2020 census whom 1,164,268 in the built up area made of 3 urban districts (Xunyang,Lianxi and Chaisang).[5] In 2007, the city is named China's top ten livable cities by Chinese Cities Brand Value Report, which was released at 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum.[6]

Administrative divisions[]

Map including Jiujiang (labeled as CHIU-CHIANG (KIUKIANG) (walled) 九江) (AMS, 1954)
  • Districts:
  • Others:
  • Bureau and Administration Committees
  • Mountain Lu Scenic Area Administration Bureau
  • Mountain Lu West Sea Scenic Area Management Committee
  • Bali Lake New Area Management Committee
  • Poyang Lake Ecological Science and Technology City Management Committee
  • Towns and Sub-district Offices
  • There are 235 towns and 11 sub-district offices
Map

History[]

The mountain range to the South of Jiujiang

Ancient History[]

In ancient times it was told that nine rivers converged near where Jiujiang sprang up to become Jiangxi's main water port today. During the Xia through the Shang Dynasties the capitals of several states were located in area of Jiujiang.[citation needed] In the Spring & Autumn Period (770–476 BCE) Jiujiang bordered between the states of Wu (downstream, to the east) and Chu (upstream, to the west).

Imperial History[]

Tao Yuanming (365–429 CE) a famous Chinese philosopher lived at the base of Lushan. He was once appointed magistrate of nearby Pengze County and after 83 days resigned due to the politics involved in administering justice. He retired back to his village to pen an essay called "Peach Blossom Spring". In 757, Li Bai (701–762 CE) was implicated in An-Shi disturbances and imprisoned at Jiujiang. Bai Juyi (772–846 CE) wrote a poem called "Lute Song", which is about his sadness and isolation of forced exile as a middle rank official to reside in such a small town. In the 13th century Zhu Xi was a Confucian philosopher who practiced at the White Deer Grotto Academy, on Lushan's eastern flanks.

Jiujiang has also been known as Jiangzhou and Xunyang in former times. During the Jin Dynasty (266–420) it was known as Sin Yang[citation needed], the Liang dynasty (502–557) it was called Jiangzhou. The Sui Dynasty saw its name as Jiujiang and the Song Dynasty (960–1127) called it Ting Jiang. The Ming dynasty (1368–1644), gave it Jiujiang which has retained its name to this day. It was a Taiping rebellion stronghold for five years (1850–1864) after they[who?] devastated the town to only leave one street with buildings intact. The city served as the capital of Taiping's Jiangxi province during this time.

British Concession and European Settlement History[]

The Jiujiang waterfront circa 1873.
Former Abbey
Former Japanese Consulate
Former Catholic School
Former Mobil Firm

The Arrival of the Europeans[]

A member of Lord Elgin's committee arriving in 1858 to survey Chinese ports for treaty status noted: "We found it to the last degree deplorable." A single dilapidated street, composed only of a few mean shops, was all that existed of this once thriving populous city. The remainder of the vast area composed within its massive walls 9-10 kilometers in circumference, contained nothing but ruins, weeds and kitchen gardens. After Jiujiang becoming an open treaty port in 1862, it was exporting Jiangxi's vast rice crop. In 1904, more than 160,000 kilos of opium were moved through its customs house. The New York Methodist Mission Society's Superintendent, Virgil C. Hart, arrived in Kiukiang in 1866 and bought a piece of property just east of the city wall. This is where the city's first Methodist Church and western hospital was built, with the hospital renamed the #1 Hospital, and the oldest/continuous operating hospital in Jiangxi Province.[8] In 1896 Drs. Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu) and Ida Kahn (Kahn Cheng) arrived back in Jiujiang, being China's first two native female western-educated doctors; having graduated from the University of Michigan Medical School. They were provided with funds collected by Dr. I. N. Danforth (from Chicago residents), to build the Elizabeth Skelton Danforth Hospital and administered entirely by the native Chinese. This was later renamed Jiujiang Women's and Children's Hospital, and the nursing education by Drs. Stone and Kahn would later be the impetus for the founding of Jiujiang University and Jiujiang Medical School.[9]

It became one of the three centers of the tea trade in China along with Hankou and Fuzhou. The Russians had two brick tea producing factories, but ceased operations after 1917. On October 16, 1927 there was an explosion of ammunition on the Chinese troopship Kuang Yuang near Jiujiang.[10] The British surrendered their concession in 1927 after being robbed and its Chinese workers mutineered their posts to the marauding crowds. An economic recession had set in over the decades as Indian and Chelonian tea made for greater competition. A military advance was being staged upriver in Wuhan by the Kuomintang in 1927 and all the remaining expatriate community fled on British and American warships towards safer waters of Shanghai, to never return.[citation needed] Jiujiang languished as a port and much of its export trade was siphoned off with the connecting of Nanchang to coastal rail lines built in 1936–37.

The Establishment of British Concession[]

Former Taiwan Bank of Japan

After China's defeat in the Second Opium War, China and Britain signed the Treaty of Tientsin. At the beginning of the eleventh year of Xianfeng (1861), the British Counsellor, Harry Parkes, went to the new port on the Yangtse River by naval vessel according to the treaty to investigate the situation and select the site of concession to be opened. After the concession sites of Zhenjiang and Hankou were delimit, on March 22, Harry Parkes returned to Jiujiang from Hankou and decided to open up a commercial port in Jiujiang.[11]

In the 11th year of xianfeng (1861), Zhang Jixin, general minister of Jiangxi province, signed with Harry Parkers the treaty of opening up the British concession in Jiujiang, the Treaty of Land Lease in Jiujiang. The concession was located in a narrow area on the west of Jiujiang, between the Yangtze River and Gantang Lake, to the west of Longkai River, with a length of 150 zhang from east to west and a depth of 60 zhang from south to north, covering an area of 150 acres. The southern part of the concession includes part of PenPu Port.[12]

The Development of Kuling town in Mountain Lu[]

In the early 20th century, Kuling town on top of Mountain Lu became the summer resort for international residents because of its beautiful geological landscape and nice climate. At the golden age, over 4000 foreigners from America and European countries lived in this small town in summer time.[13]

Kuling, on the slopes of a wide valley of Mountain Lu, was established in 1895 by the missionaries and three others, as a sanitarium and rest resort for Western missionaries in southern China. They built their houses in the colonial style of architecture, and added churches, schools, and sports facilities. It was named by Little, as a pun: it is wonderfully cooling after the summer heat in the plains below. It was also a word that sounded conveniently Chinese to the local people, and has been adopted by them. Kuling was run by the missionaries in a Kuling Council that sold the plots of the land and with the proceeds paid for local services and security. In 1910, Caroline Maddock Hart and four others met to found the Nurses Association of China; with Caroline Maddock Hart being its first president.

Modern History[]

Until 1949 Jiujiang had very little industry except for local handicrafts. Manufacturing is Jiujiang's backbone today with auto, machinery, petrochemical, shipbuilding and textiles as its cornerstones. After the completion of the Yangtze River Bridge in 1992 and the Beijing to Kowloon (Hong Kong) and Wuhan to Shanghai rail systems laid, a convenient ground corridor was provided and a regional airport now serves most of China's capital cities.

In 2005, an earthquake hit Ruichang. Kuling American School Association donated 200 sets of desks and chairs and more than 50 sets of Oxford English-Chinese Dictionary to a local primary school near Ruichang.[14][15]

Economy[]

Economic and Technological Development Zones[]

  • Jiujiang Free Trade (Tariff-free) Zone[16]
  • Jiujiang National Economical and Technological Development Zone[17]
  • Jiujiang Gongqingcheng National High-tech Industrial Development Zone[18]

Latest Ranking in the Chinese Cities[]

In 2020, Jiujiang's GDP is 324.1 Billion Yuan. Jiujiang's GDP ranks 80th among Chinese cities.[19]

Demography[]

The city administers a total population of approximately 4,600,276 at the 2020 census of whom approximately 2,814,240 are urban living in the urban area.[5] The population density is 240 per km2. Han Chinese make up 99.8% of the population. Registered residents include 25 ethnic minorities. Six of them are major minorities in Jiujiang. They are: Hui, Miao, Zhuang, Tujia, and She.

Jiujiang's dialect is unlike typical Gan dialect of Jiangxi. Jiujiang dialect is a variety of Lower Yangtze Mandarin and is close to Jiangsu dialect.

Climate[]

Climate data for Jiujiang (1981−2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.3
(70.3) 		29.1
(84.4) 		31.8
(89.2) 		34.1
(93.4) 		37.0
(98.6) 		38.6
(101.5) 		40.9
(105.6) 		40.9
(105.6) 		38.9
(102.0) 		35.6
(96.1) 		29.7
(85.5) 		22.8
(73.0) 		40.9
(105.6)
Average high °C (°F) 7.9
(46.2) 		10.4
(50.7) 		14.8
(58.6) 		21.4
(70.5) 		26.8
(80.2) 		29.7
(85.5) 		33.5
(92.3) 		32.7
(90.9) 		28.3
(82.9) 		23.0
(73.4) 		16.8
(62.2) 		10.9
(51.6) 		21.3
(70.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6) 		7.0
(44.6) 		11.0
(51.8) 		17.3
(63.1) 		22.6
(72.7) 		25.9
(78.6) 		29.6
(85.3) 		28.7
(83.7) 		24.6
(76.3) 		19.2
(66.6) 		13.0
(55.4) 		7.2
(45.0) 		17.6
(63.6)
Average low °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5) 		4.5
(40.1) 		8.2
(46.8) 		14.1
(57.4) 		19.3
(66.7) 		23.0
(73.4) 		26.5
(79.7) 		25.8
(78.4) 		21.8
(71.2) 		16.3
(61.3) 		10.1
(50.2) 		4.5
(40.1) 		14.7
(58.5)
Record low °C (°F) −4.2
(24.4) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		3.6
(38.5) 		10.0
(50.0) 		14.5
(58.1) 		19.8
(67.6) 		17.8
(64.0) 		14.3
(57.7) 		5.6
(42.1) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−6.7
(19.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 72.1
(2.84) 		90.6
(3.57) 		141.3
(5.56) 		176.0
(6.93) 		184.6
(7.27) 		223.0
(8.78) 		156.8
(6.17) 		125.6
(4.94) 		72.8
(2.87) 		83.9
(3.30) 		75.0
(2.95) 		44.3
(1.74) 		1,446
(56.92)
Average relative humidity (%) 75 75 76 75 74 78 73 76 76 73 73 71 75
Source: China Meteorological Data Service Center[20]

Industry[]

Primary industries include:[21]

  • Manufacturing
  • Petrochemical Refinement
  • Tourism
  • Import/Export (through river port)
  • Agricultural Chemical Production

Transport[]

Road[]

[22]

Rail[]

[23]

Air[]

[24]

Port[]

[25]

Jiujiang Port is the largest port in Jiangxi Province located at the junction of the Yangtze River, Poyang Lake and the Beijing-Kowloon Railway. From west to east, this port consists of five docks namely Ruichang, Chengxi, Chengqu, Hukou and Pengze. As an important port situated on the lower and middle reaches of Yangtze River and one of the 5 main ports on the river, many domestic and international marine routes have been established, In the main, the freight handled consists of mineral building materials, coals, metal and nonmetal ores and petroleum.

Yangtze Bridges[]

[26] [27]

At present, Jiujiang has two Bridges built across the Yangtze River. They are Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge and Jiujiang Yangtze River Expressway Bridge. The third bridge across the Yangtze River in Jiujiang is under construction. The fourth bridge across the Yangtze River in Jiujiang is being designed

Colleges and Universities[]

Jiangxi Vocational College of Finance and Economics
  • The University of Jiujiang: an univeristy Located in Lianxi District. The location is most easily reached by the 101 bus from the city center.[28]
  • : a small picturesque college located right by the lake and next to Walmart. This college is well situated within the city.[29]
  • : a vocational college located in Lianxi District near Jiujiang University.[30]
  • : a vocational college located in Lianxi District near Jiujiang University.[31]
  • : a vocational college located in Yongxiu county.[32]
  • : a vocational college located in Jiujiang Economic and Technological Development Zone.[33]
  • : a vocational college located in Gongqingcheng. Gongqingcheng belongs to Jiujiang.[34]
  • : a local college located in Gongqingcheng. Gongqingcheng belongs to Jiujiang.[35]
  • : a local college located in Gongqingcheng. Gongqingcheng belongs to Jiujiang.[36]
  • : a local college located in Gongqingcheng. Gongqingcheng belongs to Jiujiang.[37]
  • : a vocational college located in Gongqingcheng. Gongqingcheng belongs to Jiujiang.[38]
  • : a local college located in Gongqingcheng. Gongqingcheng belongs to Jiujiang.[39]
  • : a local vocational college located in Gongqingcheng. Gongqingcheng belongs to Jiujiang.[40]

International relations[]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

Twin towns — Sister cities[]

Jiujiang is twinned with: [41]

  • Australia Baw Baw, Australia
  • Greece Chios, Greece
  • South Korea Jeongseon, South Korea
  • Finland Kajaani, Finland
  • Slovenia Koper, Slovenia
  • Poland Legionowo, Poland
  • United States Louisville, United States
  • Argentina La Plata, Argentina
  • Brazil Queimados, Brazil
  • England Redbridge, England, United Kingdom
  • United States Savannah, United States
  • Botswana Serowe, Botswana
  • Japan Tamano, Japan

Tourism[]

Nanshan Park
  • Mountain Lu: one of the most famous mountains in China. It is located in the south of the urban center and listed as a world heritage site.[42]
  • Mountain Lu National Park: is located on Mountain Lu. In 1996, Mountain Lu became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2004, the Mountain Lu National Park became a member of Global Geoparks Network. Mountain Lu National Park is a place of striking beauty. It has spectacular peaks, lakes, cliffs, waterfalls and important Buddhist and Taoist temples.[43]
  • Kuling Town: as a homonym for cooling. It is a mountain town in the Mountain Lu National Park. It was established in 1895 by the missionaries Edward Selby Little, Dr. Edgerton Haskell Hart and three others, as a sanitarium and summer resort for Western missionaries in southern China.[44]
  • British Concession Museum: located on Binjiang road. It was established by local government transforming buildings left from British concession.[45]
  • : a street combines Chinese and Western cultures. Beside the street are:[46]
    • the old Catholic school
    • the old monastery
    • the Catholic church
    • Taling Park
    • the old Perkins Villa
    • Nengren temple
    • Western Goods Exhibition Window
  • : located in Hotspring town, Lushan City. Lushan City is a county-level city belong to Jiujiang.[47]
  • : located in Balihu Park. It is the only high standard man-made beach in Jiangxi Province. It is a famous scenic spot and entertainment resort in Jiujiang.[48]
  • : located on Binjiang Road in Xunyang District. It is near shoreline of the Yangtze River. Covering an area of some 765 acres (around 509,490 sqm), with distance of 5.2 km long from east to west. It is only 4.5 km away from Jiujiang Station, 1.6 km away from Fuzhou-Yinchuan Expressway, and about an hour’s drive from Changbei Airport. Its rich tourism resources include river, ancient building, garden and museum as follows:[49]
  • Mountain Lu West Sea: is located about 90 kilometers to the south of Mountain Lu. It is National 5-Star Scenic Spot. The are thousands of islands in the area just like Maldives. In 2007, between June and August, American reality program Survivor filmed its fifteenth season, Survivor: China, in the area. The program host Jeff Probst claimed that this was the first American television series filmed entirely in China.[50]
  • Nanshan Park (南山公园): completed in early 2013. This park, home to a new pagoda, is covered in flora and lights up the Jiujiang sky at night.[51]
  • Yanshui Pavilion: located in city center, near Gantang lake. It is a well known scenic spot in Jiujiang.[52]
  • Donglin Temple: a Buddhist temple located at foot of Mountain Lu. It is built by Huiyuan (Buddhist), founder of Pure Land Buddhism. Pure Land Buddhism later spread to Japan and gained its prominence there. In 1175, Hōnen estabilished Pure Land Buddhism as an independent sect in Japan known as Jōdo-shū. Pure Land schools have nearly 40 percent of Japanese Buddhism practitioners, only second to Chan schools.[53][54]
    • The temple provide free vegetarian lunch and free guest house. Visitors can stay at guest house in temple for free up to three days. The guest house is gender separated, and visitors have to share room with others.[55]
  • : the world's tallest statue of Amitabha Buddha. Total cost is about 1 billion Yuan. Surface of the Buddha is plated with 48 kilograms of gold. Buddha height is 48 meters tall, representing the forty-eighth vows of Amitabha Buddha. Total height is 81 meters.[56][57]
  • Mountain Lu Four Seasons Flower City (Botanical Garden): located in Bali lake New Area. It is Jiujiang's largest flower plant park.[58]
  • Stone Bell Hill: just downriver from Jiujiang is Hukou where the Yangtze River and waters of Boyang Lake converge with an abrupt color change. People have been coming here for centuries to listen to the stone-bell sound resonating from the cliffs overlooking this spot. A few theories are provided why this rare geographical phenomenon happens. Li Daoyuan from the Northern Wei period (386-534) theorizes that it is because the hill has a bell-shaped appearance and hollow inside, thus providing the sound when struck. Or it may be because of the water lapping within the limestone nooks and fissures around its base, as famous litterateur from the same time Su Shui discovered. Su Dongpo also did three trips around its perimeter, before settling on this last explanation for its unique sound also. Many Chinese literati's have left more than twenty calligraphy masterpieces carved upon its rocks, with some dating back to the Tang dynasty (618-907 CE).[59]

Notable Residents[]

  • Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu) (1873-1954), one of the first western trained Chinese female physicians. Founder of Elizabeth Skelton Danforth Hospital (now called Jiujiang Women and Children's Hospital) in Jiujiang.[60][61]
  • Lo-Yi Chang (1907-1988), was born in Kuling town. She was spouse of T.V. Soong, then Premier of the Republic of China. She has made a significant contribution to the promotion of China overseas.[62]
  • Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973), was the first American woman won Nobel Prize in Literature, for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China, in 1938. She also won Pulitzer Prize in 1932. She spent her childhood with her family in Kuling town in summer time. Her father built a stone villa in Kuling town in 1897, and lived there until his death in 1931.[63][64]
  • Masato Matsuura [ja] (松浦正人) (1942- ), was born in Jiujiang. He was a Japanese politician. He served as Hōfu mayor and president of National Mayors Association of Japan.[65][66] In 2018, then Hōfu mayor and president of National Mayors Association of Japan (NMAJ), Masato Matsuura (松浦正人), led a delegation of NMAJ visited

former Japanese consulate of Jiujiang. Masato Matsuura said :I was born in the former Japanese consulate of Jiujiang. Jiujiang is my second hometown. I am deeply attached to the beautiful landscape here.[67]

  • Chiang Yee (1903 - 1977), was born in Jiujiang. He was a Chinese poet, author, painter and calligrapher. His translation of Coca Cola is remembered by all Chinese.[68]
  • Mervyn Peake (1911-1968), was born in Kuling town, Mountain Lu. He was an English writer, artist, poet, and illustrator. He was well known for being the illustrator of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.[69]
  • Maggie Mac Neil - Born in Jiujiang and adopted to Canada at an early age[70]

External links[]

References[]

  1. ^ 地理交通 [Geography and transport] (in Chinese). Jiujiang People's Government. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  2. ^ Postal romanization
  3. ^ "改革开放40年：九江港成为名副其实的"亿吨大港"". Jiujiang News Network. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  4. ^ ""百年老港"江西九江港稳固亿吨大港地位". Sohu.com. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b "九江市第七次全国人口普查公报" (PDF). Jiujiang Statistics Bureau Website. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  6. ^ "China's Top 10 Most Livable Cities". hnloudi.gov.cn. Hunan Loudi Official Government. 2012-03-28. Archived from the original on 2013-04-10. Retrieved 2014-08-04.
  7. ^ 共青城市被列入省直管县改革试点 (in Chinese). People.com.cn. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  8. ^ "Man On A Mission" by Stanley Crawford
  9. ^ "The Middle Kingdom's Miracle Maidens" by Stanley Crawford
  10. ^ "1,200 Die as Yangtse Troopship Blows Up". The New York Times. October 17, 1926.
  11. ^ Bickers, R., & Jackson, I. (2016). Introduction: law, land and power: treaty ports and concessions in modern China. In Treaty Ports in Modern China (pp. 11-32). Routledge.
  12. ^ Bickers, R. (2013). 8. British Concessions and Chinese Cities, 1910s–1930s. In New Narratives of Urban Space in Republican Chinese Cities (pp. 155-195). Brill.
  13. ^ Nield, R. (2015). China’s Foreign Places: The Foreign Presence in China in the Treaty Port Era, 1840–1943. Hong Kong University Press.
  14. ^ "牯岭芝罘学校外籍校友阔别60多年重游庐山". Jiujiang News Network. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  15. ^ "Kuling American School Association美国学堂". Kuling American School Association Website. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  16. ^ "九江综合保税区". Jiujiang Free Trade Zone Website. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  17. ^ "九江国家级经济技术开发区". Jiujiang National Economical and Technological Development Zone Website. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  18. ^ "九江共青城国家高新技术产业开发区". Jiujiang Gongqingcheng National High-tech Industrial Development Zone. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  19. ^ "2020年中国城市GDP百强榜". tencent.com. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  20. ^ 中国地面气候标准值月值(1981-2010) (in Chinese). China Meteorological Data Service Center. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  21. ^ "产业". Jiujiang People's Government Website. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  22. ^ "公路". Jiujiang Government Website. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  23. ^ "铁路". Jiujiang Government Website. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  24. ^ "机场". Jiujiang Government Website. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  25. ^ "港口". Jiujiang Government Website. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  26. ^ "大桥". Jiujiang Government Website. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  27. ^ "九江长江大桥". China-qiao.com. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  28. ^ "九江学院". Jiujiang University Website. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  29. ^ "江西财经职业学院". Jiangxi Vocational College of Finance & Economics Website. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  30. ^ "九江职业技术学院". Jiujiang Vocational and Technical College Website.
  31. ^ "九江职业大学". Jiujiang Vocational University Website. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  32. ^ "江西枫林涉外经贸职业学院". Jiangxi Fenglin College of Foreign Economy & Trade Website. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  33. ^ "九江理工职业技术学院". Jiujiang Vocational College of Polytechnic Website. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  34. ^ "共青职业技术学院". Gongqing Institute of Science and Technology Website. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  35. ^ "南昌大学共青学院". Gongqing College of Nanchang Website. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  36. ^ "江西师范大学科学技术学院". Science and Technology College of Jiangxi Normal University. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  37. ^ "江西财经大学现代经济管理学院". Modern Economics and Management College of Jiangxi Finance and Economics University Website. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  38. ^ "南昌航空大学科学技术学院". Science and Technology College of Nanchang Aviation University Website. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  39. ^ "南昌大学共青学院". Science and Technology College of Nanchang University Website. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  40. ^ "江西农业大学南昌商学院". Nanchang Business College of Jiangxi Agriculture University Website. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  41. ^ "Sister Cities". jiujiang.gov.cn. Jiujiang. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  42. ^ "Mount Lu Scenic Area". Trip.com. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  43. ^ "Mt. Lushan National Park". Tripadvisory.com. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  44. ^ "Kuling, Peake's Birthplace". JSTOR. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  45. ^ "British Concession in Jiujiang". Wikipedia.
  46. ^ "Xunyang District "13th Five-Year" Historical and Cultural Block Construction Documentation". Xunyang People's Government Website. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  47. ^ "Lushan Hot Spring - Jiujiang". Visit Our China. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  48. ^ "Haiyun Sand Beach". Trip.com. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  49. ^ "Xunyang River Scenic Area". Xunyang River Scenic Area Website. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  50. ^ "庐山西海". Mountain Lu West Sea Website.
  51. ^ "Nanshan Park". Trip.com. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  52. ^ "Yanshui Pavilion". Tripadvisor. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  53. ^ "Donglin Temple". Trip.com. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  54. ^ "东林祖庭". Donglin Temple Website. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  55. ^ "东林祖庭". Donglin Temple Website. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  56. ^ "Donglin Buddha". Trip.com. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  57. ^ "东林大佛". Donglin Temple Website. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  58. ^ "九江四季花城". Jiujiang News Network. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  59. ^ "Stone Bell HIll (Shizhong shan)". tripadvisor.com. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  60. ^ Tobin, James. "The New Women of China". Medicine at Michigan, Fall'10, Volume 12, Number 3. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  61. ^ "Shi Meiyu (Mary Stone) |". Archived from the original on 2020-04-28. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
  62. ^ "国内名人传记丛书（套装共6册）". books.google. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  63. ^ "赛兆祥墓碑". mylushan.com. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  64. ^ "Pearl S. Buck house in Zhenjiang". Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  65. ^ "松浦正人". ZHZ.wiki. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  66. ^ "7/30 日本全國市長會會長松浦正人就任祝賀會". Fukuoka Branch, Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Osaka Website. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  67. ^ "日本全国市长会代表团来访九江租界旧址". Jiujiang Cultural and Tourism Development Group Website. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  68. ^ Huang, Shuchen S., "Chiang Yee", in Asian-American Autobiographers: a bio-bibliographical critical sourcebook, edited by Guiyou Huang, Greenwood Press, 2001. ISBN 0-313-31408-X.
  69. ^ "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland". amazon.com. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  70. ^ Tang, Didi (2021-07-27). "Maggie Mac Neil's Olympic gold for Canada thrusts China's one-child policy back into spotlight". The Times. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
Retrieved from ""