Kargil district

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This article is about the district. For its eponymous headquarters, see Kargil.

Kargil district
District of Ladakh
View of Kargil Town
View of Kargil Town
Kargil district in Ladakh
Kargil district in Ladakh
Country India
Union Territory Ladakh
EstablishedJuly 1979
HeadquartersKargil
TehsilsDrass, Kargil, Shargole, Shakar-Chiktan, Sankoo, Taisuru and Zanskar
Government
 • Lok Sabha constituenciesLadakh
 • MPJamyang Tsering Namgyal[1]
 • Chief Executive CouncillorFeroz Ahmed Khan, JKNC
 • Deputy CommissionerSh. Santosh Sukhadeve, IAS
Area
 • Total14,086 km2 (5,439 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total140,802
 • Density10.0/km2 (26/sq mi)
 • Urban
16,338
Demographics
 • Literacy71.34%
 • Sex ratio810 ♀/ 1000 ♂
Languages
 • OfficialHindi, English
 • SpokenPurgi, Balti, Shina, Zanskari, Hindi
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
Vehicle registrationLA-02
Websitehttp://kargil.nic.in/
Map of Kargil (this map includes a territory under Chinese administration as a part of Aksai Chin)

Kargil district is a district in Ladakh, a region administered by India as a union territory. It spans the entire length of Ladakh in the north-south direction, with Jammu and Kashmir to the west, the Leh district to the east, the Pakistan-administered region of Gilgit–Baltistan to the north and Himachal Pradesh to the south. Encompassing two historical regions known as Purig and Zanskar, the district lies to the northwest of the Great Himalayan range and encompasses the majority of the Zanskar Range. Its population inhabits the river valleys of the Dras, Suru, Kartse, Wakha, and Zanskar rivers.

The district was created in 1979 by carving it out of the Leh district.[2] In 2003, Kargil was granted a Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC).

As of 2011, the Kargil district population is 77% Muslim, of which 65% follow Shia Islam. Buddhism and Hinduism represent 14.5% and 8% of the local population respectively.[3]

In August 2019 the Parliament of India passed an act that contains provisions to make Kargil a district of the new union territory of Ladakh, which was formed 31 October 2019.[4] The town of Kargil is designated as a joint capital of the union territory, along with Leh. Kargil is a mostly visited place for Indian as well as foreign tourists during summer.

Etymology[]

The name Kargil is said to derive from the words Khar, meaning castle, and rKil meaning "centre". "Kargil denotes a place between many forts, a central place where people could stay". It appears to be a fitting description for a place that is equidistant from Srinagar, Leh and Skardu.[5]

Historically, the region around Kargil was called Purig.[6] A major study of the history of Purig is included in the 1987 book Qadeem Ladakh by Kacho Sikander Khan, which includes genealogies of various dynasties that ruled the region.[7]

The southern part of the Kargil district, Zanskar was historically a separate Buddhist kingdom. It was integrated with Kargil during the rule of Great sultan of Purig named Khree Sultan choo. Who integrated and united other purig kingdoms also.

History[]

Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir[]

In 1822, Raja Gulab Singh of the Dogra dynasty was anointed as the Raja of Jammu by the Sikh emperor Ranjit Singh. In 1834, Gulab Singh sent his general Zorawar Singh Kahluria to conquer the territory between Jammu and the Tibetan border. Marching through Kishtwar, Zorawar Singh reached Purig and defeated the Bhotia leader Mangal at Sankoo in August. Kartse, the then capital of Purig, fell into Zorawar Singh's hands, who built a fort there before advancing towards Leh. Tshed-Pal, the Gyalpo of Leh, was defeated and reinstalled as a subsidiary of the Dogras. Meanwhile, the chief of Sod rebelled and Zorawar Singh returned to reassert his authority. Zanskar offered submission subsequently.[8][9]

The Purigis rebelled repeatedly, instigated by the Sikh governor Mihan Singh of Kashmir. They also received support from Ahmed Shah of Baltistan. Zorawar Singh returned in 1839 to quell the rebellion and conquered Baltistan as well.[10][11]

Following the First Anglo-Sikh War and the Treaty of Amritsar (1846), Gulab Singh was made an independent Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir.[12] The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, as it eventually came to be called, was organised into two large provinces, Jammu and Kashmir, and two frontier ilaqas, Ladakh and Gilgit Baltistan[13]

Ladakh was a wazarat (district) with a governor called wazir-e-wazarat. It had three tehsils: Leh, Kargil and Skardu. Initially, the Wazir used to spend four months each at Leh, Kargil and Skardu. But shifting the entire staff so often proved too exhausting and, so, the shifting was eventually limited to Leh and Skardu. The city of Kargil always had a tehsil headquarters. It was a key centre, being equidistant from Srinagar, Leh and Skardu. Zanskar, which was once part of the Kishtwar district was merged into the Kargil tehsil.[14]

Post 1947[]

During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, there were pitched battles fought around Kargil, which saw the entire area including Drass and Zoji La Pass initially coming under Pakistan control before most of it being reclaimed by Indian troops by November 1948.[15] It remained with India after the ceasefire. It again saw some action in the Second Kashmir War with India managing to wrest back the remainder of the Kargil area twice. The first capture was 17 May 1965, when skirmishes broke out in Rann of Kutch, and India retaliated in the Kashmir sector.[15]

However, this had to be returned as per UNMOGIP treatise. On 15 August, the same year Kargil fell to Indian forces, though it was once again returned as part of the Tashkent Agreement.[15] However, in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 the entire Kargil region including key posts was captured by Indian troops under leadership of Col. Chewang Rinchen.[16]

To straighten the line of control in the area, the Indian Army launched night attacks when the ground temperatures sank to below −17 °C and about 15 enemy posts located at height of 16,000 feet and more were captured.[17] After Pakistan forces lost the war and agreed to the Shimla Agreement, Kargil and other strategic areas nearby remained with India.[18] Kargil became a separate district in the Ladakh region during the year 1979 when it was bifurcated from the Leh district.

In the spring of 1999, under a covert plan of the then Army Chief Pervez Musharraf, armed infiltrators from Pakistan, aided by the Pakistani army, occupied vacant high posts in the Kargil and Drass regions. The result was a limited scale conflict (Kargil War) between the two nuclear equipped nations that ended with India regaining the Kargil region through military power and diplomatic pressure.

In August 2019 the Parliament of India passed an act that contains provisions to make Kargil a district of the new union territory of Ladakh, which was to be formed 31 October 2019.[4]

Geography[]


Kargil district is nestled in the Himalayas, giving it a cool, temperate climate. Summers are warm with cool nights, while winters are long and cold with temperatures often dropping to −15 °C (5 °F) with recorded temperatures of −60 °C (−76 °F) in the tiny town of Dras, situated 56 km (35 mi) from the Kargil town. The Zanskar Valley is colder. Kargil district is spread over 14,086 km2 (5,439 sq mi). The Suru River flows through the district.

National Highway 1D, connecting Srinagar to Leh, passes through Kargil. This highway is typically open for traffic only from May to December due to heavy snowfall at the Zoji La. Kargil is 204 km (127 mi) from the capital city of Srinagar. There is a partially paved road leading from Kargil south to Zanskar. Total distance to Zanskar is nearly 220 km (140 mi), which is again open only from June to September. Both India and Pakistan have considered linking the Pakistani town of Skardu to Kargil via a bus route to reunite the separated families of Ladakh throughout borders since 1972.[19]

Climate[]

Kargil city at night

The climate is cold and temperate. The average annual temperature in Kargil is 8.6 °C. About 318 mm of precipitation falls annually. The driest month is November with 6 mm. Most precipitation falls in March, with an average of 82 mm. The warmest month of the year is July with an average temperature of 23.3 °C. In January, the average temperature is −8.8 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year. The difference in precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is 76 mm. The average temperatures vary during the year by 32.1 °C.[20] On July 25, 2021, in Kargil, a temperature of 38.4 °C (101.1 °F) was recorded.[21]

hideClimate data for Kargil, India
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) −4.3
(24.3) 		1.6
(34.9) 		4.3
(39.7) 		13.5
(56.3) 		20.9
(69.6) 		25.7
(78.3) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.6
(83.5) 		24.2
(75.6) 		17.8
(64.0) 		9.8
(49.6) 		0.9
(33.6) 		14.4
(57.8)
Average low °C (°F) −13.2
(8.2) 		−11.9
(10.6) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		3.3
(37.9) 		9
(48) 		13.3
(55.9) 		17.4
(63.3) 		17
(63) 		12
(54) 		4.9
(40.8) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−8.1
(17.4) 		3.1
(37.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 46
(1.8) 		51
(2.0) 		82
(3.2) 		35
(1.4) 		26
(1.0) 		11
(0.4) 		7
(0.3) 		10
(0.4) 		10
(0.4) 		8
(0.3) 		6
(0.2) 		26
(1.0) 		318
(12.4)
Source: Climate-Data.org[22]

Administration[]

Panorama of Kargil

The Kargil district was formed in July 1979, by separating it from Leh. Kargil has five (5) Sub-Divisions,[23] eight tehsils,[24] and 14 Blocks.[23]

It is divided into five (5) Sub-Divisions: Drass, Kargil, , Sankoo, and Zanskar.[23]

Another form of division in terms of tehsils, of which there are eight:

The subdivisions are further divided into 14 Blocks:

Each block consists of a number of panchayats.

Politics[]

Kargil district had two assembly constituencies, Zanskar and Kargil under Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly.[26] It forms part of the Ladakh parliamentary constituency. Major political parties in the region include National Conference, Congress, PDP, BJP, LUTF (now merged with the BJP) and the erstwhile Kargil Alliance. The present Member of Parliament (MP) for Ladakh is Jamyang Tsering Namgyal of BJP.

Ladakh, being a union territory without legislature, does not have a legislative assembly but is represented in the Parliament.[27]

Santosh Sukhadeve, (IAS) is the current District Development Commissioner Kargil.[28]

Autonomous Hill Council[]

Kargil District is administered by an elected body known as the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil. The LAHDC-K was established in 2003.[29]

Demographics[]

Local girls in Kargil

According to the 2011 census Kargil district has a population of 140,802.[30] This gives it a ranking of 603rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 10 inhabitants per square kilometre (26/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 20.18%. Kargil has a sex ratio of 810 females per every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 71.34%.[citation needed]

Sex Ratio in Kargil District in 2011 Census.[31]
(no. females per 1,000 males)
Religion (and population) Sex Ratio
Muslim (pop 108,239)
 
 941
Buddhist (pop 20,126)
 
 975
Hindu (pop 10,341)
 
 36
Other (pop 2,096)
 
 133
Total (pop 140,802)
 
 810

Religion[]

Of the total population, 73% are Muslims, of which 63% follow Shia Islam. Most of the district's Muslims are found in the north (Kargil town, Drass, and the lower Suru valley). Of the remainder, 17% of the total population practises Tibetan Buddhism and Bön, mostly found in Zanskar with small populations in the upper Suru valley (Rangdum) and around Shergol and Mulbekh. Remaining 8% of the native population follow Hinduism and Sikhism.

Religion in Kargil district (2011)[31]

  Islam (76.87%)
  Buddhism (14.29%)
  Hinduism (7.34%)
  Sikhism (0.83%)
  Christianity (0.43%)
  Jainism (0.02%)
  Others (0.00%)
  Not Stated (0.21%)

Much of Kargil population is inhabited by the Purigpa and Balti people of Tibetan origin (converted from Buddhism to Islam in the 14th Century) and have intermingled with the Dard, Mon and other Aryan people.[32] The mainly Muslim Dards inhabit the valley of Drass and speak Shina, a small number of Buddhist Dards, known as Brokpa, inhabit the Dha-Hanu region along Garkone village and the Indus River. Some Arghons and Shina are also settled in Kargil Town.

hideKargil district: religion, gender ratio, and % urban of population, according to the 2011 Census.[31]
Hindu Muslim Christian Sikh Buddhist Jain Other Not stated Total
Total 10,341 108,239 604 1,171 20,126 28 4 289 140,802
7.34% 76.87% 0.43% 0.83% 14.29% 0.02% 0.00% 0.21% 100.00%
Male 9,985 55,762 532 1,101 10,188 16 3 198 77,785
Female 356 52,477 72 70 9,938 12 1 91 63,017
Gender ratio (% female) 3.4% 48.5% 11.9% 6.0% 49.4% 42.9% 25.0% 31.5% 44.8%
Sex ratio
(no. of females per 1,000 males) 		36 941 135 64 975 – – – 810
Urban 3,139 12,671 63 360 88 2 1 14 16,338
Rural 7,202 95,568 541 811 20,038 26 3 275 124,464
% Urban 30.4% 11.7% 10.4% 30.7% 0.4% 7.1% 25.0% 4.8% 11.6%

Languages[]

Kargil district: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Census.[33]

  Purkhi (65.35%)
  Shina (8.38%)
  Bauti (6.15%)
  Hindi (5.32%)
  Balti (3.24%)
  Dardi (1.46%)
  Tibetan (1.26%)
  Punjabi (1.00%)
  Ladakhi (0.87%)
  Others (6.97%)
Dardi Shina cultural performance In Kargil

The Purgi dialect of Balti language is spoken by about 78 percent population of Kargil while 10 percent speak Dardic Shina language in regions like Drass and Batalik.[34]

Balti language has four variants/dialects and Purgi is the southern dialect of Balti language. Balti, is a branch of Archaic Western Tibetan language, is also spoken by the inhabitants of the four districts of (Baltistan) in Pakistan and Turtuk in the Nubra valley of the Leh district as well. The Buddhists of Zanskar speak Zanskari language of the Ladakhi-Balti language group. [35]

Kargil district: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Census.[33]
Mother tongue code Mother tongue People Percentage
001002 Assamese 290 0.21%
002007 Bengali 338 0.24%
004001 Dogri 135 0.10%
005018 Gujarati 136 0.10%
006102 Bhojpuri 33 0.02%
006195 Garhwali 166 0.12%
006235 Haryanvi 16 0.01%
006240 Hindi 7,494 5.32%
006489 Rajasthani 47 0.03%
006503 Sadan/Sadri 12 0.01%
007016 Kannada 105 0.07%
008005 Kashmiri 499 0.35%
008019 Dardi 2,051 1.46%
010011 Purbi Maithili 53 0.04%
011016 Malayalam 190 0.13%
012003 Manipuri 91 0.06%
013071 Marathi 652 0.46%
014011 Nepali 167 0.12%
015043 Odia 145 0.10%
016038 Punjabi 1,411 1.00%
020027 Tamil 284 0.20%
021046 Telugu 218 0.15%
022015 Urdu 68 0.05%
024001 Afghani/Kabuli/Pashto 18 0.01%
029002 Balti 4,556 3.24%
031011 Bauti 8,660 6.15%
055007 Khasi 14 0.01%
071008 Kuki 67 0.05%
073003 Ladakhi 1,224 0.87%
082005 Lushai/Mizo 119 0.08%
090003 Monpa 9 0.01%
109005 Shina 11,796 8.38%
115008 Tibetan 1,770 1.26%
115011 Purkhi 92,016 65.35%
116014 Tripuri 16 0.01%
– Others 5,936 4.22%

Culture[]

Buddhist girl dancing to a folk song

Though earlier Tibetan contact has left a profound influence upon the people of both Kargil and Leh, after the spread of Shia Islam the people of Kargil came under heavy influence of Persian culture. This is apparent by the rigorous use of Persian words and phrases in the popular religious as well as other songs called marsias and qasidas. At least until recently, some Kargilis, especially those of the Agha families descendants of Syed preachers who were in a direct line descent from the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, were sent to Iraq for their education.[36] Native Ladakhis go for higher Islamic studies in seminaries in Najaf, Iraq and Qom, Iran. These non-Agah scholars are popularly called as "Shiekh". Some among the most prominent religious scholars include Imam-e-Jummah, Sheikh Mussa Shariefi, Sheikh Ahmed Mohammadi,[37] Shiekh Hussain Zakiri and Shiekh Anwar.[38]

Social ceremonies such as marriages still carry many customs and rituals that are common to both the Muslims and Buddhists. Among the two districts of Ladakh, Kargil has a more mixed ethnic population and thus there are more regional dialects spoken in Kargil as compared to Leh. Local folk songs, which are called rgya-glu and balti ghazals, are still quite popular and are performed enthusiastically at social gatherings. The J&K tourism ministry annually organises festivals in which various programmes are organised to highlight the culture so as to boost the tourism industry in the district. However, the tourism industry is still undeveloped despite attractive natural as well as rich cultural resources due to bad infrastructure and severe accommodation problems.

Wildlife[]

The Eurassian Magpie, a common sight in Kargil
A Marmot, Found in wild in Ladakh

Kargil is home to many endangered wildlife species like snow leopard (Panthera uncia), Tibetan wolf (Canis lupus langier), Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus), Asiatic ibex (Capra ibex), Ladakh urial (Ovis vignei vignei), musk deer (Moschus spp.), pikas, marmots and hares. Aishwarya Maheshwari of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is quoted as saying, "It is here in Kargil that one of world's most elusive creatures, the snow leopard, roams wild and free. During my research I have learnt about the tremendous decline in wildlife sightings since the 1999 Kargil war, so much so that even the common resident birds had disappeared."[39][40][41] Besides these endangered form of life various species of birds including the black necked magpie, house sparrow, hoopoe,[42] rosefinches, red-billed choughs, eastern chiffchaff, common sandpiper and European goldfinches are a common sight in the summer.[43] The Indian Army rears horses, donkeys and mares for transportation purposes.

Transportation[]

Road[]

Kargil is connected to the rest of India by one high-altitude road which is subject to landslides and is not passable in winter when covered by deep snows. The National Highway 1D connects Kargil to Srinagar. The NH 301 connects Kargil with the remote Zanskar region. Upgradation of this road is going on to reduce the time travel between Kargil and Padum, tehsil headquarters of Zanskar region.[44]

This is the third road axis to Leh through Zanskar in Kargil district. It is currently under construction.

Air[]

Kargil Airport is a non-operational airport used only for defence purposes by the Indian Air Force. Kargil Airport has been included under Central Govt.'s UDAN scheme for commercial operations.[45][46] The nearest operational airport is Leh's Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport which is located 215 kilometres from Kargil.

Rail[]

There is no railway service currently in Ladakh, however, 2 railway routes are proposed- the Bilaspur–Leh line and Srinagar–Kargil–Leh line.[47]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "Lok Sabha Members". Lok Sabha. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
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  3. ^ "District Profile". Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b "Article 370 revoked Updates: Jammu & Kashmir is now a Union Territory, Lok Sabha passes bifurcation bill". www.businesstoday.in.
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  6. ^ Grist, Urbanisation in Kargil 2008, p. 80.
  7. ^ Kalla, Krishan Lal (1997). Kashmir Panorama. Raj Publications. ISBN 978-81-86208-07-6.
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  9. ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, pp. 77–78.
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  11. ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, pp. 78–80.
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  13. ^ Karim, Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers 2013, pp. 30–31.
  14. ^ Aggarwal, Beyond Lines of Control 2004, p. 35.
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  16. ^ Assault on Enemy OPs in Kargil Posts that were returned in 1965 twice occupied again Archived 2006-11-05 at the Wayback Machine – A dramatised account of India's assault on Kargil during the 71 war hosted on The Liberation Times (a commemorative online newspaper)
  17. ^ The Lightning Concept by Major General D.K. Palit (Retd.) Archived 2006-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ The Armed Forces of Pakistan By Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, Pg 4
  19. ^ Pak considers Kargil-Skardu bus 15 March 2007 NDTV
  20. ^ Climate: Kargil - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table
  21. ^ @extremetemps (25 July 2021). "Incredible temperatures at high..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  22. ^ "Climatological Information for Kargil, Ladakh", Hong Kong Observatory, 2003. Web: HKO-Marrakech.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b c [1], Kargil District, Jammu and Kashmir.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b Tehsils in kargil.
  25. ^ Statement showing the number of blocks in respect of 22 Districts of Jammu and Kashmir State including newly Created Districts Archived 2008-09-10 at the Wayback Machine dated 13 March 2008, accessed 2008-08-30
  26. ^ "ERO's and AERO's". Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir. Archived from the original on 22 October 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  27. ^ "J&K to be a union territory with legislature, Ladakh to be without". India Today. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
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  29. ^ "Ladakh Autonomous Hill development Council act 1997" (PDF). Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  30. ^ "Kargil district census data 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b c C-1 Population By Religious Community – Jammu & Kashmir (Report). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  32. ^ Gellner, David N. (2013). Borderland Lives in Northern South Asia. Duke University Press. pp. 49–51. ISBN 978-0-8223-7730-6.
  33. ^ Jump up to: a b C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Jammu & Kashmir (Report). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  34. ^ Rather, Ali Mohammad (September 1999), "Kargil: The Post-War Scenario", Journal of Peace Studies, International Center for Peace Studies, 6 (5–6), archived from the original on 1 December 2014
  35. ^ Rather, Ali Mohammad (September 1999), "Kargil: The Post-War Scenario", Journal of Peace Studies, International Center for Peace Studies, 6 (5–6), archived from the original on 1 December 2014
  36. ^ Janet Rizvi. (1996). Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia. Second Edition, pp. 210-211. Oxford University Press, Delhi. ISBN 0-19-564546-4.
  37. ^ Anjuman Jamiatul Ulama Houzai Elmiya Madrasa Asna Asharia Islamia School Kargil
  38. ^ IKMT Kargil
  39. ^ "India, Pakistan and the Snow Leopard: Javed Naqi". Kafila. 28 January 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  40. ^ Voices from Frozen Land (24 January 2012). "Javed Naqi: Human-Wildlife Conflict in Kargil: Precipitation of India-Pakistan Rivalry?". Javed-naqi.blogspot.in. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  41. ^ "Human-Wildlife Conflict in Kargil: Precipitation of India-Pakistan Rivalry? | Bargad... बरगद". Bargad.org. 1 February 2012. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
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  43. ^ Alok Bhave (6 October 2011). "Nature watch: Trip to Cold Desert - Ladakh Part2". Alokbhave.blogspot.in. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
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  46. ^ "Ladakh L-G discusses air connectivity possibilities for Kargil with Centre". The Hindu. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  47. ^ "Himachal CM meets Union railway minister, seeks 100% Centre funding for Bhanupali-Bilaspur-Leh rail line". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 9 November 2020.

Bibliography[]

External links[]

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