Kautokeino
Kautokeino kommune
Guovdageainnu suohkan | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Flag  Troms og Finnmark within Norway | |
 Kautokeino within Troms og Finnmark | |
| Coordinates: 69°00′42″N 23°02′36″E / 69.01167°N 23.04333°ECoordinates: 69°00′42″N 23°02′36″E / 69.01167°N 23.04333°E | |
| Country | Norway |
| County | Troms og Finnmark |
| Established | 1851 |
| Administrative centre | Kautokeino |
| Government | |
| • Mayor (2019) | Hans Isak Olsen (LL) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 9,707.35 km2 (3,748.03 sq mi) |
| • Land | 8,968.87 km2 (3,462.90 sq mi) |
| • Water | 738.48 km2 (285.13 sq mi) 7.6% |
| Area rank | 1 in Norway |
| Population (2020) | |
| • Total | 2,910 |
| • Rank | 232 in Norway |
| • Density | 0.3/km2 (0.8/sq mi) |
| • Change (10 years) | −1.3% |
| Demonym(s) | Kautokeinoværing[1] |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| ISO 3166 code | NO-5430 |
| Official language form | Bokmål and Sami[2] |
| Website | kautokeino |
Kautokeino (Norwegian: Kautokeino; Finnish: Kautokeino [ˈkɑu̯tokei̯no]; Kven: Koutokeino; Northern Sami: Guovdageaidnu [ˈkuo̯vːtaˌkea̯jːtnuː])[3] is a municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino. Other villages include Láhpoluoppal and Máze.
The 9,707-square-kilometre (3,748 sq mi) municipality is the largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Kautokeino is the 232nd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,910. The municipality's population density is 0.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.78/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 1.3% over the last decade.[4][5]
Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino is one of two cultural centers of Northern Sápmi today (the other being Kárášjohka-Karasjok). The most significant industries are reindeer herding, theatre/movie industry, and the public education system. Kautokeino is one of the coldest places in the Nordics.
General information[]
The municipality of Kautokeino was established in 1851 when the southern part of the old Kistrand municipality was separated to form this new municipality. Initially, there were 869 residents in the new municipality. The municipal boundaries have not changed since that time.[6]
On 1 January 2020, the municipality became part of the newly formed Troms og Finnmark county. Previously, it had been part of the old Finnmark county.[7]
Name[]
The first element in Guovdageaidnu is guovda which means "middle" or "half" and the last element is geaidnu which means "road". Combined it means "half way", since the location is halfway between two traditional migrating points. It is also the geographic centre of Northern Sápmi. Kautokeino is a Finnicized form of the Sámi name Guovdageaidnu, and it is also used by Norwegians.
The name of the municipality was Kautokeino until 1987 when it was changed to Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino.[8] It was the first municipality in Norway to get a Sami name. In 2005, the name was again changed, such that the either Guovdageaidnu or Kautokeino can be used.[9]
Coat of arms[]
The Coat of arms of Kautokeino were granted on 4 September 1987. The arms show a gold-colored lavvu on a blue background. The lavvu (often spelled as 'lavvo') is still in use by reindeer herders who follow their herds according to the season and food availability of food for the animals, and so it was chosen as the symbol for the municipality.[10]
History[]
In 1845, measurements were made for Struve Geodetic Arc at the mountain tops of Lodiken (Luvdiidcohkka) and Bealjasvarri in Kautokeino.[11]
In 1852, Kautokeino was the site of a Sami uprising against representatives of the Norwegian authorities. This was one of the few violent reactions by the Sami against the exploitation policies of the Norwegian government and was the only known confrontation between Samis and Norwegians with loss of human lives.
In August 2016, the third Sápmi Pride LGBT festival was moved to Kautokeino to protest that the local church council refused to wed gays and lesbians in its church, and to protest that the lead priest for the parish said that homosexuality is something that people can rid themselves of.[12]
Churches[]
The Church of Norway has one parish (sokn) within the municipality of Kautokeino. It is part of the Indre Finnmark prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland.
| Parish (sokn) | Church name | Location | Year built |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kautokeino | Kautokeino Church | Kautokeino | 1958 |
| Láhpoluoppal Chapel | Láhpoluoppal | 1967 | |
| Masi Church | Masi | 1965 |
Government[]
All municipalities in Norway, including Kautokeino, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor.[13] The municipality falls under the Indre Finnmark District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal.
Municipal council[]
The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Kautokeino is made up of 19 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the council is as follows:
| Party Name (in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
|---|---|---|
| Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) | 2 | |
| Conservative Party (Høyre) | 1 | |
| Centre Party (Senterpartiet) | 3 | |
| Liberal Party (Venstre) | 2 | |
| Kautokeino Permanent Resident List (Kautokeino Fastboendes liste) | 5 | |
| Kautokeino Travelling Sámi List (Kautokeino Flyttsameliste) | 4 | |
| Sámeálbmot List (Sámeálbmot Listu) | 2 | |
| Total number of members: | 19 | |
Mayors[]
The mayors of Kautokeino (incomplete list):
- 2019–present: Hans Isak Olsen (LL)
- 2015-2019: Johan Vasara (Ap)
Geography[]
Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino is the southernmost municipality of Finnmark county and it shares a border with several municipalities: Alta Municipality to the north, Kárášjohka - Karasjok Municipality to the east, Nordreisa Municipality and Kvænangen Municipality (in Troms county) to the west, and Enontekiö Municipality (in Finland) to the south.
At 9,707 square kilometres (3,748 sq mi), it is the largest municipality in Norway. A total of approximately 10,000 lakes cover 737 square kilometres (285 sq mi). A significant part of the Finnmarksvidda plateau is located inside Kautokeino municipality. Øvre Anárjohka National Park is partially located in the municipality. The rivers Anarjohka and Karasjohka have their headwaters inside the park.
The Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino River runs from a lake at the Finnish border, north through the villages of Guovdageaidnu (Kautokeino) and Máze before it leaves into Alta municipality and changes name to Altaelva. The river is collectively known as the Kautokeino/Alta-vassdraget and was the site of a major political controversy in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The lake Šuoikkatjávri is located on the border of the municipality with Kvænangen. Other lakes in the municipality include Bajášjávri, Bajit Spielgajávri, Biggejávri, Čárajávri, Dátkojávri, Gahččanjávri, Gavdnjajávri, Geađgejávri, Geašjávri, Guolehis Suolojávri, Heammojávri, Iešjávri, Láhpojávri, Latnetjávri, Nuorbejávri, Rágesjávri, Sálganjávri, Soagŋojávri, Stuora Galbajávri, Stuorajávri, Šuoikkatjávri, Suolojávri, Virdnejávri, and Vuolit Spielgajávri.
Climate[]
Kautokeino has a subarctic climate (Dfc) with cool to mild summers and long, cold and fairly dry winters. Kautokeino is the coldest town in mainland Norway by annual mean temperature. The all-time low −50.3 °C (−59 °F) was recorded in January 1999. The all-time high 30 °C (86 °F) was recorded in July 2018, which was the warmest month recorded with mean 18 °C (64 °F) and average daily high 23.6 °C (74.5 °F). The coldest month on record is, as for much of Norway, February 1966. That month Kautokeino had mean −25.8 °C (−14.4 °F), average daily high −20.7 °C (−5.3 °F), average daily low −32.1 °C (−25.8 °F) - and the warmest high that February was −8.9 °C (16.0 °F).
Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino is located in the Arctic highlands of the Finnmarksvidda plateau of Northern Norway. During five weeks of summer, the sun doesn't set, and during six weeks of winter, the sun doesn't rise.
Average precipitation ranges from 360 millimetres (14.2 in) to 424 millimetres (16.7 in) per year depending on normal period, which is among the lowest amounts in Norway.
During summer, daytime temperatures typically range between 10 °C (50 °F) and 20 °C (68 °F). While this is nice for humans, the temperature, combined with 10,000 lakes, makes it a haven for mosquitos. Consequently, both humans and reindeer tend to flee to the coast for the summer.
While winter usually lasts from mid-October until well into April, the hard winter is only for December–February. During hard winter, temperatures can drop as far as −40 °C (−40 °F) and beyond.
| hideClimate data for Kautokeino 1991-2020 (307 m, extremes 1891-2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 7 (45) |
7 (45) |
7.9 (46.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
28 (82) |
29.8 (85.6) |
30 (86) |
28.4 (83.1) |
22.8 (73.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
7.6 (45.7) |
7.2 (45.0) |
30 (86) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −10 (14) |
−9 (16) |
−4 (25) |
2 (36) |
8 (46) |
14 (57) |
18 (64) |
15 (59) |
10 (50) |
2 (36) |
−5 (23) |
−8 (18) |
3 (37) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −14.1 (6.6) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
−3 (27) |
3.7 (38.7) |
9.9 (49.8) |
13.4 (56.1) |
11.2 (52.2) |
6 (43) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −18 (0) |
−18 (0) |
−14 (7) |
−7 (19) |
0 (32) |
6 (43) |
9 (48) |
6 (43) |
3 (37) |
−3 (27) |
−10 (14) |
−15 (5) |
−5 (23) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −50.3 (−58.5) |
−48.8 (−55.8) |
−41.5 (−42.7) |
−33.7 (−28.7) |
−20.7 (−5.3) |
−5 (23) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−12.7 (9.1) |
−33.8 (−28.8) |
−40.7 (−41.3) |
−45 (−49) |
−50.3 (−58.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 22.1 (0.87) |
19.4 (0.76) |
13.8 (0.54) |
17.5 (0.69) |
33.5 (1.32) |
58.5 (2.30) |
71.5 (2.81) |
64.8 (2.55) |
42.4 (1.67) |
31.3 (1.23) |
24.4 (0.96) |
25 (1.0) |
424.2 (16.7) |
| Source 1: yr.no/eklima/Norwegian Meteorological Institute[32] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weatheronline climate robot (average high/low)[33] | |||||||||||||
| showClimate data for Kautokeino (1981-2010 normals) |
|---|
Birdlife[]
Lying south in the county, and bordering with Finland, Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino has a very interesting birdlife. There are virtually thousands of lakes in the municipality, and these combined with the Altaelva waterway system provide habitats for a whole host of wetland species. Whooper swan can sometimes be found while spotted redshank are not uncommon.
Transportation[]
The nearest airports are Alta Airport, about 140 kilometres (87 mi) from Kautokeino, and Enontekiö Airport, about 90 kilometres (56 mi) from Kautokeino. The small Kautokeino Airport is located in the village, but it has no commercial services. European route E45 runs through Kautokeino, part of the shortest and fastest route between western Finnmark and southern Scandinavia.
Population[]
In the village of Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino, about 1,300 of the 3,000 people in the municipality reside. The village of Máze has about 400 people, while the remaining people in the municipality live in 14 smaller villages scattered around the area. The population has been declining about 3% over the last 10 years.
Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino has different demographics than Finnmark county and Norway as a whole: more than 50% of the population is younger than 30 years. Also, the number of people older than 66 years is half of the national average. The gender ratio amounts to 86 women for every 100 men.[36] For the last couple of years, Kautokeino has been plagued by high rates of unemployment, peaking at 10% in 2006/2007.[37]
Villages[]
In addition to the administrative centre of Guovdageaidnu (Kautokeino), the municipality has 15 smaller villages:
- Máze (Masi) is the largest of the villages. Máze is located in a river valley. There is a school and Masi Church located in Máze. The current church has 150 seats and was built of wood in 1965. The first chapel was built in the 17th century. The second by Thomas von Westen in 1721. This church was burnt during World War II in 1944. The village was the site of a major political controversy in the late 1970s and early 80s, when it was proposed to flood village to build a large hydroelectric dam.
- Láhpoluoppal is a village located northeast of Guovdageaidnu at the southern end of the lake. The village has a school, Láhpoluoppal Chapel, and mountain hut (Norwegian: fjellstue). The chapel has 70 seats and was built in 1967.
- Šihččajávri is located southeast of Guovdageaidnu (Kautokeino) village. The Norwegian Meteorological Institute has a weather observation station in the village, and often the place has the lowest temperature in Norway.
- Ávži is a village 10 kilometres (6 mi) east of Guovdageaidnu. During the Sami revolt in Guovdageaidnu, the group of Samis that captured the rebellions was organized here.
- Siebe is a village south of Guovdageaidnu.
- Mieron is a village north of Guovdageaidnu. Many of the Samis who traveled to Canada to teach the Inuit about reindeer herding were from Mieron.
- Stornes is a village north of Guovdageaidnu. Close to Stornes is a slate field with distinct green quartzite marketed as Naranas.
Naranas quartzite. - Šuoššjávri is a village northeast of Guovdageaidnu near the border with Karasjok with a chapel and a mountain hut. The chapel was built in 1968 and has 75 seats.
- Čunovuohppi is a small village with few houses and is 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Guovdageaidnu. The village has a mountain hut (called Madame Bongos fjellstue).
- Suolovuopmi is north of Guovdageaidnu near the border with Alta. It is the location of a mountain hut, and is used for metrological observations.
- Gálaniitu is southwest of Guovdageaidnu and has a mountain hut.
- Áidejávri is south of Guovdageaidnu close to the Finnish border.
- Ákšomuotki (Økseidet) is south of Guovdageaidnu.
- Soahtefielbma is about 10 kilometres (6 mi) west of Guovdageaidnu.
Institutions and media[]
Several Sámi institutions are located in Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino, including:
- Beaivváš Sámi Theatre. The National Sámi Theatre. As a national stage company, they play a major role in making Sámi history and culture visible.
- is the Sámi High School and Reindeer Herding School. The high school has emphasis on Sámi, rather than Norwegian culture. Most teachers speak Sámi as their mother tongue allowing for classes to be taught in Sámi. In addition to ordinary courses, students can also study duodji (traditional Sámi crafts) and reindeer herding. In fact, it is the only high school in the world that features a reindeer herding class.
- Sámi allaskuvla - the Sámi University College. The College has national responsibility for Sámi higher education, including teacher-, and journalist-training. The college attempts to develop the syllabuses on the basis of Sámi needs, and attempts to develop Sámi as an academic language.
- Nordic Sámi Institute. The Nordic Sámi Institute is a Sámi research institution. Research topics include the Sámi language, culture, reindeer husbandry and legal research. The institute published the DIEĐUT magazine.
- Sámi giellaossodat; The department of language at the Norwegian Sami Parliament. This department is the administration for the , it allocates the extra funding given to the municipalities that have Sámi as an official language (like Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino), and it administrates various projects related to Sámi languages.
- The department of education of the Norwegian Sami Parliament.
The Sámi are also internationally active with regards to indigenous people issues and reindeer husbandry. Therefore, the following institutions are also located in Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino:
- Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The center attempts to collect, organize, and disseminate the knowledge and understanding of indigenous peoples' and Sami peoples' rights.
- International Centre For Reindeer Husbandry.
Guovdageaidnu/ Kautokeino is home to the following Sami media companies:
- Ávvir a Sami language newspaper.
- DAT Sami publishing house and record company.
Cultural events[]
Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino is perhaps the cultural center of Northern Sámi today, and hosts several of the most well known Sami cultural events. The biggest event is the . Easter has traditionally been the time when the Sámis gather to celebrate weddings and confirmations. Today, also the Sami culture is celebrated with many yoik concerts, Sami theater shows, reindeer races, snowmobile races, ice fishing competitions, parties, and the Sámi Grand Prix; a Sámi version of the Eurovision Song Contest where in addition to the best song, the best yoik is also selected. In addition, the Sami Film Festival is usually held during the Easter, which is notable for having an outdoor cinema made of snow.[38]
In June, the annual Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino Walk/Bicycle Ride, has Sámis return to Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino, just to walk a few kilometers, or ride a bicycle for twice the distance.
In August, there is the White Fish festival, as well as the Autumn Festival. The latter is a weekend-long party full of concerts, but also includes snowmobile skipping races on the (unfrozen) river. If the riders go too slow or make too sharp a turn, the snowmobile sinks.
Notable residents[]
1852 Kautokeino uprising[]
- Aslak Hætta (1824–1854) a leader of the Sami revolt in Guovdageaidnu, called the Kautokeino Rebellion
- Mons Somby (1825 in Kautokeino – 1854) a leader of the Sami rioters
- Ellen Aslaksdatter Skum (1827 in Kautokeino – 1895) a Norwegian Sami reindeer herder, who took part in the 1852 Kautokeino uprising
- Lars Hætta (1834 in Kautokeino – 1896) a Norwegian Sami reindeer herder, prisoner, wood carver and Bible translator
Public Service[]
- Johan Turi (1854 in Kautokeino – 1936) the first Sami author to publish a secular work in a Sami language
- Edel Hætta Eriksen (born 1921 in Kautokeino) a Norwegian schoolteacher and politician
- Lajla Mattsson Magga (born 1942) a Southern Sami teacher, children's writer and lexicographer, lives in Kautokeino
- Ole Henrik Magga (born 1947) a Sámi linguist, professor and politician from Kautokeino; the first president of the Sami Parliament of Norway and currently the president of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
- Ellen Inga O. Hætta (born 1953 in Kautokeino) a Norwegian Sami school principal and politician
- Berit Marie Eira (born 1968) Norwegian Sami reindeer owner and politician, works in Kautokeino municipality
- Unni Turrettini (born 1972 in Kautokeino) a writer, lawyer, citizen activist and international speaker; author of The Mystery of the Lone Wolf Killer: Anders Behring Breivik and the Threat of Terror in Plain Sight.[39]
- Barbro-Lill Hætta-Jacobsen (born 1972 in Kautokeino) a physician and Norwegian politician
- Inger Elin Utsi (born 1975) a Norwegian-Sami politician and actor, grew up in Kautokeino and lives in Alta
- Láilá Susanne Vars (born 1976 in Láhpoluoppal) a Norwegian-Sami lawyer and former politician, academic and first Sámi women to achieve a PhD in Law, expert member of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
The Arts[]
- Ailo Gaup (1944 in Kautokeino - 2014) a Sámi author, involved in founding the Sámi theater Beaivváš Sámi Theatre
- Nils Gaup (born 1955 in Kautokeino) a Sámi film director, Academy Award nominee for Pathfinder [40]
- Ellen Marie Vars (born 1957 in Láhpoluoppal) a Norwegian Sami writer
- Mattis Hætta (born 1959 in Masi) a Norwegian Sami singer, represented Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1980
- Ingor Ánte Áilo Gaup (born 1960 in Kautokeino) a Sámi actor, composer and folk musician
- Johan Sara (born 1963 in Alta) a Sami musician and composer, producer, teacher, arranger and actor
- Roger Ludvigsen (born 1965 in Alta) a Sami guitarist, percussionist and composer from Kautokeino
- Sollaug Sárgon (born 1965 in Kautokeino) a Norwegian Sami poet and child protective pedagogue
- Niko Valkeapää (born 1968 in Enontekiö, Finland) a Sami musician and joiker (Sami folk singer), winner of the Norwegian Spelemannsprisen in 2004; lives in Kautokeino
- Rawdna Carita Eira (born 1970) a Norwegian and Sámi playwright and author, lives in Kautokeino
- Sara Margrethe Oskal (born 1970 in Kautokeino) a Norwegian Sami writer, actress, artisan, director and film producer [41]
- Máret Ánne Sara (born 1983) a Sami artist and author, lives and works in Kautokeino
- Unni Turrettini (born 1972 in Kautokeino) a Norwegian attorney, international speaker and best selling author
- Fred Buljo (born 1988 in Kautokeino) a Sámi rapper and member of supergroup KEiiNO, named after the village
Sport[]
- Håvard Klemetsen (born 1979 in Kautokeino) a Nordic combined skier with a gold and bronze team medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
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- ^ "Finnmarkstatistikken: Yrkesdeltaking 2006" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2008-06-26.
- ^ Bevanger, Lars (2004-06-04). "Drive-in cinema is Norway's coolest". BBC News.
- ^ Kraly, Paul T. "The Writing Life: 10 Questions for Unni Turrettini". medium.com: thrive global. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
- ^ IMDb Database retrieved 16 August 2020
- ^ IMDb Database retrieved 16 August 2020
External links[]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kautokeino (municipality). |
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kautokeino. |
- Kautokeino Municipality Official Website (in Norwegian)
- Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway (in Norwegian)
- Destinasjon Kautokeino Tourist office (in Norwegian)
- Kautokeino.Com is the major online "meeting point"
- Sámi Joatkkaskuvla ja Boazodoalloskuvla (in Norwegian)
- Sámi University College
- Beaivvas Sámi Teahter
- kautokeino.net News and information about events in Kautokeino
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- Kautokeino
- Municipalities of Troms og Finnmark
- Sámi-language municipalities
- Populated places of Arctic Norway
- 1851 establishments in Norway
- Populated places established in 1851