Page semi-protected

2022 Winter Olympics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from )

"Beijing 2022" redirects here. For the Winter Paralympics, see 2022 Winter Paralympics.
"China 2022" redirects here. For the events in 2022 in China, see 2022 in China.

XXIV Olympic Winter Games
Beijing 2022 Olympic official emblem
Emblem of the 2022 Winter Olympics
Host cityBeijing, China
Motto
  • Together for a Shared Future
  • (Chinese: 一起向未来; Yīqǐ xiàng wèilái)[1]
Nations91[2]
Athletes2,871[2]
Events109 in 7 sports (15 disciplines)
Opening4 February
Closing20 February
Opened by
President Xi Jinping[a]
Cauldron
Dinigeer Yilamujiang
Zhao Jiawen
StadiumBeijing National Stadium
Winter
← PyeongChang 2018‍
Milano–Cortina 2026 →
Summer
← Tokyo 2020
Paris 2024 →
2022 Winter Paralympics
Olympic rings
Part of a series on
2022 Winter Olympics
  • v
  • t

The 2022 Winter Olympics (Chinese: 2022年冬季奥运会; pinyin: Èr Líng Èr'èr Nián Dōngjì Àoyùnhuì), officially called the XXIV Olympic Winter Games (Chinese: 第二十四届冬季奥林匹克运动会; pinyin: Dì Èrshísì Jiè Dōngjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì) and commonly known as Beijing 2022 (Chinese: 北京2022; pinyin: Běijīng Èr Líng Èr'èr), is an ongoing international winter multi-sport event taking place in Beijing, China and in the surrounding regions of the Yanqing District and Chongli District.[3] The games officially opened on 4 February with preliminary events beginning on 2 February.[4]

Beijing was selected as host city in 2015 by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) at its 128th session in Kuala Lumpur, after clear frontrunner Oslo's bid had been canceled in the wake of a series of revelations about IOC's demands for luxury treatment of the IOC committee that turned public opinion and the parliamentary majority against the IOC.[5][6] The 2022 Winter Olympics are the first Winter Olympic Games in China, the third overall Olympics in China, and the last of three consecutive Olympics in East Asia (after the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan). Beijing is the first city to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics.

The 2022 Games are subject to various concerns and controversies including those related to human rights violations in China, including the Uyghur genocide, which has led to calls for a boycott of the games.[7][8] Like the Summer Olympics held six months earlier in Tokyo, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the implementation of health and safety protocols including restrictions on public attendance at the Games, as well as the non-participation of some nations.

Bidding process

Main article: Bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics

The bidding calendar was announced by the IOC (International Olympic Committee) in October 2012, with the application deadline set for 14 November 2013. The IOC Executive Board reviewed the bids from all applicant cities on 7 July 2014 and selected three cities, Oslo (Norway), Almaty (Kazakhstan) and Beijing (China), as the final candidates.[9]

Several Olympic committees withdrew their applications during the bidding process, citing the high costs or the lack of local support and funding for hosting the Games.[10] The Oslo bid, considered the clear frontrunner, was canceled in the wake of a series of revelations about the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) demands for luxury treatment of the IOC committee that strongly turned public opinion and the parliamentary majority against the IOC. The Olympic organisations withdrew their application for government funding after a majority of the Norwegian parliament had stated their intention to decline the application. In the days before the decision Norwegian media had revealed the IOC's "diva-like demands for luxury treatment" for the IOC members themselves, such as special lanes on all roads only to be used by IOC members and cocktail reception at the Royal Palace with drinks paid for by the royal family. The IOC also "demanded control over all advertising space throughout Oslo" to be used exclusively by IOC's sponsors, something that is not possible in Norway because Norway is a liberal democracy where the government doesn't own or control "all advertising space throughout Oslo" and has no authority to give a foreign private organization exclusive use of a city and the private property within it.[11] Several commentators pointed out that such demands were unheard of in a western democracy; Slate described the IOC as a "notoriously ridiculous organization run by grifters and hereditary aristocrats."[12][5][13][14] Ole Berget, deputy minister in the Finance Ministry, said "the IOC's arrogance was an argument held high by a lot of people."[6] The country's largest newspaper commented that "Norway is a rich country, but we don't want to spend money on wrong things, like satisfying the crazy demands from IOC apparatchiks. These insane demands that they should be treated like the king of Saudi Arabia just won't fly with the Norwegian public."[6]

Beijing was selected as the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics after beating Almaty by four votes on 31 July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

2022 Winter Olympics bidding results
City Nation Votes
Beijing  China 44
Almaty  Kazakhstan 40

Development and preparation

Venues

Main article: Venues of the 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics
Location of the three Beijing 2022 clusters
Beijing National Stadium
National Aquatics Center
National Speed Skating Oval
Shougang Big Air Venue

In February 2021, Beijing announced that the 26 venues (including training venues) for these sports would be running on entirely renewable energy.[15]

Beijing Zone

Five ice events will be held at the Olympic Green, the Capital Indoor Stadium and the Beijing Wukesong Sports Center, which were some of the main venues of the 2008 Summer Olympics.[citation needed] The Big Air snowboarding and freestyle skiing events will be held in a former industrial area in Shijingshan District, at Western Hills area.[16] Since the end of 2009, the Beijing Olympic Village apartments on the Olympic Green have been transformed into a residential area. Therefore, there was a need to build another Olympic Village on a smaller scale for the Winter Olympics. These new buildings are located in the southern area of Olympic Green on the neighbour area of the National Olympic Sports Center.[17]

  • Beijing National Stadium – opening, awarding and closing ceremonies / 80,000 existing
  • Beijing National Aquatics Center – curling / 3,795 existing/renovated
  • Beijing National Indoor Stadium – ice hockey / 19,418 existing
  • National Speed Skating Oval – speed skating / 11,950 new
  • Capital Indoor Stadium – figure skating, short track speed skating / 13,289 existing
  • Wukesong Sports Centre – ice hockey / 15,384 existing
  • Big Air Shougang – snowboarding (Big Air), freestyle skiing (Big Air) – 4,912 new
  • Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Village – new

Yanqing Zone

Yanqing District is a suburban district localized at the Beijing's far north. Competitions for luge, skeleton, bobsleigh and alpine skiing will be held in Xiaohaituo Mountain area in the West Dazhuangke village[18] of Zhangshanying in Yanqing District, northwest of the urban area of Beijing, 90 kilometres (56 miles) away from the city center of Beijing and 17.5 kilometres (10.9 miles) away from the town of Yanqing, using artificial snow because of the rarity of natural snow in this region.[19][20]

Zhangjiakou Zone

All other skiing events will be held in Taizicheng Area in Chongli District, Zhangjiakou city, Hebei province.[citation needed] It is 220 km (140 mi) from downtown Beijing and 130 km (81 mi) away from Xiaohaituo Mountain Area.[citation needed] The ski resort earned over 1.54 billion yuan (US$237.77 million) in tourism during the 2015–16 snow season for a 31.6% growth over the previous season. In 2016, it was announced that Chongli received 2.185 million tourists, an increase of 30% from the previous season, during the first snow season after winning the Olympic bid. The snow season lasted for five months from November, during which Chongli has hosted thirty-six competitions and activities, such as Far East Cup and Children Skiing International Festival. A total of twenty-three skiing camps have also been set up, attracting the participation of 3,800 youths. All venue construction started in November 2016 and will be finished by the end of 2020 to enable the city to hold test events.[21][needs update]

  • Snow Ruyi – ski jumping, Nordic combined (ski jumping) 6,000
  • National Biathlon Centre – biathlon 6,024
  • Genting Snow Park
    • Park A – Ski and snowboard cross 1,774
    • Park B – Halfpipe and Slopestyle (freestyle skiing and snowboard) 2,550
    • Park C – Aerials and Moguls 1,597
  • National Cross-Country Centre – Nordic combined (cross-country), cross-country 6,023
  • Zhangjiakou Olympic Village
  • Zhangjiakou Medals Plaza

Medals

Further information: Olympic medal

The design for the Games' medals was unveiled on 26 October 2021. The concept is based on traditional Chinese astronomy and astrology as the games will be held coinciding with the Chinese New Year festivities.[22]

The uniforms for medal presenters at medal ceremonies were unveiled in January 2022.[23] The uniforms have been designed by the Central Academy of Fine Arts and Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology.[23]

Torch relay

Main article: 2022 Winter Olympics torch relay

The torch relay started on 18 October 2021 in Greece. On 20 October 2021, it was announced that the local leg will start on 2 February and end on 4 February 2022 during the Opening Ceremonies. The local leg will only visit two cities: Beijing and Zhangjiakou.[24] Activists staged a protest at the Olympic torch lighting ceremony in Greece.[25]

The inclusion and television appearance of Qi Fabao, a People's Liberation Army commander well-known in China for his involvement in the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes, as one of 1,200 torchbearers have been controversial with India launching a diplomatic boycott of the games as a result.[26]

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

See also: 2020 Summer Olympics § Biosecurity protocols, COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China, and Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports
Buses serving the Olympic bubble have red stickers on front and rear

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in changes in the qualifying process for curling and women's ice hockey due to the cancellation of tournaments in 2020. Qualification for curling was based on placement in the 2021 World Curling Championships and an Olympic Qualification Event that completed the field (in place of points earned across the 2020 and 2021 World Curling Championships). The IIHF based its qualification for the women's tournament upon existing IIHF World Rankings, without holding the 2020 Women's World Championship.[27][28]

On 29 September 2021, the IOC announced biosecurity protocols for the Games; all athletes will be required to remain within the bio-secure bubble for the duration of their participation, which includes daily COVID-19 testing, and only being allowed to travel to and from Games-related venues. Unless they are fully-vaccinated or have a valid medical exemption, all athletes will be required to quarantine for 21 days upon arrival. Mirroring a protocol adopted for the 2020 Summer Olympics before they were moved behind closed doors, the IOC also announced that only residents of the People's Republic of China would be permitted to attend the Games as spectators.[29][30]

On 23 December 2021, the National Hockey League (NHL) and National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA) announced that they had agreed to withdraw their players' participation in the Games' men's hockey tournament, citing concerns over COVID-19 and the need to make up games that had been postponed due to COVID-19 outbreaks.[31] As part of their latest collective agreement with the NHLPA, the NHL had agreed to accommodate a break for the Olympics and player participation for the first time since 2014.[32]

On 17 January 2022, amid increasing lockdowns across China and the first detected case of the Omicron variant in Beijing, it was announced that ticket sales to the general public will be cancelled, and that limited numbers of spectators will be admitted by invitation only. These will therefore be the second Olympics in a row that are closed to the general public.[33] In the lead-up to the Games, organizers stated that they had aimed for at least 30% capacity at each venue.[34]

Everyone present at the Games, including athletes, staff, and attendees, will be required to use the My2022 mobile app as part of the biosecurity protocols, which is used for submissions of customs declarations and health records for travel to the Games, daily health self-reporting, and records of COVID-19 vaccination and testing. The app also provides news and information relating to the Games, and messaging functions. Concerns have been raised about the security of the My2022 app and how information collected by it will be used.[35][36]

Because of the strict COVID-19 protocol, some top athletes, considered to be medal contenders, were not able to travel to China after having tested positive, even though they were feeling well and had no symptoms. They had to miss the Olympics. The cases include Austrian ski jumper Marita Kramer, the leader of the World Cup ranking,[37] and Russian skeletonist Nikita Tregubov, silver medalist of the 2018 Olympics.[38]

Transportation

G6 Beijing–Lhasa Expressway and Beijing–Zhangjiakou intercity railway connect Beijing with Zhangjiakou
CR400BF-C-5162 has been converted to a dedicated train for the Winter Olympics

The new Beijing–Zhangjiakou intercity railway opened in late 2019, starting from Beijing North railway station and ending at Zhangjiakou railway station. It is built for speeds of up to 350 km/h (220 mph); travel time from Beijing to Zhangjiakou has decreased to around 50 minutes.[citation needed] A dedicated train for the Winter Olympics began to run on this line in January 2022, featuring a television studio which supports live broadcast on the train.[39]

The Beijing Subway is expected to continue expanding and is 783 km (487 mi) in length by December 31, 2021.[40][needs update]

A new airport for Beijing and the surrounding region, Beijing Daxing International Airport, opened in 2019. The airport replaced the Beijing Nanyuan Airport and is operated together with the Beijing Capital International Airport.[41] However, according to the COVID-19 epidemic prevention manual issued by BOCWOG, only Beijing Capital International Airport is used for the entry and exit of foreign participants.[42]

Budget

The original estimated budget for the games is US$3.9 billion, less than one-tenth of the $43 billion spent on the 2008 Summer Olympics.[43] However, it is estimated that the true budget is likely more than US$38.5 billion, ten times higher than the original estimate.[44]

Ceremonies

Opening ceremony

Main article: 2022 Winter Olympics opening ceremony
Opening ceremony

The opening ceremony of the 2022 Winter Olympics was held on 4 February 2022 at Beijing National Stadium.

Amid the political controversies impacting the Games, IOC president Thomas Bach instructed athletes to "show how the world would look like, if we all respect the same rules and each other", and pledged that "there will be no discrimination for any reason whatsoever."[45]

The final seven torchbearers reflected multiple decades of Chinese athletes in sports, beginning with the 1950's, and concluding with two skiers who will be competing in the Games—21 year-old skier Zhao Jiawen from Shanxi (the first Chinese athlete to compete in Nordic combined), and 20-year-old Dinigeer Yilamujiang from the Xinjiang autonomous region (cross-country, and the first Chinese cross-country skier to medal in an ISF event).[46][47]

Unlike past Olympics, the final torchbearers did not light a cauldron: instead, they fitted the torch into the centre of a large stylised snowflake, constructed from placards bearing the names of the delegations competing in the Games.[47] Three similar snowflakes were also erected as public flames in Beijing outside of the stadium, Yanqing, and Zhangjiakou; the latter two were lit by speed skater Yu Jongjun and skier Wang Wezhuo.[46]

Closing ceremony

The closing ceremony of the 2022 Winter Olympics will also be held at Beijing National Stadium (also known as the Bird's Nest) on 20 February 2022.[48] As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal ceremonial closing of the Games, including closing speeches and the Antwerp Ceremony, when are hoisted of the flags of Greece (spiritual home of the games), China (current host nation) and Italy (next host nation), the parade of athletes and the handover of the Olympic flag. A segment will showcase the culture and history of the next host cities, as the 2026 Winter Olympics are scheduled to take place in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo.[citation needed]

Sports

The 2022 Winter Olympics are scheduled to include a record 109 events over 15 disciplines in seven sports.[49] There will be seven new medal events, including men's and women's big air freestyle, women's monobob, mixed team competitions in freestyle skiing aerials, ski jumping, and snowboard cross, and the mixed relay in short track speed skating.[50]

Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each discipline.

New events

In October 2016, the International Ski Federation (FIS) announced plans to begin sanctioning women's competitions in Nordic combined, with the objective of contesting the discipline at the Olympic level for the first time in Beijing.[51] In November 2017, a further three events were put forward by the FIS for possible Olympic inclusion: a ski jumping mixed team competition and men's and women's big air in freestyle skiing.[52] At their May 2018 Congress at the Costa Navarino resort in Messenia, Greece, the FIS submitted several additional events for consideration, including a proposal to make telemark skiing an Olympic discipline for the first time in Beijing, with proposed competitions to include the men's and women's parallel sprint and a mixed team parallel sprint. The Congress also approved to submit the aerials mixed team event, and several new snowboarding events: the men and women's snowboard cross team event; a mixed team alpine parallel event; the men's and women's parallel special slalom; and a mixed team parallel special slalom event.[53] The individual parallel special slalom events were featured at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, but were dropped from the Olympic program in 2018 to make way for the snowboarding big air competitions.[citation needed]

The International Luge Federation (FIL) proposed the addition of six new events, including natural track luge (men's and women's singles), a women's doubles competition on the artificial track, and sprint events (men, women, and doubles) on the artificial track.[54][55][needs update]

The International Skating Union (ISU) continued to campaign for the addition of synchronized skating as a new event within the discipline of figure skating.[56] The ISU also proposed a new mixed team event in short track speed skating.[54][needs update]

In biathlon, a single mixed relay was proposed by the International Biathlon Union (IBU) to complement the four-person mixed relay that featured at the 2018 Winter Olympics.[54] Also, the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF) proposed a new team event, but there was no plan to introduce a four-woman bobsleigh event despite the recommendation from the federation's executive board to propose such an event in the interests of gender equality.[54]

In July 2018, the IOC announced changes to the program for the 2022 Winter Olympics as part of a goal to increase the participation of women, and appeal to younger audiences. Seven new medal events were added (expanding the total program to 109 events), including men's and women's big air freestyle, women's monobob, mixed team competitions in freestyle skiing aerials, ski jumping, and snowboard cross, and the mixed relay in short track speed skating.[57] Women's Nordic combined was not added; Nordic combined remains the only Winter Olympic sport only contested by men.[58]

Participating National Olympic Committees

On 9 December 2019, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) banned Russia from all international sport for a period of four years, after the Russian government was found to have tampered with lab data that it provided to WADA in January 2019 as a condition of the Russian Anti-Doping Agency being reinstated. As a result of the ban, WADA plans to allow individually cleared Russian athletes to take part in the 2020 Summer Olympics under a neutral banner, as instigated at the 2018 Winter Olympics, but they will not be permitted to compete in team sports. The title of the neutral banner has yet to be determined; WADA Compliance Review Committee head Jonathan Taylor stated that the IOC would not be able to use "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR) again, as it did in 2018, emphasizing that neutral athletes cannot be portrayed as representing a specific country.[59][60][61] Russia later filed an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) against the WADA decision.[62]

After reviewing the case on appeal, CAS ruled on 17 December 2020 to reduce the penalty WADA had placed on Russia. Instead of banning Russia from sporting events, the ruling allowed Russia to participate at the Olympics and other international events, but for a period of two years, the team cannot use the Russian name, flag, or anthem and must present themselves as "Neutral Athlete" or "Neutral Team." The ruling does allow for team uniforms to display "Russia" on the uniform as well as the use of the Russian flag colors within the uniform's design, although the name should be up to equal predominance as the "Neutral Athlete/Team" designation.[63]

On 19 February 2021, it was announced that Russia would compete under the acronym "ROC" after the name of the Russian Olympic Committee although the name of the committee itself in full could not be used to refer to the delegation. Russia would be represented by the flag of the Russian Olympic Committee.[64]

On 8 September 2021, the IOC Executive Board suspended the Olympic Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) through at least the end of 2022 for violations of the Olympic Charter, over its refusal to send athletes to the 2020 Summer Olympics due to COVID-19-related concerns. North Korean athletes will be allowed to participate under the Olympic flag.[65][66][67][68] However, North Korean Ministry of Sports and the National Olympic Committee said in a letter to the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics Organizing Committee, the Chinese Olympic Committee, and the General Administration of Sport of China on 7 January 2022 that "Due to the "action of hostile forces" and the COVID-19 pandemic, they will not be able to participate in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics."[69] In addition, the North Korean Olympic Committee said "supports all the work of our comrades in China to host a grand and wonderful Olympics. The United States and its followers are plotting anti-Chinese conspiracies to obstruct the successful hosting of the Olympics, but this is an insult to the spirit of the Olympic Charter and an act to damage China's international image. We firmly oppose and reject these actions."[70]

The following 91 National Olympic Committees have qualified athletes (two less than four years earlier), with Haiti and Saudi Arabia scheduled to make their Winter Olympic débuts.[71][72] Kenya qualified one athlete, but withdrew.[73]

  The participating countries at the 2022 Winter Olympics
  Debuting countries at the Winter Olympics
  Yellow circle is host city (Beijing)
Country by team size
Participating National Olympic Committees
NOCs that participated in 2018, but will not in 2022.[162] NOCs that will participate in 2022, but did not in 2018.[citation needed]

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee

As of 30 January 2022:

Calendar

See also: Chronological summary of the 2022 Winter Olympics

Competition began two days before the opening ceremony on 2 February, and is scheduled to end on 20 February 2022.[166] Organizers went through several revisions of the schedule, and each edition needed to be approved by the IOC.[167]

All times and dates use Beijing Time (UTC+8)
OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions 1 Event finals EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony
February 2022 2nd
Wed 		3rd
Thu 		4th
Fri 		5th
Sat 		6th
Sun 		7th
Mon 		8th
Tue 		9th
Wed 		10th
Thu 		11th
Fri 		12th
Sat 		13th
Sun 		14th
Mon 		15th
Tue 		16th
Wed 		17th
Thu 		18th
Fri 		19th
Sat 		20th
Sun 		Events
Olympic Rings Icon.svg Ceremonies OC CC N/A
Alpine skiing pictogram.svg Alpine skiing 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
Biathlon pictogram.svg Biathlon 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 11
Bobsleigh pictogram.svg Bobsleigh ● 1 1 ● 1 1 4
Cross country skiing pictogram.svg Cross-country skiing 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 12
Curling pictogram.svg Curling ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 3
Figure skating pictogram.svg Figure skating ● ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 EG 5
Freestyle skiing pictogram.svg Freestyle skiing ● 1 1 ● 1 1 1 ● 2 1 1 1 2 1 13
Ice hockey pictogram.svg Ice hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● 1 2
Luge pictogram.svg Luge ● 1 ● 1 1 1 4
Nordic combined pictogram.svg Nordic combined 1 1 1 3
Short track speed skating pictogram.svg Short track speed skating 1 2 1 1 2 2 9
Skeleton pictogram.svg Skeleton ● 1 1 2
Ski jumping pictogram.svg Ski jumping 1 1 1 ● 1 1 5
Snowboarding pictogram.svg Snowboarding ● 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 ● 2 11
Speed skating pictogram.svg Speed skating 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 14
Daily medal events 0 0 0 6 6 9 10 6 8 7 6 7 5 9 7 6 4 9 4 109
Cumulative total 0 0 0 6 12 21 31 37 45 52 58 65 70 79 86 92 96 105 109
February 2022 2nd
Wed 		3rd
Thu 		4th
Fri 		5th
Sat 		6th
Sun 		7th
Mon 		8th
Tue 		9th
Wed 		10th
Thu 		11th
Fri 		12th
Sat 		13th
Sun 		14th
Mon 		15th
Tue 		16th
Wed 		17th
Thu 		18th
Fri 		19th
Sat 		20th
Sun 		Total events


Medal table

Main article: 2022 Winter Olympics medal table

  *   Host nation

2022 Winter Olympics medal table[168]
RankNOCGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Sweden4116
2 Netherlands3317
3 China*3205
 Germany3205
5 Norway3148
6 Italy2417
7 ROC23510
8 Austria2327
9 Slovenia2125
10 France1405
11–22Remaining671528
Totals (22 NOCs)31313193

Marketing

Main article: 2022 Winter Olympics marketing

Emblem

The emblem for the 2022 Winter Olympics, "Winter Dream" (冬梦), was unveiled on 15 December 2017 at the Beijing National Aquatics Center. Designed by Lin Cunzhen (who previously designed the emblem of the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing), the emblem is a stylized rendition of the Chinese character for winter (冬) as a multi-coloured ribbon, reflecting upon the landscapes of the host region. The beginning of the ribbon symbolizes an ice skater, while the end of the ribbon symbolizes a skier. The emblem carries a blue, red, and yellow colour scheme: the latter two colours represent both the flag of China, and "passion, youth, and vitality".[169]

Mascot

Main article: Bing Dwen Dwen and Shuey Rhon Rhon

Bing Dwen Dwen is the mascot of the 2022 Winter Olympics. Bing Dwen Dwen was chosen from thousands of Chinese designs in 35 countries worldwide. "Bing" 冰 means ice in Chinese, and is meant to suggest purity and strength. "Dwen Dwen" 墩墩 is meant to suggest robustness, liveliness, and youth. Bing Dwen Dwen's astronaut-like clothes imply that the Winter Olympics embraces new technologies and create possibilities.[170]

Slogan

The Games' official slogan, "Together for a Shared Future" (Chinese: 一起向未来; pinyin: Yīqǐ xiàng wèilái), was announced on 17 September 2021; organizers stated that the slogan was intended to reflect "the power of the Games to overcome global challenges as a community".[171]

The slogan was compared in media with Xi Jinping's policy slogan: 'Building the Common Future of Humanity'. [172] He made use of a similar slogan during his speech at the UN general assembly in September 2015.[173]

Broadcasting

Main article: List of 2022 Winter Olympics broadcasters

In some countries, broadcast rights to the 2022 Winter Olympics are already agreed upon through existing long-term deals. In France and the United Kingdom, these are the first Games where Eurosport will be the main rightsholder; the BBC will sub-license a limited amount of coverage on free-to-air television, as part of a deal in which the BBC sold the pay-TV rights to the 2018 and 2020 Games to Eurosport.[174][175] In January 2022, the BBC announced it will be broadcasting over 300 hours of free-to-air live coverage, as well as highlights programmes.[176][177]

In China, domestic rights to these Games are owned by China Central Television (CCTV), with rights being sublicensed by China Mobile's Migu streaming service.[178]

In the United States, these Games will once again be broadcast by NBCUniversal properties, as part of its US$7.75 billion contract[179] to air the Olympics through 2032.[180] The 2022 edition of the Super Bowl—championship game of the National Football League (NFL) and historically the most-watched television broadcast in the United States annually—is tentatively scheduled during an ongoing Olympics for the first time in its history. On 13 March 2019, it was announced that NBC had traded 2021's Super Bowl LV to CBS (which, alongside Fox and NBC, alternate airing the Super Bowl on a three-year rotation) in favour of 2022's Super Bowl LVI. Holding rights to both events will prevent them from competing for viewership and advertising sales, and also allow NBC to create synergies and advertising packages for them (as it did during Super Bowl LII, which was played prior to the 2018 Winter Olympics and also televised by NBC).[181][182] While there is an established practice of airing premieres or special episodes of entertainment programs after the Super Bowl to take advantage of its large audience, NBC announced that it would instead air its daytime coverage for Day 10 before Super Bowl LVI in the morning and primetime coverage block immediately following its coverage of Super Bowl LVI.[183]

Concerns and controversies

Main article: Concerns and controversies at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Countries that have announced a diplomatic boycott of the 2022 Winter Olympics
Demonstration of Tibetans and Uyghurs in front of the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin against the Olympic Games in Beijing 2022
Protest by Tibetan independence groups against Chinese Winter Olympics (2022) held in New Delhi

During the bidding process, critics questioned the Beijing bid, arguing that the proposed outdoor venue sites do not have reliable snowfall in winter for snow sports. Concerns have been raised[by whom?] that snow may need to be transported to the venues at great cost and with uncertain environmental consequences.[184][185]

The environmental impact of hosting the games near Beijing has also been questioned.[by whom?] Some of the proposed venues will be adjacent to the Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve and part of the same mountain system;[needs update] the environmental impacts of construction on the nature reserve, as well as artificially covering parts of the mountain with snow, are uncertain.[186][187] The Government of China has responded to these concerns by expanding the nature reserve by 31% of its original size.[188] The 2021 global energy crisis has intensified pressures on China ahead of the Winter Olympics.[189][190] Al-Jazeera reported that "China’s energy crisis is partially of its own making as President Xi Jinping tries to ensure blue skies at the Winter Olympics in Beijing next February and show the international community he’s serious about de-carbonizing the economy."[191]

Shortly after the announcement of the 2022 host city, some musical critics alleged that the official song used during the bid was "suspiciously" similar to "Let It Go" from the Disney animated musical film Frozen.[192][193]

As with 2008, there have been calls[by whom?] to boycott the Olympic Games when they are hosted by the People's Republic of China. In the aftermath of the 2019 leak of the Xinjiang papers, the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, and the Uyghur genocide, calls were made for a boycott of the 2022 Games.[194][195][196][197][198] In a 30 July 2020 letter, the World Uyghur Congress urged the IOC to reconsider holding the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing because of the Uyghur genocide.[199][200] In September 2020, United States Senator Rick Scott spoke with then-IOC Vice President Anita DeFrantz about reconsidering the IOC's decision to host the 2022 Winter Olympics in China, under CCP general secretary Xi Jinping's administration. Scott expressed disappointment that the IOC refused to commit to move the games out of China.[201] In October 2020, British Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab suggested the United Kingdom may boycott the 2022 Winter Olympics.[202]

China's use of trade sanctions and economic coercion[203][204] against Australia has led to increased calls within Australia to boycott the 2022 Winter Olympics.[205] In November 2020, Australian Senators Jacqui Lambie and Rex Patrick officially proposed a boycott. Their proposal was later voted down.[205] Some human rights organizations have called for a diplomatic boycott that would mean countries not sending their heads of state or high-ranking officials to the Olympics but still sending athletes.[206] Thirteen Canadian Members of Parliament signed a letter calling for the games to be moved outside of China. Three party leaders have supported relocation of the games, and one leader even stated that she supported the games being moved to Canada.[207][208] In February 2021 six Republican U.S. Senators called for the Games to be moved.[209] Dutch MP Sjoerd Sjoerdsma, whose party supported the calling of the treatment of the Uyghurs as a genocide, said the Olympics should be stripped from China.[210] In March 2021, American alpine skier Mikaela Shiffrin said that she should not have to choose between her morals and her job due to the human rights issues raised over the games.[211] In April 2021, the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom recommended that U.S. government officials boycott the 2022 Winter Olympics "if the Chinese government's crackdown on religious freedom continues."[212] After the report, Senators Mitt Romney (who served as CEO of the Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics) and Tim Kaine added an amendment to a larger China bill calling for a diplomatic boycott of the 2022 Olympics, where U.S. officials would not attend but U.S. athletes could still compete.[213] In May 2021, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi also called for a diplomatic boycott.[214] Former U.S. President Donald Trump said a full boycott would be "unfair to athletes."[215]

In February 2021, the CCP-owned tabloid Global Times warned that China could "seriously sanction any country that follows a boycott."[216][217] In March 2021, Chinese spokesperson Guo Weimin stated that any attempt to boycott the Olympics would be doomed to fail.[218] Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi also told the EU's foreign policy chief Josep Borrell that they should attend the games to "enhance exchanges on winter sport," and to "foster new highlights" in bilateral cooperation.[210]

The IOC has stated that it remains neutral in all global political issues and that the award of hosting the games does not mean that the IOC agrees with the political structure, social circumstances, or human rights standards in the country they are held in. "We've repeatedly said it: the IOC isn't responsible for the government. It only gives the rights and opportunity for the staging of the Olympic Games. That doesn't mean we agree with all the politics, all the social or human rights issues in the country. And it doesn't mean we approve of all the human rights violations of a person or people," the committee's response to AFP read. This position has generated criticism, with Jules Boykoff accusing the IOC of hypocrisy by saying that it ignores its charter that promotes equality and anti-discrimination when it is convenient to do so and that the IOC has shown an "unfortunate propensity for turning away from human rights atrocities to make sure that the games go on."[210]

In a survey taken in August 2021, 49 percent of Americans believed that China's human rights record should prevent it from hosting the Winter Olympics in 2022, while 33 percent were not sure.[219]

On 8 September 2021, after the IOC suspended the North Korean NOC for not being present at the 2020 Summer Olympics, there was speculation about whether the IOC was also intending to send a message to nations considering a boycott of the games that they could be banned from participation in future Olympic Games if they chose to boycott this edition.[220][221] On 14 October 2021, the executive vice-president of the IOC, Australian John Coates, said that the IOC would not challenge the Chinese government over the issue of the Uyghurs, stating that it was "not within the IOC's remit".[222] On 19 November 2021, 17 members of the Lithuanian national parliament Seimas released an official letter encouraging Lithuania to withdraw from the 2022 Olympics due to human rights violations in China.[223] Daina Gudzinevičiūtė, president of the National Olympic Committee of Lithuania, released a statement saying that the Olympic Games should be politically neutral and confirmed that the committee has no plans to boycott the Games.[224][225]

On 29 November 2021, Chinese media reported that China reportedly does not plan to invite Western politicians who threaten a diplomatic boycott to the Beijing Winter Olympics.[226]

On 3 December 2021, Lithuania became the first nation to announce a diplomatic boycott of the games.[227]

On 6 December 2021, the US President's Press Secretary Jen Psaki announced that the administration of President Joseph Biden would initiate a diplomatic boycott of the 2022 Winter Olympics and the 2022 Winter Paralympics. The diplomatic boycott would bar all US government officials from attending the games in an official capacity. The White House cited China's mistreatment of the Uyghur people as the reason for the boycott. The diplomatic boycott will not affect the participation of American athletes. The White House said it stopped short of a full boycott because "it would not be fair to punish athletes who have trained for years".[228] The IOC responded to the US decision by saying, "The presence of government officials and diplomats is a purely political decision for each government, which the IOC in its political neutrality fully respects. At the same time, this announcement also makes clear that the Olympic Games and the participation of the athletes are beyond politics, and we welcome this."[229] New Zealand later announced it would not be sending any diplomats to China for the Games, citing a "range of factors" for the decision, particularly the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[230][231]

On 8 December 2021, four more nations officially announced boycotts. Australia announced a diplomatic boycott of the games, as well as its refusal to sign the United Nations' Olympic Truce to also send a message to Beijing.[232] That same day, the United Kingdom announced a diplomatic boycott of the games.[233] Shortly after, Canada also announced a diplomatic boycott of the Games.[234] Kosovo later followed with their announcement of a boycott.[235]

On 11 December 2021, Japan announced it will not send any Cabinet minister to the 2022 Winter Olympics, aligning itself with other countries who declared diplomatic boycotts. However, it will be sending the president of the Japanese Olympic Committee, Yasuhiro Yamashita.[236]

On 13 December 2021, President of Estonia Alar Karis announced he will not be attending the 2022 Winter Olympics, citing political factors.[237] On 14 December 2021, Belgium announced a diplomatic boycott of the Games.[238][239]

More than 200 human rights organizations have voiced support for a boycott of the games. Groups protesting the games have called them the "Genocide Games."[240]

The Chinese government's internet troll networks were mobilized before the Games to support government messaging. This has included campaigns of intimidation against human rights activists abroad. The Spamouflage network transitioned to primarily push Olympic messaging in December 2021.[241]

In early February 2022, Taiwanese speed skater Huang Yu-ting faced backlash on social media after wearing a friend's outfit displaying "China" during training, with Taiwanese author Wu Hsiang-fui asking the island's authorities to revoke Huang's accreditation for the Games. Taiwan's sports administration said Huang had already explained the issue to the administration. She has since deleted the video clip showing the outfit. National identity is a highly sensitive issue in Taiwan. After the Chinese Communist Party won its civil war, the mainland was not represented at the Olympics, with the only Chinese team competing coming from Taiwan. Since the United Nations and United States switched their recognition to Beijing in 1979, however, Taiwan has only been able to compete as Chinese Taipei.[242][243]

On 3 February, India confirmed a diplomatic boycott of the opening and closing ceremonies of the Games. This was in response to China's efforts "to politicize an event like the Olympics" by deciding to field a People’s Liberation Army soldier involved in the June 2020 Galwan clashes, Qi Fabao, as a torchbearer for the Winter Olympics, which the Indian External Affairs Ministry's spokesperson termed "regrettable".[244][245]

The selection of an athlete from Xinjiang as part of the final torchbearers received a mixed reaction, as the Chinese government's history of human rights abuses against the Uyghur people has been one of the main political controversies of the Games.[246][247][47]

Non-attendance

The following countries have confirmed a diplomatic boycott of the games:

In addition, the following countries did not announce a diplomatic boycott, but have confirmed in an official statement that they will not send government leaders to the ceremony and will only be represented by ambassadors or sports officials.[257] They have cited COVID-19 restrictions for their reasoning while also expressing concern over China’s human rights conditions.[258]

Chinese leaders and media reacted to the diplomatic boycott by condemning it as a 'politicization' of the events. [264]

Environmental impact

An estimated 49 million gallons of water is expected to be used to create snow at the various venues. Pyeongchang, South Korea, which held the previous Winter Olympics, also had a cold but similarly arid climate that required vast quantities of artificial snow. Professor Carmen de Jong, a geographer at the University of Strasbourg, argued that these would be the "most unsustainable" Winter Olympics in history. The IOC stated that "a series of water-conserving and recycling designs have been put into place to optimize water usage for snowmaking, human consumption, and other purposes.[265]

Artificial snow forms a harder piste compared to real snow. It is often favoured by professionals for being fast and "hyper-grippy" but also raises their fear of falling on it.[265][266] American snowboarder Jamie Anderson compared it to "pretty bulletproof ice" while her teammate Courtney Rummel compared it to the man-made snow in Wisconsin.[266]

Cybersecurity concerns over My2022 app

According to Nicholas Eftimiades the Chinese government would implement surveillance to ensure safety during the games, to control the spread of COVID-19, as well as for political interests, mentioning the My2022 app once.[267]

Canadian cybersecurity research group Citizen Lab warned that the My2022 app has security vulnerabilities that leave users exposed to data breaches, and that it may be subject to Chinese internet censorship policies.[268] Some Olympic committees have recommended that attendees use burner phones and create email accounts for their time in China, while leaving personal smartphones and laptops at home.[35][269][36]

Cyber security firm Internet 2.0 has warned of potential security risks during the Olympics, when it examined the technology sponsors of the Games and their products that show "the sophisticated and broad surveillance culture that exists in China". Internet 2.0 noted that "China's national data security laws are not designed with the Western values of privacy and liberty and do not offer the same level of protection" as the laws allow the government to request access to the user data captured by these products.[35]

Participation of women

Nordic combined remained the only Winter discipline that women could not compete in, with World Cup champion Tara Geraghty-Moats quoted as saying, "The IOC (International Olympic Committee) lets transgendered people into the Olympics in all sports, but not women into all sports." The International Ski Federation has said that it's been developing women's Nordic combined and intends for it to be added to the Olympic programme in the future. A previous request was rejected in 2018. According to the IOC, female quota positions for the 2022 Winter Games increased from 41 per cent to 45.44 per cent.[270]

Judging controversies

The Korean Sport & Olympic Committee filed an official appeal with the Court of Arbitration for Sport over the disqualification of two South Korean athletes from the men's 1000 metres speedskating event. As a result of their disqualification, the Chinese men advanced to the finals and eventually won the gold and silver medals for the event. An appeal was also made by the Hungarian team.[271][272] Hwang Daeheon of South Korea was disqualified for an "illegal late pass causing contact", and Lee Juneseo of South Korea was penalized for a lane change that caused contact.[273][272] In Final A, Shaolin Sandor Liu of Hungary was disqualified for a "straight lane change from inside to out causing contact” and an “arm block at the finish".[273] The International Skating Union received and rejected two protests from Hungary and South Korea on February 7, 2022.[273] The International Skating Union stated that they reviewed the incident with the Video Referee and rejected the protests, standing by the original decisions made by the Chief Referee.[273] Former Olympic gold medalist Steven Bradbury said, "nothing could be more favorable for the Chinese team with the judges than what’s happened tonight here in Beijing".[274]

In the men's snowboard slopestyle final, Canada's Max Parrot had won the gold medal and China's Su Yiming won the silver. However the results later stirred controversy when a BBC commentator Ed Leigh pointed out that Canada’s Max Parrot, during his gold winning performance, had committed a 'cardinal sin' by grabbing his knee instead of the board, and should had been deducted for it, but the judges had apparently failed to spot it. Replay of Parrot's maneuver showed that he indeed failed to grab his board and had grabbed his knee, According to Leigh, he spoke to one of the judges who became distraught after learning about their mistake.[275][276]

See also

  • 2022 Winter Paralympics
  • Olympic Games celebrated in China
    • 2008 Summer Olympics – Beijing
    • 2014 Summer Youth Olympics – Nanjing
    • 2022 Winter Olympics – Beijing

Notes

  1. ^ Xi Jinping is current China's de jure head of state, serving as Chinese President. Xi is also the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, the paramount leader in China, serving as the de facto leader of China.
  2. ^ Neutral athletes from Russia, competing under the flag of the Russian Olympic Committee
  3. ^ NOC suspended.

References

  1. ^ "在奥林匹克旗帜下"一起向未来"——北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会主题口号解读". 17 September 2021. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  2. ^ a b Lane, Barnaby (4 February 2022). "RANKED: Every nation at the Beijing Winter Olympics by the number of athletes they have taken to China". Insider. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  3. ^ "Beijing to host 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics". BBC Sport. 31 July 2015. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  4. ^ "Beijing Winter Olympics 2022: Live medal count, schedule, how to watch". olympics.com. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  5. ^ a b Mathis-Lilley, Ben (2 October 2014). "The IOC Demands That Helped Push Norway Out of Winter Olympic Bidding Are Hilarious". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  6. ^ a b c "Oslo 2022 bid hurt by IOC demands, arrogance". AP. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  7. ^ Reyes, Yacob (8 December 2021). "Beijing Olympics: These countries have announced diplomatic boycotts". Axios (website).
  8. ^ Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany; Baker, Kendall (1 February 2022). "The IOC stays silent on human rights in China". Axios.
  9. ^ Wilson, Stephen (7 July 2014). "Almaty, Beijing, Oslo make list for 2022 Olympics". New York City, New York, U.S. Associated Press. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  10. ^ Abend, Lisa (3 October 2014). "Why Nobody Wants to Host the 2022 Winter Olympics". Time. Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  11. ^ "IOC hits out as Norway withdraws Winter Olympic bid". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  12. ^ "Winter Olympics: What now for 2022 after Norway pulls out?". BBC Sport. 2 October 2014. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  13. ^ "IOC reportedly made some ridiculous demands to help push Oslo out of 2022 Winter Olympics bidding". National Post. 2 October 2014. Archived from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  14. ^ "IOC krever gratis sprit på stadion og cocktail-fest med Kongen". Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  15. ^ "Beijing intends to run the Olympic games next year on purely green energy". Indus Tribune. 28 February 2021. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  16. ^ Morgan, Liam (12 June 2017). "Beijing 2022 Coordination Commission chair praises plans for snowboard big air after venue visit". Inside the Games. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  17. ^ "北京冬奥村不出售 赛后成人才公租房". Beijing2022.cn. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  18. ^ Originally simply Zhuangke. It is said that the village Dazhuangke has been officially renamed Xidazhuangke/West Dazhuangke to avoid confusion with the other  [Wikidata], also in Yanqing District. Zhuangke (庄窠) approximately means peasant dwellings/households in certain dialects of Jin Chinese; Zhuangke (庄科) is a Mandarin corruption of Jin Chinese Zhuangke (庄窠).
  19. ^ Phillips, Tom (31 July 2015). "Beijing promises to overcome lack of snow for 2022 Winter Olympics". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  20. ^ Mills, Chris (1 August 2015). "Here's the 2022 Winter Olympics Venue, In The Middle of Winter". Archived from the original on 2 August 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  21. ^ gaiazhang. "Beijing 2022 Games Ski Venue Receives Over 2 Million Tourists". Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  22. ^ "Beijing 2022 Olympic medals design unveiled with 100 days to go". Beijing2022.cn. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  23. ^ a b Barker, Philip (2 January 2022). "Beijing 2022 reveals uniforms for medal ceremonies heavily influenced by snow". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 2 January 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ "Beijing 2022 welcomes Olympic flame to China". Beijing2022.cn. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  25. ^ O'Donnell, Noreen. "Uyghurs, Tibetans, Hong Kongers Join Together to Protest Beijing Olympics". nbcchicago.com. NBC Chicago. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  26. ^ Ramachandran, Sudha. "India Joins Diplomatic Boycott of Beijing Winter Olympics". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  27. ^ "Curling wants 2021 world championships to determine qualifying for Beijing Olympics". CBC Sports. 9 April 2020. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  28. ^ "U.S., Canada in same 2022 Olympic hockey group". NBC Sports. 24 April 2020. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  29. ^ Gan, Nectar. "Beijing Winter Olympics will be open to fans -- if they live in China". CNN. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  30. ^ "Overseas fans banned from 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics". Aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  31. ^ "NHL will not send players to Beijing". BBC Sport. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  32. ^ "NHL players to participate in '22 Beijing Olympics". ESPN.com. 3 September 2021. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  33. ^ "Beijing 2022 tickets will not be sold to general public due to COVID-19 concerns". Inside the Games. 17 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ^ "Beijing Olympics organizers hope to have 30% capacity in venues". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  35. ^ a b c "Winter Olympics: Athletes advised to use burner phones in Beijing". BBC News. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  36. ^ a b Schad, Tom. "Olympic burner phones? Athletes warned about bringing personal devices to China for 2022 Beijing Games". USA Today. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  37. ^ "Skispringster Kramer, favoriet voor goud, mist Spelen door coronabesmetting". NOS (in Dutch). 1 February 2022.
  38. ^ "Skeleton medalist out of Beijing Olympics with virus". Associated Press. 31 January 2022.
  39. ^ "记者揭秘：冬奥列车高铁5G超高清演播室有啥新科技？" (in Chinese). China Central Television. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  40. ^ "官宣！北京9段新地铁今天开通！线路图、新站抢先看". Ie.bjd.com.cn. 31 December 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  41. ^ hermesauto (17 May 2018). "New Beijing airport to open on Oct 1, 2019, able to accommodate 620,000 flights per year". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  42. ^ "北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会运动员和随队官员防疫手册（第二版）" (PDF). Beijing Organising Committee for the 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  43. ^ "Beijing won't have a big budget for the 2022 Winter Olympics". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  44. ^ "Beijing 2022 may cost more than US$38.5bn, says report". SportsPro. 1 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  45. ^ "2022 Winter Olympics officially begin". BBC Sport. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  46. ^ a b "Uyghur athlete lights Olympic Cauldron as Beijing 2022 officially opens". Inside the Games. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  47. ^ a b c Chappell, Bill (4 February 2022). "The Beijing Winter Olympics' cauldron lighting made a political statement". NPR. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  48. ^ Carpenter, Les (2 December 2021). "The Beijing Olympics begin Feb. 4. Here's what you need to know". Washington Post. Washington D.C, United States of America. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  49. ^ "Athletes to compete in 109 events of 7 sports at Beijing Winter Olympics". Helsinki Times. Helsinki, Finland. 18 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  50. ^ Zaccardi, Nick (18 July 2018). "Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics add seven new events". Olympics.nbcsports.com/. NBC. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  51. ^ "FIS target Nordic Combined women's competition at Beijing 2022". 3 October 2016. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  52. ^ "FIS Council Decisions from Autumn 2017 Meeting". fis-ski.com/. FIS. 18 November 2017. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  53. ^ "FIS propose telemark skiing for Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics". Insidethegames.biz. 18 May 2018. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  54. ^ a b c d Butler, Nick (5 March 2018). "Exclusive: Women's Nordic combined and synchronised skating among new disciplines proposed for Beijing 2022". insidethegames.biz. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  55. ^ "FIL submits full package of events for Olympic bid". fil-luge.org/. FIL. 31 October 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  56. ^ "Synchronized Skating has been proposed as a new "event" by the ISU". jurasynchro.com/. Jura Synchro. 9 February 2018. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  57. ^ "Here's a look at the new women's, gender-balanced disciplines for the 2022 Winter Games". ESPN.com. 25 July 2018. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  58. ^ Latham-Coyle, Harry (4 February 2022). "What is Nordic Combined and why won't there be a women's event". The Independent. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  59. ^ MacInnes, Paul (9 December 2019). "Russia banned from Tokyo Olympics and football World Cup". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  60. ^ "Russia banned for four years to include 2020 Olympics and 2022 World Cup". BBC Sport. 9 December 2019. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  61. ^ "WADA lawyer defends lack of blanket ban on Russia". The Japan Times. AP. 13 December 2019. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  62. ^ "Russia Confirms It Will Appeal 4-Year Olympic Ban". Time. AP. 27 December 2019. Archived from the original on 27 December 2019.
  63. ^ Dunbar, Graham (17 December 2020). "Russia can't use its name and flag at the next 2 Olympics". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  64. ^ "Olympics: Russia to compete under ROC acronym in Tokyo as part of doping sanctions". Reuters. Reuters. 19 February 2021. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  65. ^ "IOC Executive Board suspends NOC of Democratic People's Republic of Korea". International Olympic Committee. 8 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  66. ^ "North Korea suspended from IOC after Tokyo no-show". Reuters. Reuters. 8 September 2021. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  67. ^ "North Korea suspended from IOC until end of 2022". CBC Sports. 8 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  68. ^ "North Korea banned from Beijing 2022 after IOC suspends NOC". Inside the Games. 8 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  69. ^ "North Korea, already banned from 2022 Olympics, announces it will not send team". Special Broadcasting Service. 7 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  70. ^ "North Korea blames Beijing 2022 ban on "hostile forces" and criticises "vicious" US actions". Inside the Games. 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  71. ^ "Haïti Pour La Première Fois De Son Histoire Qualifié Aux Jo D'hiver en 2022 !" [Haiti for the First Time in Its History Qualified for the Winter Olympics in 2022!]. Haitiski.com/ (in French). Haiti Ski Federation. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  72. ^ Pavitt, Michael (17 December 2021). "Haiti and Saudi Arabia to debut at Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics as Alpine skiers qualify". Insidethegames.biz/. Dunsar Media Ltd. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  73. ^ a b Ayodi, Ayumba (18 January 2022). "Kenya withdraws from Beijing Winter Olympics". Daily Nation. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  74. ^ "Denni Xhepa represents Albania at the Beijing Winter Olympics". Oculus News. 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  75. ^ Burke, Patrick (23 January 2022). "American Samoa NOC commends first Winter Olympic athlete since 1994". www.insidethegames.biz/. Dunsar Media Ltd. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  76. ^ "Presentació de la vestimenta de la delegació andorrana dels JO d'hivern de Beijing 2022 a la seu central de Andbank" [Presentation of the attire of the Andorran delegation of the Beijing Winter Olympics 2022 at the Andbank headquarters]. www.coa.ad/ (in Catalan). Andorran Olympic Committee. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  77. ^ "Delegación Argentina en Los Juegos Olímpicos De Invierno Beijing 2022" [Argentine Delegation at the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics]. www.coarg.org.ar/ (in Spanish). Argentine Olympic Committee. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  78. ^ Ghazanchyan, Siranush (18 January 2022). "Beijing 2022: Armenia to have six representatives at Winter Olympics". En.armradio.am/. Public Radio of Armenia. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  79. ^ Robinson, Georgina (23 January 2022). "Australia's winter Olympians target bronze, silver and gold". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  80. ^ "Olympic Team Austria wächst auf 106 Aktive" [Olympic Team Austria grows to 106 active members]. www.olympia.at/ (in German). Austrian Olympic Committee. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  81. ^ ""Pekin-2022" Qış Olimpiya Oyunlarına həsr olunan rəsmi təqdimat mərasimi keçirilib" [An official presentation ceremony dedicated to the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics has been held.]. www.olympic.az/ (in Azerbaijani). National Olympic Committee of the Azerbaijani Republic. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  82. ^ "Белорусы получили дополнительную лицензию на Игры в Пекин" [Belarusians received an additional license for the Beijing Games]. www.noc.by (in Russian). Belarus Olympic Committee. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  83. ^ Kohlhuber, Nicolas (21 January 2022). "La sélection belge pour les Jeux Olympiques d'hiver de Beijing 2022" [The Belgian selection for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics]. www.olympics.com/ (in French). International Olympic Committee (IOC). Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  84. ^ Guzman, Ariel (16 January 2022). "Los bolivianos Grönlund y Breistfuss van a los Juegos Olímpicos de Pekín" [Bolivians Grönlund and Breistfuss go to the Beijing Olympics]. Opinión (in Spanish). Cochabamba, Bolivia. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  85. ^ "BIH Olimpijski Tim | Beijing 2022" [BIH Olympic Team Beijing 2022]. www.okbih.ba/ (in Bosnian). Olympic Committee of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  86. ^ "16 athletes to represent Bulgaria at the 2022 Winter Olympic Games in Beijing". www.bnr.bg/. Bulgarian National Radio. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  87. ^ Nichols, Paula (28 January 2022). "By the Numbers: Team Canada heading into the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games". www.olympic.ca/. Canadian Olympic Committee. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  88. ^ "Team Chile competirá con cuatro deportistas en Beijing" [Team Chile will compete with four athletes in Beijing]. www.coch.cl/ (in Spanish). Chilean Olympic Committee. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  89. ^ NOC Entries – Team People's Republic of China
  90. ^ Zabala, Daniel (20 January 2022). "Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno y los colombianos clasificados" [Winter Olympics and Colombians Qualified]. www.lafm.com.co/ (in Spanish). La FM. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  91. ^ "11 athletes to represent Croatia at Winter Olympics". www.croatiaweek.com/. Croatia Week. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  92. ^ Liu, Lanting (25 January 2022). "One Cypriot to take part in 2022 Winter Olympics". Cyprus Mail. Nicosia, Cyprus. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  93. ^ Houston, Michael (18 January 2022). "Czech Republic name record-size Winter Olympic team and reveal Beijing 2022 uniform". www.insidethegames.biz/. Dunsar Media Ltd. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  94. ^ "Madeleine Dupont og Frans Nielsen er Danmarks OL-fanebærere" [Madeleine Dupont and Frans Nielsen are Denmark's Olympic flag bearers]. www.dif.dk/ (in Danish). National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  95. ^ Xanches, Hortencio (6 January 2022). "Timor – Leste will join the 2022 Winter Olympic event in China". Tatoli. Dili, East Timor. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  96. ^ "Sarah Escobar: "Quiero compartir mi sueño olímpico con todos los ecuatorianos"" [Sarah Escobar: "I want to share my Olympic dream with all Ecuadorians"]. www.coe.org.ec/ (in Spanish). Ecuadorian National Olympic Committee. 7 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  97. ^ Watta, Evelyn (28 January 2022). "African stars to watch at Beijing 2022". www.olympics.com/. International Olympic Committee (IOC). Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  98. ^ "Olympic Committee confirms national team for Beijing Olympics". Eesti Rahvusringhääling. Tallinn, Estonia. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  99. ^ "Olympiajoukkue valittu – 95 urheilijaa edustaa Suomea Pekingin talvikisoissa" [Olympic team selected - 95 athletes represent Finland at the Beijing Winter Games]. www.olympiakomitea.fi/ (in Finnish). Finnish Olympic Committee. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  100. ^ "Les sélectionnés pour les Jeux Olympiques d'hiver de Pékin !" [The selected athletes for the Olympic Winter Games in Beijing!]. www.equipedefrance.com (in French). Comité national olympique et sportif français (CNOSF). 23 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  101. ^ "სეოკ-��ს აღმასრულებელი კომიტეტის სხდომაზე ზამთრის XXIV ოლიმპიურ თამაშებზე საქართველოს ოლიმპიური დელეგაციის პერსონალური შემადგენლობა დაამტკიცეს" [The staff of the Georgian Olympic delegation to the XXIV Winter Olympic Games was approved at the session of the Executive Committee of the National Olympic Committee]. www.geonoc.org.ge/ (in Georgian). Georgian National Olympic Committee. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  102. ^ "In dieser Reihenfolge laufen die Nationen bei der Eröffnungsfeier ein". www.faz.net/ (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  103. ^ "Feller hat Corona – Ski-Exot Mäder bei Olympia dabei" [Feller has Corona - Ski-Exot Mäder at the Olympics]. www.srf.ch/ (in German). Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  104. ^ "Winter Olympics: Who is representing Team GB in Beijing?". BBC News. London, United Kingdom. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  105. ^ "Με πέντε αθλητές και αθλήτριες η Ελλάδα στους Χειμερινούς Ολυμπιακούς Αγώνες «Πεκίνο 2022»" [Greece with five athletes at the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics]. www,hoc.gr/ (in Greek). Hellenic Olympic Committee. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  106. ^ "Haiti - J.O. Beijing 2022 : D-24, The skier Richardson Viano will defend the colors of Haiti". HaitiLibre. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  107. ^ Chan, Kin-wa (10 December 2021). "Beijing 2022: Hong Kong set to send largest-ever squad for Winter Olympics – three athletes". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  108. ^ "Olimpiai indulókról döntött a Magyar Sí Szövetség" [The Hungarian Ski Association has decided on Olympic starters]. Olimpia.hu/ (in Hungarian). Hungarian Olympic Committee. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  109. ^ "Íslenski hópurinn á ÓL í Peking" [The Icelandic Group at the Olympcis in Beijing]. www.isi.is/ (in Icelandic). National Olympic and Sports Association of Iceland. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  110. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy (17 January 2022). "India to participate in Beijing Winter Olympics sans high-level political presence". The Economic Times. Mumbai, India. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  111. ^ "Iran to send three skiers to 2022 Winter Olympics". Tehran Times. Tehran, Iran. 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  112. ^ O'Riordan, Ian (24 January 2022). "Ireland names six-strong Beijing Winter Olympics team". The Irish Times. Dublin. Ireland. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  113. ^ Aharoni, Oren (24 January 2022). "נקבעה המשלחת הישראלית למשחקי החורף בבייג'ין 2022" [The Israeli delegation for the 2022 Beijing Winter Games has been determined]. Israel Hayom (in Hebrew). Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  114. ^ "Ecco l'Italia Team per Pechino 2022, 118 atleti azzurri in gara in Cina" [Here is the Italy Team for Beijing 2022, 118 Italian athletes competing in China]. www.coni.it/ (in Italian). Italian Olympic Committee. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  115. ^ Butterfield, Michelle (19 January 2022). "Jamaica's 4-man bobsled team makes Olympics for 1st time in over 20 years". Global News. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  116. ^ "Japan names Miho Takagi as team captain for Beijing Games". The Japan Times. Tokyo, Japan. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  117. ^ Zhanmukhanova, Assem (25 January 2022). "Kazakhstan to spend about US$525,000 on Beijing Olympics". www.qazaqtv.com/. Kazakh TV. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  118. ^ "Kiana Kryeziu and Albin Tahiri will represent Kosovo in LOD Beijing 2022". Kosova Press. Pristina, Kosovo. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  119. ^ Makeshov, Kabyl (20 January 2022). "Кыргызстан кышкы олимпиада оюндарында" [Kyrgyzstan at the Winter Olympics]. BBC News (in Kyrgyz). London, United Kingdom. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  120. ^ "Lebanese Olympic Committee Keen for Closer Cooperation With Chinese Olympic Committee". www.anocolympic.org/. Association of National Olympic Committees. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  121. ^ "Team Liechtenstein selektioniert!" [Team Liechtenstein selected!]. www.olympic.li/ (in German). Liechtenstein Olympic Committee. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  122. ^ Suslavičius, Rokas (16 January 2022). "Žiemos olimpinės rinktinės paveikslas: rekordinė dalyvių gausa, didžiausios viltys ir likę nežinomieji" [Picture of the Winter Olympic team: record number of participants, highest hopes and remaining unknowns]. www.lrt.lt/ (in Limburgish). Lithuanian National Radio and Television. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  123. ^ "Composition du Team Lëtzebuerg pour les JO Beijing 2022" [Composition of Team Luxembourg for the Beijing 2022 Olympics]. www.teamletzebuerg.lu/ (in French). Luxembourg Olympic and Sporting Committee. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  124. ^ "JO 2022 Hiver Pékin : Rencontre entre Siteny Randrianasoloniaiko et Zhang Wei" [Beijing Winter Olympics 2022: Meeting between Siteny Randrianasoloniaiko and Zhang Wei]. Midi Madagasikara (in French). Antananarivo, Madagascar. 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  125. ^ "OCM confident 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics will be a success". Bernama. Kauala Lumpur, Malaysia. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022. Malaysia will be represented by two alpine skiers - Jeffrey Webb, 23, in men’s slalom and Aruwin Idami Salehhuddin, 17, in women’s slalom and giant slalom - at the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics.
  126. ^ "Jenise Spiteri to carry Maltese Flag at Beijing Winter Olympics". Nocmalta.org/. Maltese Olympic Committee. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  127. ^ "Confirman delegación tricolor para Juegos Invernales" [Tricolor delegation confirmed for Winter Games]. Elporvenir.mx/ (in Spanish). El Porvenir. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  128. ^ "Doina Descalui va fi portdrapelul Republicii Moldova la Jocurile Olimpice de la Beijing" [Doina Descalui will be the flag bearer of the Republic of Moldova at the Beijing Olympic Games]. www.olympic.md/ (in Romanian). National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Moldova. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  129. ^ Boisaubert, Romain (19 January 2022). "Meet the Monegasque athletes who will compete in the Beijing Winter Olympics". Monaco Tribune. Monaco. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  130. ^ Anudari, M (13 January 2022). "Two Mongolian athletes qualify for Winter Olympics". Montsame. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  131. ^ "Winter Olympic Games "Beijing 2022"". Cok.me/. Montenegrin Olympic Committee. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  132. ^ Ichi, Abderrahmane (19 January 2022). "JO d'hiver de Pékin : le Maroc sera représenté par Yassine Aouich" [Beijing Winter Olympics: Morocco will be represented by Yassine Aouich]. Le Matin (in French). Casablanca, Morocco. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  133. ^ "Gekwalificeerde sporters Olympische Winterspelen Beijing 2022" [Qualified athletes Olympic Wintergames Beijing 2022] (in Dutch).
  134. ^ "Beijing Winter Olympics: Biathlete Campbell Wright named to New Zealand team". The New Zealand Herald. Auckland, New Zealand. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022. Campbell is the final athlete selected to the New Zealand Team for Beijing. Taking the total team size to 15.
  135. ^ Kohlhuber, Nicolas (9 December 2021). "Samuel Ikpefan: From the French Alps to representing Nigeria at Beijing 2022". www.olympics.com/. International Olympic Committee (IOC). Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  136. ^ "ЗОИ ПЕКИНГ 2022" [Beijing World 2022]. www.mok.org.mk/ (in Macedonian). Olympic Committee of North Macedonia. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  137. ^ Shah, Abdul Mohi (7 January 2022). "Karim to represent Pakistan as Mia pulls out". The News International. Karachi, Pakistan. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  138. ^ "Perú presente en Pekín 2022: Ornella Oettl Reyes clasificó a los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno" [Peru present in Beijing 2022: Ornella Oettl Reyes qualified for the Winter Olympics]. La República (in Spanish). Lima, Peru. 27 December 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  139. ^ Valderrama, Aeron Paul (21 December 2021). "Asa Miller qualifies for 2022 Winter Olympics". Tiebreaker Times. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  140. ^ "Olympics: 57 Polish athletes selected to compete in Beijing". www.polskieradio.pl/. Radio Poland. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  141. ^ "Equipa Portugal em ação nos Jogos Olímpicos Pequim 2022 a partir de 7 de fevereiro" [Team Portugal in action at the Beijing 2022 Olympic Games from February 7]. www.comiteolimpicoportugal.pt/ (in Portuguese). Olympic Committee of Portugal. 22 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  142. ^ Hernandez, Sara Del Valle (19 January 2022). "Puerto Rico competirá en los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno con dos atletas: ¿quiénes son y cómo clasificaron?" [Puerto Rico will compete in the Winter Olympics with two athletes: who are they and how did they qualify]. El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). Ponce, Puerto Rico. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  143. ^ "Putin Wishes Russian Athletes 'Triumph' at Beijing Olympics". Moscow Times. Moscow, Russia. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  144. ^ "The 22 athletes representing Romania at 2022 Winter Olympics, "heroes" to minister Eduard Novak". Agerpres. Bucharest, Romania. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  145. ^ "Olimpiadi Invernali: Gatti E Torsani Gli Atleti Che Gareggeranno a Pechino" [Winter Olympics: Gatti and Torsani the Athletes Who Will Compete in Beijing]. www.cons.sm/ (in Italian). Sammarinese National Olympic Committee. 17 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  146. ^ "Saudi Arabia set to name its first-ever athlete bound for Winter Olympic Games". TASS. Moscow, Russia. 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  147. ^ "Ovo je #TeamSerbia! Nevena Ignjatović i Marko Vukićević predstavljaju Srbiju u Pekingu" [This is #TeamSerbia! Nevena Ignjatović and Marko Vukićević represent Serbia in Beijing]. www.oks.org.rs/ (in Serbian). Olympic Committee of Serbia. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  148. ^ "Slovensko môže využiť 50 miesteniek pre Peking, pribudla jedna v bežeckom lyžovaní" [Slovakia can use 50 places for Beijing, one in cross-country skiing has been added]. www.olympic.sk/ (in Slovak). Slovak Olympic and Sports Committee. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  149. ^ "Over 40 athletes to represent Slovenia in Beijing". Slovenian Press Agency. Ljubljana, Slovenia. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  150. ^ Yee, Jee-ho (25 January 2022). "S. Korea to send its 3rd-largest Winter Olympics team to Beijing 2022". Yonhap News Agency. Seoul, South Korea. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  151. ^ "España acudirá a Beijing 2022 con catorce deportistas" [Spain will attend Beijing 2022 with fourteen athletes]. www.coe.es/ (in Spanish). Spanish Olympic Committee. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  152. ^ "Truppen klar - 116 ska tävla i Peking" [The squad ready - 116 will compete in Beijing]. www.sok.se (in Swedish). Swedish Olympic Committee. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  153. ^ "Die 167 selektionierten Schweizer auf einen Blick". www.srf.ch (in German). Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  154. ^ Yen, William (19 January 2022). "Taiwan holds flag waving ceremony for Winter Olympic athletes". Central News Agency. Taipei, Taiwan. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  155. ^ "Thais to compete in Winter Olympics under national flag". Bangkok Post. Bangkok, Thailand. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  156. ^ Ramphal, Vidia (19 January 2022). "T&T returns to first Winter Olympics since 2002". Loop News. Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  157. ^ Tiryaki, Erkan (19 January 2022). "2022 Pekin Kış Olimpiyatları'nda Türkiye'yi 7 sporcu temsil edecek" [7 athletes will represent Turkey at the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics]. Anadolu Agency (in Turkish). Ankara, Turkey. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  158. ^ "Україна на зимовій Олімпіаді матиме 43 представників: хто виступатиме" [Ukraine will have 43 representatives at the Winter Olympics: who will perform]. www.sport.rayon.in.ua/ (in Ukrainian). 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  159. ^ "U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Committee Announces 222-member 2022 U.S. Olympic Team". www.teamusa.org/. United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  160. ^ "Pekin-2022 Olimpiadasi haqida umumiy malumotlar. Vaqti, translyaciya va o'zbekistonlik sportchi" [General information about the Beijing 2022 Olympics. Time, broadcast and Uzbek athlete]. www,olamsport.com/ (in Uzbek). OlamSport. 16 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  161. ^ Kiser, Bill (26 January 2022). "Beijing Bound: Tannenbaum earns spot in 2022 Winter Games". The Virgin Islands Daily News. St.Thomas, Virgin Islands. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  162. ^ "South Africa sending no one to Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics". The South African. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  163. ^ "No Bermuda Team In 2022 Winter Olympics". Bernews. Hamilton, Bermuda. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  164. ^ "North Korea Says It Will Skip Beijing Olympics Because of the Pandemic". New York Times. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  165. ^ "Tonga's Pita Taufatofua skips 2022 Winter Olympics to help home country recover from natural disasters". Fox News. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  166. ^ "2022 Olympic Schedule & Results". Olympics.com. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  167. ^ "Beijing 2022 announces new competition schedule". xinhuanet.com. Xinhua News Agency. 18 November 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  168. ^ "Olympic Medal Table". olympics.com. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  169. ^ "Beijing 2022 unveils official emblems". IOC. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  170. ^ "Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics Mascot". Olympics.com. Retrieved 25 November 2021. "In Mandarin Chinese (the official dialect of China), "Bing" has several meanings, though the most common is ice. The word also symbolises purity and strength, while “Dwen Dwen” means robust and lively, and also represents children."
  171. ^ "Beijing 2022 reveals official motto: "Together for a Shared Future" - Olympic News". International Olympic Committee. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  172. ^ https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-60256191, 北京冬奥在新冠疫情与抵制下开幕, BBC中文, retrieved February 4th 2022
  173. ^ http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0823/c413700-30246383.html 中国共产党新闻网： 构建人类命运共同体 ， retrieved February 4th 2022
  174. ^ "BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics". The Guardian. 29 June 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  175. ^ "Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal". The Guardian. 2 February 2016. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  176. ^ "Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games on the BBC". BBC. 12 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022. BBC Sport to broadcast more than 300 hours of live coverage across BBC One and BBC Two, with even more on BBC iPlayer, Red Button and BBC Sport website
  177. ^ Max Miller (12 January 2022). "BBC reveals 2022 Winter Olympics broadcast plans". Broadcastnow. Retrieved 18 January 2022. There will be over 300 hours of live coverage on BBC1 and BBC2
  178. ^ "中国移动咪咕成中央广播电视总台奥运会、欧洲杯、冬奥会、世界杯赛事转播顶级合作伙伴". xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  179. ^ "Fewer Russians Could Be a Windfall for U.S. Olympic Business". The New York Times. 7 December 2017. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  180. ^ "Olympics on NBC through 2032". USA Today. Gannett Company. 7 May 2014. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  181. ^ "CBS, NBC in 'Freaky Friday' Super Bowl swap". adage.com. 13 March 2019. Archived from the original on 20 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  182. ^ Steinberg, Brian (13 March 2019). "CBS, NBC to Swap Super Bowl Broadcasts". Variety. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  183. ^ White, Peter (12 November 2021). "NBC To Air Olympics Coverage After Super Bowl LVI". Deadline. Retrieved 12 November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  184. ^ Matt Schiavenza, "A Winter Olympics in a City Without Snow Archived 24 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine", The Atlantic, 31 July 2015
  185. ^ Tom Phillips, "Beijing promises to overcome lack of snow for 2022 Winter Olympics Archived 19 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine", The Guardian, 31 July 2015
  186. ^ "Scientists Question Environmental Impact of China's Winter Olympics Archived 7 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine", The New York Times, 9 April 2015
  187. ^ "Winter Olympic Games venues in China 'pose threat to Beijing nature reserve' Archived 7 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine", South China Morning Post, 4 August 2015
  188. ^ "2022 Beijing Winter Olympics". birdingbeijing.com. 16 August 2015. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  189. ^ "Analysis: China's green Winter Olympics 2022 to boost natural gas demand". S&P Global. 15 September 2021.
  190. ^ "How China's energy crisis has sent commodity markets reeling". Nikkei Asia. 18 October 2021.
  191. ^ "The next shock in the pipeline for China's economy: energy crunch". Al Jazeera. 27 September 2021.
  192. ^ "Is China's Winter Olympics song a Frozen rip-off?". BBC News. 4 August 2015. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  193. ^ "El sorprendente parecido de la canción de Pekín 2022 con la de 'Frozen'" [The striking resemblance of the Beijing song 2022 with that of 'Frozen']. El País. 4 August 2015. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  194. ^ Shih, Gerry (8 October 2020). "Beijing is planning to host another Olympics. Clashes over human rights are back, too". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  195. ^ Karlik, Evan (8 August 2019). "The Case for Boycotting Beijing 2022". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  196. ^ Westcott, Ben (2 December 2019). "Huge leaks are exposing Xinjiang's re-education camps. But don't expect Beijing to back down". edition.cnn.com. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  197. ^ Montgomery, Marc (10 June 2020). "Boycott the 2022 China Winter Olympics?". Radio Canada International. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  198. ^ Kenneth Bandler (17 August 2020). "The Uyghers' plight is a humanitarian crisis. More must be done to help". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 17 August 2020. “It is a genocide,” says Turkel, adding that the “purposeful prevention of population growth” is one of the legal definitions of genocide. “In the last year, Uyghur population growth dropped by 24%, and in the previous three years by 84%.”{...}If there is no significant change in Chinese government policy regarding the Uyghurs, Turkel would like to see the US boycott the Winter Olympics in Beijing in 2022.
  199. ^ Stephanie Nebehay (14 August 2020). "Uighur group urges IOC to reconsider 2022 Beijing Winter Games venue". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  200. ^ "Uighur group calls for China to lose 2022 Winter Olympics over 'genocide'". WION. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  201. ^ "Sen. Rick Scott: I'm Disappointed IOC Vice President Refused to Commit to Move 2022 Olympic Games Out of Communist China". SENATOR RICK SCOTT. 11 September 2020. Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  202. ^ "Dominic Raab hints UK could boycott 2022 Beijing winter Olympics amid evidence of 'egregious' human rights snakess of Uighur people". The Independent. 6 October 2020. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  203. ^ Nagy, Stephen R. (21 May 2020). "Mitigating China's economic coercion". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020. economic coercion
  204. ^ Kassam, Natasha (20 July 2020). "Great expectations: The unraveling of the Australia-China relationship". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020. economic coercion
  205. ^ a b Citowicki, Philip (20 November 2020). "Continued Deterioration in Australia-China Relations Fuels Talk of Olympic Boycott". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  206. ^ Hillier, Bianca. "Human rights groups weigh boycott of 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing". Pri.org. Public Radio International. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  207. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  208. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  209. ^ "US senators urge IOC to remove 2022 Winter Olympics from China". au.news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  210. ^ a b c "Critics question China's right to host Winter Olympics". POLITICO. 4 March 2021. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  211. ^ "Mikaela Shiffrin doesn't want to have to choose between 'morality versus being able to do your job' at the 2022 Winter Olympics". Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  212. ^ Lewis, Simon; Martina, Michael (21 April 2021). "Panel recommends that U.S. officials not go to China's Olympics". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  213. ^ Steven, Dennis T. (21 April 2021). "'Diplomatic Boycott' of Beijing Olympics Added to China Bill". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  214. ^ Ni, Vincent (19 May 2021). "China labels Nancy Pelosi 'full of lies' after call for Winter Olympics boycott". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  215. ^ "Cruz: Americans should compete against China in 2022 Beijing Olympics and 'kick their commie a--es'". Fox News. 19 June 2021. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  216. ^ "Warning that boycott of Beijing 2022 could be met with Chinese sanctions". Insidethegames.biz. 10 February 2021. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  217. ^ "'Retaliate fiercely': China issues chilling Olympics warning". 7NEWS.com.au. 9 February 2021. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  218. ^ "China: Calls for 2022 Winter Olympics boycott doomed to fail". Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  219. ^ Nather, David (7 August 2021). "Ax2. Exclusive poll: Trouble ahead for the Beijing Olympics". Axios. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  220. ^ Saric, Ivana. "North Korea suspended from 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics". Axios. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  221. ^ Armour, Nancy (8 September 2021). "North Korea barred from Beijing Olympics because of its decision to skip Tokyo Games". USA Today. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  222. ^ Reuters (13 October 2021). "IOC's Coates rules out pressuring China over human rights". Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  223. ^ "Grupė Lietuvos parlamentarų ragina boikotuoti Pekino žiemos olimpines žaidynes". The Wall Street Journal. Eastern Edition (in Lithuanian). 19 November 2021. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  224. ^ "LTOK pozicija dėl siūlymo sportininkams boikotuoti Pekino žiemos olimpines žaidynes". Lietuvos tautinis olimpinis komitetas (in Lithuanian). 23 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  225. ^ "Po Seimo narių prašymo boikotuoti Pekino olimpinės žaidynes – griežtas LTOK atsakas". The Wall Street Journal. Eastern Edition (in Lithuanian). 23 November 2021. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  226. ^ "China reportedly does not plan to invite Western politicians who threaten diplomatic boycott of Beijing Olympics". The Globe and Mail. Reuters. 29 November 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  227. ^ "Lithuania confirms diplomatic boycott of Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics". ANI News. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  228. ^ CNN, Allie Malloy and Kate Sullivan. "White House announces US diplomatic boycott of 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing". CNN. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  229. ^ "IOC statement on today's announcement by the US government - Olympic News". International Olympic Committee. 6 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  230. ^ Reuters (7 December 2021). "New Zealand won't send diplomats to Beijing Olympics, cites COVID-19". Reuters. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  231. ^ Brockett, Matthew (6 December 2021). "New Zealand Diplomats Won't Attend Winter Olympics in China". Bloomberg. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  232. ^ "Australia won't send officials to China for Winter Olympics". The Age.
  233. ^ "UK 'effectively' plans a diplomatic boycott of Beijing Winter Olympics, joining the United States, Australia and Lithuania". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  234. ^ Schnell, Mychael (8 December 2021). "Canada announces diplomatic boycott of Beijing Olympics". The Hill. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  235. ^ "Kosovo boycotts Olympic Games in Beijing". Albanian Daily News. 9 December 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  236. ^ "Japan won't send Cabinet ministers to attend Beijing Olympics". Japantimes. 11 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  237. ^ "Daily: President Karis joining Beijing winter games political boycott". ERR.ee. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  238. ^ a b "Beijing Olympics boycott: Belgium follows in the footstep of US & UK". 16 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  239. ^ Iveson, Ali (18 December 2021). "Belgium joins diplomatic boycott of Beijing 2022, Latvia will not". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 18 December 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  240. ^ O'Donnell, Noreen. "What's Behind the Calls for an Olympic Boycott?". nbcconnecticut.com. NBC Connecticut. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  241. ^ Yang, Jianli; Monaco, Nick. "Why the US Must Take China's Disinformation Operations Seriously". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  242. ^ Lane, Barnaby. "A Taiwanese Olympic speed skater sparked outrage by practicing in a China uniform, then brushed it off by quoting Taylor Swift". Insider.
  243. ^ Chung, Lawrence (3 February 2022). "Taiwan Olympic speed skater draws ire for donning China team outfit". South China Morning Post.
  244. ^ Media Center (3 February 2022). "Transcript of Virtual Weekly Media Briefing by the Official Spokesperson (February 03, 2022)". Ministry of External Affairs. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  245. ^ Haidar, Suhasini (4 February 2022). "Indian diplomats to boycott Beijing Winter Olympics". The Hindu. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  246. ^ Buckley, Chris; Das, Andrew (4 February 2022). "In a provocative choice, China picks an athlete with a Uyghur name to help light the cauldron". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  247. ^ Munroe, Tony; Xu, Muyu; Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle (4 February 2022). "Opening ceremony ends with Uyghur skier lighting cauldron". Reuters. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  248. ^ "2022 Beijing Winter Olympics: Australia joins US diplomatic boycott". BBC News. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  249. ^ "Canada joining diplomatic boycott of Beijing Winter Olympics". Global News. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  250. ^ "Denmark to join diplomatic boycott of Beijing Olympics over human rights". Reuters. 14 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  251. ^ "India joins diplomatic boycott of Beijing Olympics over role of Chinese soldier from border clash". The Washington Post. 3 February 2022. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  252. ^ "Kosovo boycotts Beijing Winter Olympics". Alsat News. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  253. ^ "Lithuania confirms diplomatic boycott of Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics". ANI News. 3 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  254. ^ "北京冬奧我代表團不出席開閉幕式 黨政人士：將由教育部宣布" [Chinese Taipei delegation will not attend the Beijing Winter Olympics opening and closing ceremonies; Party and government figures: will be announced by the Ministry of Education]. Liberty Times (in Chinese). 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  255. ^ "Australia, UK join diplomatic boycott of Beijing Winter Games". Reuters. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  256. ^ "White House announces US diplomatic boycott of 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing". CNN. 6 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  257. ^ "Japan will not send government delegation to Beijing Olympics". Reuters. 24 December 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  258. ^ a b c d e f g h "World leaders: Who's coming, who isn't to Beijing Olympics". Associated Press. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  259. ^ "The Czechia will join the diplomatic boycott of the Olympics. "No government will go to Beijing," Fiala said". irozhlas.cz (in Czech). 28 January 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  260. ^ "Estonian government officials in no mood to attend Beijing Olympics". Baltic News Network. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  261. ^ "Kurvinen peruu Pekingin-matkansa karanteeniriskin vuoksi – "Kyse ei ole ulkopoliittisesta ratkaisusta"" [Kurvinen cancels his trip to Beijing because of quarantine risk - "This is not a foreign policy solution"]. www.suomenmaa.fi/ (in Finnish). Suomenmaa. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  262. ^ "Japan will not send government delegation to Beijing Olympics". Reuters. 24 December 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  263. ^ "Beijing Winter Olympics: Why are they controversial?". British Broadcasting Corporation. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  264. ^ https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-60256191, 北京冬奥在新冠疫情与抵制下开幕 BBC中文， retrieved February 4th 2022
  265. ^ a b Ungoed-Thomas, Jon (6 November 2021). "Mounting concern over environmental cost of fake snow for Olympics". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  266. ^ a b "Olympic champ says man-made snow in Beijing like 'bulletproof ice'". France 24. France Médias Monde. Agence France Presse. 2 February 2022.
  267. ^ Eftimiades, Nicholas. "China's Espionage Plans for the 2022 Winter Olympics: What Athletes Should Expect". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  268. ^ "Cross-Country Exposure: Analysis of the MY2022 Olympics App". The Citizen Lab. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  269. ^ "Toronto lab finds security vulnerabilities, censorship framework in Olympic app". Cbc.ca. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  270. ^ Phillips, Mitch (7 February 2022). "Nordic combined-Women still frozen out in Olympic anomaly". Reuters.
  271. ^ Houston, Michael (8 February 2022). "South Korea to appeal to CAS over short track refereeing at Beijing 2022". www.insidethegames.biz. Dunsar Media Ltd. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  272. ^ a b Young, Jin Yu; Draper, Kevin (8 February 2022). "South Korea appeals the disqualification of two short-track speedskaters" – via NYTimes.com.
  273. ^ a b c d "ISU Statement - Short Track Speed Skating Men 1000m competition at Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games - International Skating Union". www.isu.org.
  274. ^ Enerio, Dane (7 February 2022). "Beijing Olympics 2022: Chinese Judges Accused Of Bias, Disqualifying Other Countries". International Business Times. New York City, New York, US. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  275. ^ "Canada's Parrot takes slopestyle gold after judging error". BBC Sport. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  276. ^ "Winter Olympics: China's Su Yiming denied snowboard slopestyle gold by 'glaring judging error', BBC commentator says". MSN. Retrieved 8 February 2022.

External links

Winter Olympics
Preceded by
Pyeongchang
 XXIV Olympic Winter Games
Beijing
2022 		Succeeded by
Milan-Cortina d'Ampezzo
Retrieved from ""