Lisbon Airport

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Humberto Delgado Airport

Aeroporto Humberto Delgado
Lisbon airport logo.png
Aeroporto Lisboa - panoramio.jpg
Summary
Airport typePublic
OwnerVinci Group
OperatorANA Aeroportos de Portugal
ServesLisbon, Portugal
LocationOlivais, Lisbon
Hub for
  • TAP Air Portugal
Focus city for
  • Azores Airlines
  • easyJet
  • Ryanair
  • Wizz Air
Elevation AMSL114 m / 374 ft
Coordinates38°46′27″N 009°08′03″W / 38.77417°N 9.13417°W / 38.77417; -9.13417Coordinates: 38°46′27″N 009°08′03″W / 38.77417°N 9.13417°W / 38.77417; -9.13417
Websiteana.pt/en/lis
Map
LPPT is located in Portugal
LPPT
LPPT
Location within Portugal
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
03/21 3,705 12,156 Asphalt
Statistics (2019)
Passengers31,173,000
Passengers change 18–19Increase7.4%
Aircraft Movements217,703
Movements change 18–19Increase 1.9%

Humberto Delgado Airport (IATA: LIS, ICAO: LPPT), also known simply as Lisbon Airport or Portela Airport, is an international airport located 7 km (4.3 mi) northeast from the city centre of Lisbon, the capital of Portugal.[2] The airport is the main international gateway to Portugal. It is the 20th-largest airport in Europe in terms of passenger volume, having served 31,173,000 passengers in 2019, an increase over the previous year of 7.4%. As of 2019 the airport handled 141 thousand tonnes of cargo.[3] It is an important European hub to Brazil,[4] the largest European Star Alliance hub to South America[5][6] and also a European hub to Africa.[7]

The airport is the main hub of Portugal's flag carrier TAP Air Portugal including its subsidiary TAP Express in addition to being a hub for low-cost airlines Ryanair and easyJet. It is a focus city for Azores Airlines, euroAtlantic Airways, Hi Fly, Orbest, and White Airways. The airport is run by ANA Aeroportos de Portugal, which was concessioned to the French group Vinci Airports in February 2013.[8]

In January 2019, Portugal's government unveiled a 1.1-billion-euro plan to expand Lisbon's current airport and build a second one in Montijo.[9] It aimed to handle around 50 million passengers a year from 2022.[10][11] The project is suspended by environmental concerns.

History[]

Early years[]

Lisbon Airport in 1951
Terminal 1 check-in hall
Terminal 2 check-in area
Terminal 1 arrivals area

The airport opened on 15 October 1942, during World War II, and initially operated in conjunction with the Cabo Ruivo Seaplane Base: seaplanes performed transatlantic flights, and passengers were transferred onto continental flights operating from the new airport.[12] As a neutral airport it was open to both German and British airlines, and was a hub for smuggling people into, out of, and across Europe. It is widely referenced in the classic film Casablanca, whose plot revolves around an escape attempt to Lisbon airport. As such, it was heavily monitored by both Axis and Allied spies. Although Portugal was neutral, the airport was used by allied flights en route to Gibraltar, North Africa and Cairo.[13]

At the end of the war the airport developed rapidly, and by 1946 was used by major airlines such as Air France, British European Airways, Iberia, KLM, Sabena, Pan Am and Trans World Airlines[citation needed]. By 1954 the number of passengers reached 100,000.[13]

A 1951–52 airport diagram[14] shows four runways laid out at 45-degree angles: 1,350 m Runway 5, 1,024 m Runway 9, 1,203 m Runway 14, and 1,170 m Runway 18. Runways 5 and 36 were each later extended northward to a length of 1,999 m.

Major upgrades from 1959 to 1962 included a new runway capable of handling the first generation of jets, such as the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8.[13] The first jet aircraft flight was an Air France Caravelle in 1960.[13] In 1962 runway 03/21 came into use. It was 3130 m long and would allow direct transatlantic flights.[13] The first direct flight to New York was operated by TWA with a Boeing 707, who later operated the first Boeing 747 service in 1970.[13] When TAP ordered the 747 in 1972, five large parking bays were built, and the terminal was enlarged.[13] A major upgrade to the buildings and facilities commenced in 1983, and the first air bridges were added in 1991.[13]

Along with the airports in Porto, Faro, Ponta Delgada, Santa Maria, Horta, Flores, Madeira, and Porto Santo, the airport's concessions to provide support to civil aviation were conceded to ANA Aeroportos de Portugal on 18 December 1998, under provisions of decree 404/98. With this concession, ANA became responsible for the planning, development and construction of future infrastructure.[15]

Airport expansion[]

The airport is now surrounded by urban development, being one of the few airports in Europe located inside a major city[citation needed]. This led to a national debate on whether to keep the present location or to build a new airport; the last option was chosen. Initially, Ota, a village 50 km (31 mi) north of Lisbon, was chosen as one of the sites for the new airport. In 2007 an independent study coordinated by the Portuguese Industry Confederation (CIP) suggested Alcochete as an alternative location (see Alcochete Airport). A military training facility currently occupies the site, but the military agreed to abandon the location provided it could transfer its facility to a different area. A second government-contracted study led by the National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC)[16] concluded in late 2007 that Alcochete was the best location.

The selection of Alcochete was announced on 10 January 2008, more than 35 years after the first capacity increase studies were initiated. Portuguese government announced that Alcochete was the preliminary choice, to be finalised after public consultation.[17][18] The location of Alcochete as the construction site of the future Lisbon Airport was confirmed by the government on 8 May 2008,[19] but the contract was shelved as part of Portugal's cost-cutting austerity measures, and completely dismissed from Portugal's transportation strategy plans in July 2013, with investment being concentrated on expanding and further improving the existing Lisbon Airport infrastructure.[20]

In November 2006 the operating company ANA Aeroportos de Portugal, announced an expansion plan for some airport structures in order to respond to current passenger traffic growth trends, and full capacity use of the airport, which had been intended to respond to growth until the new airport was to be finished in 2017.[citation needed] This plan involved the construction of a new 2nd terminal called Terminal 2 (concluded and operational since August 2007), and expansion of Terminal 1 with new boarding gates (concluded in 2011), a large new shopping and restaurant area, new airbridges and parking positions, a more efficient use of currently existing structures, and a new underground Metro de Lisboa station inaugurated in July 2012.

Terminal 2 is used by 6 scheduled low-cost flight airlines for departures to European destinations, while Terminal 1 handles all arrivals and regular scheduled and chartered flights. In October 2010, European low-cost airline easyJet officially opened a new base at Lisbon Airport, exclusively using Terminal 2 for departures to 20 destinations.[21] A free shuttle bus connects Terminal 1 Departures area and Terminal 2 every ten minutes.[22]

Between 2007 and 2013, Lisbon Airport underwent several structural and equipment improvements and expansions. These included the construction of Terminal 2, lighting and baggage claim refurbishment, new cargo facilities, fuel storage, north pier and boarding lounge, north bus gate and baggage claim, enlargement of express cargo facilities, electrical refurbishments, departure lounge refurbishments and underground station and other terminal improvements all of which have been completed.[23] As part of the definite solution for Lisbon Airport, in July 2013 a new commercial area was inaugurated in the Terminal 1 air side area with 20 new stores and spacious naturally lighted internal circulation areas.[24] In July 2015, a significantly larger food court was introduced, catering to more tastes and delicacies.[25]

With the long-term concession of ANA Aeroportos de Portugal to the French group Vinci Airports[8] the project for a new airport was postponed in July 2013, and it was decided that the existing Lisbon Airport would be further upgraded to surpass 22 million passengers annually[26] and would remain the present solution for this major European gateway.[27] Ryanair had predicted that it will double the number of passengers it carries from the airport in the three years from 2014.[28]

In January 2019, Portugal's government unveiled a 1.1-billion-euro ($1.26 billion) plan to expand Lisbon's current airport and build a second one.[9] National airports operator ANA is footing the bill to adapt a military airfield in Montijo, 30 km (19 mi) by road from Lisbon.[29] It aims to handle around 50 million passengers a year from 2022.[10] The airports company will also pay for the expansion of the Humberto Delgado Airport in the capital. With around 29 million passengers a year, it is at full capacity.[11]

Naming[]

In February 2015, Lisbon city council unanimously agreed to propose that the name of Lisbon International Airport, known as Portela due to its geographical location, be changed to Humberto Delgado Airport. The proposal, tabled by the Socialist leadership under former Mayor António Costa, was agreed to by councillors from across party lines.[30][31]

The Portuguese government under current Prime Minister António Costa, announced in February 2016 that Lisbon Portela Airport would be renamed on 15 May 2016 after Humberto Delgado, in memory of the late Portuguese air force general and famous politician. "He was an opposition figure to the dictatorship regime... and had a very important role in the field of civil aviation," Minister of Planning and Infrastructure Pedro Marques said at a press conference after the meeting of Council of Ministers, stressing that it was Humberto Delgado who presided over the foundation of Portugal's flagship airline TAP and "so it is very fair this assignment name to the airport". 2016 marks the 110th anniversary of the birth of Humberto Delgado, who was also known as the "Fearless General" due to his staunch opposition to Salazar's rule and his participation in the 1958 Portuguese presidential election.[32]

Terminals[]

Lisbon Humberto Delgado Airport features two passenger terminal buildings:[33]

Terminal 1[]

Terminal 1 is the main building and features large landside and airside areas containing several shops and service facilities. It consists of two check-in halls, the older one has been converted into TAP Air Portugal's self check-in area, and the newer one housing 68 desks (37–89 and 90–106). The joint departures area features 47 gates (17 of which are equipped with jet-bridges) with 21 of them designated to non-Schengen destinations.[33] As the airport features several more apron stands, bus boarding is often used here. Most airlines use Terminal 1, including TAP Air Portugal, its Star Alliance partners and, exceptionally, Vueling.

Terminal 2[]

Terminal 2 is the much smaller, newest of the two terminals in the airport, used exclusively by low-cost carriers. It is located away from Terminal 1 on the southern border of the airport perimeter. It has 21 check-in desks (201–222), designated to each particular low-cost carrier, and 15 departure gates (201–215) using mainly walk boarding but also bus. There are only standard facilities, a few shops and service counters. The terminal is reachable via the free airport shuttle service from Terminal 1.[33] The main users of Terminal 2 are Ryanair, easyJet, Wizz Air, Transavia and Transavia France.

Airlines and destinations[]

The following airlines operate regular scheduled passenger flights at Lisbon Airport:[34]

AirlinesDestinations
Aegean Airlines Athens
Aer Lingus Dublin
Aeroflot Moscow–Sheremetyevo
Air Algérie Algiers (suspended)
Air Canada Toronto–Pearson
Seasonal: Montréal–Trudeau
Air Europa Madrid
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Air Malta Malta
Air Moldova Chişinău
Air Transat Montréal–Trudeau (resumes 15 September 2021), Toronto–Pearson (resumes 02 November 2021)
airBaltic Riga
American Airlines Seasonal: Philadelphia (resumes 27 March 2022)
Azores Airlines Boston, Horta, Pico Island, Ponta Delgada, Praia,[35] Santa Maria, Terceira, Toronto–Pearson
Azul Brazilian Airlines Campinas
Beijing Capital Airlines Beijing–Daxing, Xi'an
Binter Canarias Gran Canaria, Tenerife–North
Blue Air Bucharest
British Airways London–Heathrow
Brussels Airlines Brussels
Bulgaria Air Seasonal: Sofia (suspended)
Cabo Verde Airlines Praia, Sal
Delta Air Lines New York–JFK
easyJet[36] Amsterdam, Basel/Mulhouse, Berlin, Bordeaux, Bristol, Edinburgh, Funchal, Geneva, London–Gatwick, London–Luton, Luxembourg, Lyon, Madrid, Manchester,[37] Milan–Malpensa, Nantes, Nice, Paris–Charles de Gaulle
El Al Tel Aviv
Emirates Dubai–International
euroAtlantic Airways Bissau
Eurowings Cologne/Bonn, Düsseldorf, Stuttgart
Finnair Helsinki
FlyOne Chişinău
HiSky Chișinău,[38] Cluj-Napoca[39]
Iberia Madrid
Jet2.com Birmingham (begins 04 November 2021), Manchester (begins 01 November 2021)
KLM Amsterdam
LATAM São Paulo–Guarulhos
Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich
Luxair Luxembourg
Norwegian Air Shuttle Copenhagen, Stockholm–Arlanda
Seasonal: Oslo
Orbest Seasonal: Cancún, Punta Cana, Varadero[40]
Qatar Airways Doha (suspended)
Royal Air Maroc Casablanca
Ryanair Agadir (begins 31 October 2021),[41] Alghero (begins 1 November 2021),[42] Alicante (begins 2 November 2021),[43] Barcelona (begins 31 October 2021),[44] Bari (begins 31 October 2021),[45] Beauvais, Bergamo, Berlin, Billund (begins 1 November 2021),[46] Birmingham (begins 1 November 2021),[47] Bologna, Bordeaux, Bournemouth (begins 2 November 2021),[48] Brest (begins 31 October 2021),[49] Brussels, Budapest, Charleroi, Cologne/Bonn, Dublin, Edinburgh, Eindhoven, Fez (begins 31 October 2021),[50] Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden (begins 3 November 2021),[51] Krakow, Lanzarote (begins 2 November 2021),[52] London–Stansted, Luxembourg, Madrid (begins 31 October 2021),[53] Málaga, Malta (begins 2 November 2021),[54] Manchester, Marrakesh (begins 1 November 2021),[55] Marseille, Memmingen, Naples, Oujda (begins 31 October 2021),[56] Palermo (begins 1 November 2021),[57] Perpignan (begins 1 November 2021),[58] Ponta Delgada, Rome–Ciampino, Seville, Tenerife-South (begins 2 November 2021),[59] Terceira, Toulouse, Tours (begins 31 October 2021),[60] Valencia, Vienna, Warsaw–Modlin, Wrocław (begins 31 October 2021),[61] Zaragoza
Seasonal: Pisa
Scandinavian Airlines Seasonal: Copenhagen, Stockholm–Arlanda
SkyUp Kyiv–Boryspil[62]
STP Airways São Tomé
Swiss International Air Lines Geneva, Zürich
TAAG Angola Airlines Luanda
TAP Air Portugal[63] Abidjan, Accra, Agadir,[64] Alicante (begins 31 October 2021), Amsterdam, Banjul (resumes 30 October 2021), Barcelona, Belém (resumes 31 October 2021), Belo Horizonte–Confins, Berlin, Bilbao, Bissau, Boa Vista (resumes 03 November 2021), Bologna, Bordeaux (resumes 27 March 2022) , Boston, Brasília, Brussels, Budapest (resumes 27 March 2022), Cancún,[65][66] Cape Town (begins 31 October 2021),[67] Caracas (resumes 02 November 2021), Casablanca, Chicago–O'Hare, Conakry, Copenhagen, Dakar–Diass, Djerba, Dublin, Düsseldorf, Faro, Florence, Fortaleza, Frankfurt, Fuerteventura,[64] Funchal, Geneva, Gran Canaria, Hamburg, Helsinki (resumes 27 March 2022), London–Gatwick (resumes 31 October 2021), London–Heathrow, Luanda, Luxembourg, Lyon, Maceió (resumes 17 December 2021),[68] Madrid, Málaga, Manchester, Maputo, Marrakech, Marseille, Miami, Milan–Malpensa, Monastir, Montréal–Trudeau,[68][69] Moscow–Domodedovo (resumes 31 October 2021), Munich, Nantes (resumes 27 March 2022), Naples, Natal (resumes 31 October 2021), Newark, New York–JFK (resumes 31 October 2021), Nice, Oslo (resumes 02 October 2021), Paris–Orly, Ponta Delgada, Porto, Porto Alegre (resumes 02 November 2021), Porto Santo, Prague, Praia, Recife, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão, Rome–Fiumicino, Sal, Salvador da Bahia, San Francisco, Santiago de Compostela (resumes 27 March 2022), São Paulo–Guarulhos, São Tomé, São Vicente, Seville, Stockholm–Arlanda, Tel Aviv (resumes 01 September 2021), Tenerife–South, Terceira, Toronto–Pearson, Toulouse, Valencia, Venice, Vienna, Warsaw–Chopin, Washington–Dulles, Zagreb,[64] Zürich
Seasonal: Ibiza,[64] Oujda, Punta Cana (resumes 11 December 2021),[70] Tangier
Transavia Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Lyon, Montpellier, Nantes, Paris–Orly, Rotterdam/The Hague
Turkish Airlines Istanbul
United Airlines Newark
Seasonal: Washington–Dulles (resumes 27 March 2022)
Vueling Amsterdam, Barcelona, Bilbao, Ibiza, Palma de Mallorca, Paris–Orly, Tenerife–North, Valencia
Wizz Air[71] Bucharest, Budapest, Kyiv–Zhuliany, London–Luton (resumes 04 October 2021), Lviv (resumes 31 October 2021), Milan–Malpensa (resumes 05 October 2021), Sofia, Vienna, Warsaw–Chopin

Statistics[]

Baggage carousels at Lisbon airport
Control tower
Radar Tower


See source Wikidata query and sources.

Busiest routes from Lisbon Airport (2019)[72]
Rank City, airport Passengers %
change
 Top carriers
Continental
1 Madrid 1,558,577 Increase 2.7% Air Europa, easyJet, Iberia, TAP Air Portugal
2 Paris–Orly 1,304,109 Increase 1.3% TAP Air Portugal, Transavia France, Vueling
3 Barcelona 1,007,488 Increase 12.6% TAP Air Portugal, Vueling
4 London–Heathrow 943,046 Increase 10.6% British Airways, TAP Air Portugal
5 Amsterdam 927,687 Increase 3.4% easyJet, KLM, TAP Air Portugal, Transavia, Vueling
6 Frankfurt 857,650 Decrease 0.4% Lufthansa, TAP Air Portugal
7 Brussels 773,268 Increase 5.3% Brussels Airlines, Ryanair, TAP Air Portugal
8 Paris–Charles de Gaulle 692,823 Increase 3.3% AirFrance, easyJet
9 Geneva 628,482 Increase 1.6% easyJet Switzerland, Swiss International Air Lines, TAP Air Portugal
10 Munich 502,334 Decrease 1.4% Lufthansa, TAP Air Portugal
Intercontinental
1 São Paulo–Guarulhos 668,343 Increase 53.2% LATAM Brasil, TAP Air Portugal
2 Luanda 395,942 Decrease 20.2% TAAG Angola Airlines, TAP Air Portugal
3 Dubai–International 377,117 Increase 8.8% Emirates
4 Toronto–Pearson 354,461 Increase 33.7% Air Canada, Air Transat, Azores Airlines, TAP Air Portugal
5 Newark 317,179 Increase 15.2% TAP Air Portugal, United Airlines
6 Campinas 284,441 Increase 48.3% Azul Brazilian Airlines
7 New York–JFK 271,232 Increase 93.3% Delta, TAP Air Portugal
8 Rio de Janeiro–Galeão 245,245 Decrease 7.6% TAP Air Portugal
9 Boston 202,401 Increase 22.5% Azores Airlines, Delta, TAP Air Portugal
10 Casablanca–Mohammed V 201,026 Increase 3.6% Air Arabia, Royal Air Maroc, TAP Air Portugal
Domestic
1 Funchal 1,010,472 Increase 1.5% easyJet, TAP Air Portugal
2 Porto 1,007,004 Decrease 20.0% TAP Air Portugal
3 Ponta Delgada 739,607 Increase 8.8% Azores Airlines, Ryanair, TAP Air Portugal
4 Faro 291,614 Decrease 7.3% TAP Air Portugal
5 Terceira 271,868 Increase 11.4% Azores Airlines, Ryanair, TAP Air Portugal

Ground transportation[]

Train[]

Trains to all parts of the country are available at Gare do Oriente station, the main train station in Lisbon. The airport connects to the station via metro in approximately 10 minutes. Alternatively travelers can take the bus to the station, albeit with slightly longer travel times.[73]

Metro[]

Metro de Lisboa station at Lisbon Humberto Delgado Airport

Aeroporto Metro station lies at the Southern edge of the Terminal 1 arrivals area. The Aeroporto Saldanha line takes approximately 20 minutes to reach downtown Lisbon. To use the metro, passengers must purchase a 7 Colinas/Viva Viagem card, which can be topped up and used on the metro and bus network.[73]

Preceding station   Lisbon Metro   Following station
Red LineTerminus

Bus[]

Carris city buses stop at the airport arrivals section, and connect to Marquis of Pombal Square, and Amoreiras. Night routes run to downtown Baixa, as well as Cais do Sodré and Gare do Oriente train stations. City buses have a maximum luggage size of 50 cm × 40 cm × 20 cm. Travelers with larger luggage must take the aerobus or airport shuttle.[73]

Aerobus[]

Aerobuses prepared for traveling with large luggage are available at Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 between 07:30 and 23:00 daily, and connect the airport with a number of major destinations in the downtown area, including the Sete Rios bus and train terminal, and Entrecampos, Cais do Sodré, and Rossio railway terminals. Buses have access for those with reduced mobility, and offer free Wi-Fi and USB chargers.[74]

Shuttle[]

Shuttles are available to transport travelers around the airport, and to locations not serviced by aerobuses.[73]

Taxi[]

Lisbon city taxis are readily available 24 hours a day outside the arrival and departure areas of the airport.[73] A trip to Lisbon city centre by taxi takes approximately 15 minutes.[75]

Car[]

The airport is easily accessible by several major highways and main roads. ANA operates several covered and open parking areas.[76] Valet service, car hire, and chauffeur limousine services are also available.[77]

Car sharing[]

Lisbon also has car-sharing companies that operate in the city. There are a few that offer their services at Lisbon Airport such as DriveNow Car Sharing.[78]

Bicycle[]

Two bicycle paths connect the airport roundabout, situated 300 m south of Terminal 1 to the city's 70 km cycle infrastructure network.[79] One path heads west along Av. do Brasil to the University of Lisbon main campus, passing through the central neighbourhoods of Alvalade, Campo Grande and Entrecampos and connecting with other paths to Telheiras, Colégio Militar, Benfica, and Monsanto Forest Park. The other bicycle path heads east from the roundabout towards Olivais, Gare do Oriente train station and Parque das Nações Expo 98 site, connecting with the riverside bicycle path Southwards along Lisbon harbour to Santa Apolónia train station, cruise ship and ferry terminals, and the historic centre, and north to the Caminho do Tejo pilgrimage trail to Fátima and Santiago de Compostela.

Other facilities[]

TAP Air Portugal has a complex at Lisbon Airport housing many head offices and the TAP Museum Archives, where visitors can make appointments to view materials including photographs, advertising material, flight logs and manuals.[80] The complex is 22.45 hectares (55.5 acres) large. In 1989 TAP became the owner of the complex due to a governmental decree.[81] TAP's head office is in Building 25.[82] The TAP subsidiary Serviços Portugueses de Handling, S.A. (SPdH) has its head office on the 6th floor of Building 25.[83] Sociedade de Gestão e Serviços, S.A. (TAPGER), another TAP subsidiary, has its head office on the 8th floor of the same building.[84] Building 19 has the head office of Sociedade de Serviços e Engenharia Informática, S.A. (Megasis), a TAP information services subsidiary.[85][86] The TAP documentation and archive is in the annex of Building 19.[87] Building 34, on the far north side of the complex, houses the company's new data processing centre.[88]

ANA Aeroportos de Portugal has its head office in Building 120.[89] Portugália has its head office in Building 70.[90] The TAP catering subsidiary, Catering de Portugal, S.A. (CATERINGPOR), has its head office in Building 59.[91] Cuidados Integrados de Saúde, S.A. (UCS) is based out of Building 35.[92]

Accidents and incidents[]

  • 1 February 1947 – an Air France Douglas C-47 crashed into the Sintra Mountains, killing 15 of 16 people on board.[93]
  • 12 April 1959 – a Douglas C-47 of the Portuguese Air Force crashed into the River Tagus after takeoff. All 11 people on board were killed.[94]
  • 4 December 1980 – a Cessna 421 carrying Prime Minister of Portugal Francisco de Sá Carneiro and other government officials, crashed into buildings in Camarate after takeoff, killing everyone on board.[95]
  • In March 2020 Ukrainian jobseeker Ihor Homenyuk, 40, arrived at the airport and was detained as he lacked a visa and refused to board a flight home. He was severely beaten by police, leading to his death by asphyxiation two days later after being left face-down on the floor of a cell at the airport's detention centre. The killing lead to widespread outrage in Portugal, with Prime Minister António Costa condemning it. Three border guards received sentences between seven and nine years in May 2021.[96]

See also[]

References[]

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/.

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