List of French inventions and discoveries

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Arts and Entertainment[]

  • Gothic art in the mid-12th century.[1]
  • Oboe, or hautbois, in the mid-17th century France, probably by Jacques-Martin Hotteterre and his family or by the Philidor family.[2] Variants of the oboe like the graïle, the bombard and the piston were later created in Languedoc and Brittany.
1800s engraving French Roulette
A scene from A Trip to the Moon (1902) by Georges Méliès.
  • Fairground organ by Joseph and Antoine Limonaire and Giacomo Gavioli.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
  • Collotype process by Alphonse Poitevin in 1856.[21]
  • The Praxinoscope of Charles-Émile Reynaud (1877) is an animation device intermediary between the zoetrope and the cinema.
  • The Cabaret by Rodolphe Salis in 1881 in Paris.[22]
  • The Chronophotography by Étienne-Jules Marey (developed by himself, Eadweard Muybridge, Albert Londe, Georges Demeny and Ottomar Anschutz) in 1882 in Paris.[23]
  • The Cinema developed from chronophotography :
    • First motion picture camera and first projector by Louis Le Prince, Frenchman who worked in the United Kingdom and the United States.[24][25][26]
    • The Cinematograph by Léon Bouly (1892).
    • first commercial, public screening of cinematographic films by Auguste and Louis Lumière in Paris on 28 December 1895.[27]
    • Georges Méliès : first filmmaker to use the stop trick, or substitution, multiple exposures, time-lapse photography, dissolves, and hand-painted color in his films. His most famous film, A Trip to the Moon (Le voyage dans la Lune), in 1902, was the first science fiction film and the most popular movie of its time (another of his productions, Le Manoir du diable is also sometimes considered as the first horror movie).[28]
  • Developments of the modern Piano (invented by the Italian Bartolomeo Cristofori) : Pleyel et Cie (double piano), Sébastien Érard (double escapement action), Jean-Louis Boisselot (sostenuto pedal), Henri Fourneaux (Player piano).[29]
  • Ondes Martenot in 1928 by Maurice Martenot (early electronic musical instrument ).[30]
  • Gemmail in the 1930s by painter Jean Crotti.[31]
  • Clavioline, an electronic keyboard instrument, by Constant Martin in 1947.[32]
  • Etch A Sketch by André Cassagnes in the late 1950s.[33][34][35][36]
  • DivX around 1998 by Jérôme Rota at Montpellier.[37]

Chemistry[]

Appert canning jar
  • Discovery of natural rubber/latex by Charles Marie de La Condamine in 1736.[38]
  • Oxygen by Antoine Lavoisier in 1778.[39]
  • Hydrogen by Antoine Lavoisier in 1783.[39]
  • Argand lamp by Swiss-born Aimé Argand and by Antoine Quinquet in 1783 in Paris.[40]
  • The first extensive list of elements (see periodic table) by Antoine Lavoisier in 1787.
  • Leblanc process by Nicolas Leblanc in 1791.[41]
  • Beryllium by Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin[42]
  • Chromium by Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin in 1797[39]
  • Appertization or Canning by Nicolas Appert in 1809.[43]
  • Polyvinyl chloride in 1838 by Henri Victor Regnault (but the PVC will only be plasticized industrially nearly a century later).[44]
  • Photovoltaic effect by Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel in 1839.[45][46]
  • Pasteurization by Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard in April 1862.[47]
  • Gallium by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875.[39]
  • Production of Liquid oxygen by Louis Paul Cailletet in 1877 (at the same time but with another method than Raoul Pictet).[48]
  • Artificial silk by Hilaire de Chardonnet in 1884.[49]
  • Chamberland filter, also known as a Pasteur–Chamberland filter, a porcelain water filter invented by Charles Chamberland in 1884.[50]
  • Fluorine by Henri Moissan in 1886[39]
  • Aluminium electrolysis in 1886 by Paul Héroult (at the same time but independently from American Martin Hall).[51]
  • Europium by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1890[39]
  • Viscose by Hilaire de Chardonnet in Échirolles in 1891.[52]
  • Chemical Bleach by Claude Berthollet and Antoine Germain Labarraque (with the Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm Scheele and Scottish chemist Charles Tennant).[53]
Neon sign
  • Berthelot's reagent by Marcellin Berthelot in the late nineteenth century.
  • Polonium by Pierre and Marie Curie in July 1898.[39]
  • Radium by Pierre and Marie Curie in December 1898.[39]
  • Boron carbide by Henri Moissan in 1899.[54]
  • Actinium by André-Louis Debierne in 1899.[55][56]
  • Discovery of the Grignard reaction or Grignard reagent by Victor Grignard[57] in 1900.
  • Verneuil process (method to manufacture synthetic gemstones) by Auguste Verneuil in 1902.
  • Laminated glass by the French chemist Edouard Benedictus in 1903.
  • Moissanite by Henri Moissan in 1904.[58][59]
  • Neon lighting by Georges Claude in 1910.[60]
  • Francium by Marguerite Perey in 1939.[39]

Physics, Mathematics & Measure[]

The Foucault pendulum in the Panthéon, Paris.
Comparison of De Moivre's approximation with the factorial; the formula is now known as Stirling's approximation.
Optical pumping of a laser rod (bottom) with an arc lamp (top). Red: hot. Blue: cold. Green: light. Non-green arrows: water flow. Solid colors: metal. Light colors: fused quartz. Refs: [6], [7],[8]
  • Polariscope and discovery of Rotary polarization by François Arago. He invented the first polarization filter in 1812.[78]
  • Arithmometer by Thomas de Colmar in 1820.[79]
  • Dynamometer by Gaspard de Prony (de Prony brake) in 1821.[80]
  • Complex analysis and complex function theory by Augustin-Louis Cauchy, including Cauchy's integral theorem.
  • Fourier analysis and Fourier transform by Joseph Fourier in 1822.[81]
  • Electrometer by Jean Peltier.
  • Foucault pendulum by Léon Foucault (who also developed and named the Gyroscope) in February 1851 in the Meridian of the Paris Observatory.
  • Ocean thermal energy conversion in 1881 by Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval (first OTEC plant in 1930 in Cuba by his student Georges Claude).[82]
  • Radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896.[83]
  • Theorical foundations and mathematical framework of Special relativity by Henri Poincaré, before Albert Einstein used his work in 1905 and later.[84]
  • Integral imaging by Gabriel Lippmann on March 3, 1908.[85]
  • Darrieus wind turbine by Georges Jean Marie Darrieus in 1931.[86]
  • Optical pumping by Alfred Kastler in the early 1950s.[87]
  • The multiwire proportional chamber by Georges Charpak[88] in 1968.
  • Linear logic by Jean-Yves Girard in 1987.

Medicine & Biology[]

Modern stethoscope.
Insulin pump, showing an infusion set loaded into spring-loaded insertion device.
  • Ligature of arteries in 1565 by Ambroise Paré.[89]
  • Blood transfusion by Jean-Baptiste Denys on June 15, 1667.[90] and first modern transfusion by Émile Jeanbrau on October 16, 1914 (after the first non-direct transfusion performed on March 27, 1914, by the Belgian doctor Albert Hustin).
  • Modern dentistry by Pierre Fauchard (father of modern dentistry, early eighteenth century).[91][92]
  • Modern cataract surgery by Jacques Daviel in 1748 (even if early cataract surgery already existed in the antiquity).
  • Discovery of osmosis in 1748 by Jean-Antoine Nollet.[93] The word "osmosis" descends from the words "endosmose" and "exosmose", which were coined by French physician René Joachim Henri Dutrochet (1776–1847) from the Greek words ένδον (endon : within), έξο (exo : outside), and ωσμος (osmos : push, impulsion).
  • The first lifesize obstetrical mannequin, for teaching, by Angelique du Coudray in the 1750s.[94]
  • Stethoscope in 1816 by René Laennec at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris.[95]
  • Medical Quinine in 1820 by Joseph Bienaimé Caventou.[96]
  • Codeine first isolated in 1832 by Pierre Robiquet.[97]
  • Aspirin in 1853 by Charles Frédéric Gerhardt.[98]
  • Hypodermic needle in 1853 by Charles Pravaz.[99]
  • Blind experiment by Claude Bernard (nineteenth century).[100]
  • Discovery of Plasmodium and its role in malaria by Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran on November 6, 1880.[101][102]
  • Incubator or Neonatal intensive care unit in 1881 by Étienne Stéphane Tarnier.[103] His student, Pierre-Constant Budin, followed in Tarnier's footsteps, creating perinatology in the late 1890s.[104][105]
  • Rabies vaccine by Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux in 1885.[106]
  • Antibiotics by Louis Pasteur and Jean Paul Vuillemin (by means of natural antibiosis; modern artificial antibiotics were developed later by the British Alexander Fleming).[107]
  • Mantoux test by Charles Mantoux in 1907.[108][109]
  • Tuberculosis vaccine by Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin in 1921 (BCG).[110]
  • Antipsychotics in 1952 by Henri Laborit (chlorpromazine).[111]
  • Discovery of the cause of Down syndrome (chromosome 21 trisomy) by Jérôme Lejeune[112] in 1958-1959 (syndrome first described by Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol, Édouard Séguin and John Langdon Down)
  • First bone marrow transplant by Georges Mathé, a French oncologist, in 1959 on five Yugoslavian nuclear workers whose own marrow had been damaged by irradiation caused by a Criticality accident at the Vinča Nuclear Institute.[113][114][115][116]
  • Insulin pump in 1981 by Jacques Mirouze (first implantation) in Montpellier.[117]
  • Discovery of human immunodeficiency virus by Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier[118] (1983).
  • Deep brain stimulation (DBS) by Alim-Louis Benabid in 1987.[119][120]
  • Mifepristone, the abortion pill, by Étienne-Émile Baulieu in 1988.[121][122]
  • Hand transplantation on September 23, 1998, in Lyon by a team assembled from different countries around the world including Jean-Michel Dubernard who, shortly thereafter, performed the first successful double hand transplant.[123]
  • Telesurgery by Jacques Marescaux and his team on 7 September 2001 across the Atlantic Ocean (New-York-Strasbourg, Lindbergh Operation).[124]
  • Face transplant on November 27, 2005[125][126] by Dr Bernard Devauchelle.
  • CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing by Emmanuelle Charpentier in 2012.[127]

Transportation[]

A model of the Montgolfier brothers' balloon at the London Science Museum
Air France Concorde in 1977

Clothing[]

Polo shirt outline

Food and cooking[]

Denis Papin's steam digester
Baguette

Weapons and military[]

Early-19th century socket bayonet
  • Bec de corbin, a popular medieval weapon.
  • Motte-and-bailey, a form of castle.[192]
  • The Pot-de-fer, a primitive cannon during the Hundred Years' War.[193]
  • Culverin, ancestor of the musket.[194]
  • Flintlock by Marin le Bourgeoys in 1612.[195]
  • Corvette, a small, maneuverable, lightly armed warship that appeared in the 1670s.
  • Bayonet (from French baïonnette)[196]
  • Modern military uniform in the mid 17th century.[197]
  • Floating battery, first used during the Great Siege of Gibraltar in September 1782.[198][199]
  • Mass conscription or Levée en masse during the French Revolution.[200]
  • Corps by Napoleon in 1805.[201]
  • Carabine à tige by Louis-Étienne de Thouvenin (improvement of an earlier invention by Henri-Gustave Delvigne) before 1844.[202]
  • Minié rifle by Claude-Étienne Minié, first reliable (easy to load) muzzle-loading rifle in 1849.[203][204] In the artillery, from 1859, the La Hitte rifled guns were a considerable improvement over the previous smooth-bore guns which had been in use,[205] able to shoot at 3,000 meters either regulars shells, ball-loaded shells or grapeshot. They appear to have been the first case of usage of rifled cannons on a battlefield.[206]
  • First naval periscope in 1854 by Hippolyte Marié-Davy.[207][208][209][210]
  • Canne de combat and Savate.
  • Épée, the modern derivative of the dueling sword, used for fencing.
  • Chassepot by Antoine Alphonse Chassepot in 1866.[211]
  • Smokeless gunpowder (modern nitrocellulose-based) : Poudre B by Paul Marie Eugène Vieille in 1884.[212][213] It was first used to load the Lebel Model 1886 rifle (invented by Nicolas Lebel), making it the first military firearm to use smokeless powder ammunition. It is also the first rifle to use full metal jacket bullets as its standard ammunition.
  • First Air force in 1910.[214]
  • Sonar, first ultrasonic submarine detector using an electrostatic method (and first practical military sonar) in 1916-1917 by Paul Langevin (with Constantin Chilowsky).[215]
  • Tanks : developed at the same time (1915-1916) in France and in Great Britain. France was the second country to use tanks on the battlefield (after Great Britain). in 1916, the first practical light tank, the Renault FT with the first full 360° rotation turret became, for armour historian Steven Zaloga "the world's first modern tank".[216]

Communication & Computers[]

A Chappe semaphore tower near Saverne, France
Minitel

Technology[]

Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville earliest sound recording device.

Sports[]

The Olympic Rings, the symbol of the modern Olympic Games, inspired by Pierre de Coubertin
Main article: Sport in France
  • Jeu de paume, precursor of tennis, in the 12th century.
  • The first autonomous diving suit, the precursor to today's scuba gear, is developed by Paul Lemaire d'Augerville in 1824.
  • First documented cycling race, a 1,200 metre race held on May 31, 1868, at the Parc of Saint-Cloud, Paris.[257] The first cycle race covering a distance between two cities was Paris–Rouen (see History of cycling).[258]
  • FIFA World Cup by Jules Rimet, FIFA former president.
  • UEFA Euro Cup by Henri Delaunay.
  • Summer Olympic Games by Pierre de Coubertin.
  • International Olympic Committee by Pierre de Coubertin on 23 June 1894.[259]
  • On 22 July 1894 the newspaper Le Petit Journal organised the world's first competitive motor race from Paris to Rouen. The first finisher was Count Jules-Albert de Dion but his steamer was ineligible, so the 'official' victory was awarded to Albert Lemaître driving his 3 hp petrol engined Peugeot.
  • Pétanque in 1907.[260]
  • Triathlon in the 1920s near Paris (Joinville-le-Pont, Meulan and Poissy).[261]
  • The Aqua-lung, first Scuba Set (in open-circuit) by Emile Gagnan and Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1943.[262]
  • Parkour in the 1980s by the future Yamakasi, especially David Belle.[263][264]
  • Flyboard in 2012 by Franky Zapata.[265] Another version, the Flyboard Air, an air-propelled hoverboard,[266] achieved a Guinness World Record for farthest flight by hoverboard in April 2016.[267]
  • Kitesurf aka flysurf in the 1990s by and ski mountain derivatives
  • Wingsuit in the 1990s by Patrick de Gayardon
  • Vendée Globe since 1989 by Philippe Jeantot the first round-the-world single-handed yacht race, sailed non-stop and without assistance
  • Paris–Dakar Rally since 1978 by Thierry Sabine
  • Trophée Jules Verne since 1985 by the fastest circumnavigation of the world (under 80 days) by any type of sailing yacht with no restrictions on the size of the crew
  • 24 Heures du Mans translated since 1923 the world's oldest active sports car race in endurance racing
  • in 1904 translated International Automobile Federation

Miscellaneous[]

See also[]

References[]

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    Original text : Avant que de finir ce Mémoire, je crois devoir rendre compte d'un fait que je dois au hasard, & qui me parut d'abord ... singulier ... j'en avois rempli une fiole cylindrique, longue de cinq pouces, & d'un pouce de diamètre ou environ ; & l'ayant couverte d'un morceau de vessie mouillée & ficelée au col du vaisseau, je l'avois plongée dans un grand vase plein d'eau, afin d'être sûr qu'il ne rentrât aucun air dans l'esprit de vin. Au bout de cinq ou six heures, je fus tout surpris de voir que la fiole étoit plus pleine qu'au moment de son immersion, quoiqu'elle le fût alors autant que ses bords pouvoient le permettre ; la vessie qui lui servoit de bouchon, étoit devenue convexe & si tendue, qu’en la piquant avec une épingle, il en sortit un jet de liqueur qui s'éleva à plus d'un pied de hauteur.

    Translation : Before finishing this memoir, I think I should report an event that I owe to chance and which at first seemed to me ... strange ... I filled [with alcohol] a cylindrical vial, five inches long and about one inch in diameter; and [after] having covered it with piece of damp bladder [which was] tied to the neck of the vial, I immersed it in a large bowl full of water, in order to be sure that no air re-entered the alcohol. At the end of 5 or 6 hours, I was very surprised to see that the vial was fuller than at the moment of its immersion, although it [had been filled] as far as its sides would allow ; the bladder that served as its cap, bulged and had become so stretched that on pricking it with a needle, there came from it a jet of alcohol that rose more than a foot high.
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