List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points

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This is a list of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points. Since 1977, Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (abbreviated GSSPs) are internationally agreed upon reference points on stratigraphic sections of rock which define the lower boundaries of stages on the geologic time scale. They are selected by the International Commission on Stratigraphy based on multiple factors, but their accessibility and the degree to which they are representative of the same boundary on sections worldwide are among the most important.

Since GSSPs require well-preserved sections of rock without interruptions in sedimentation, and since most are defined by different stages of animal life, defining them becomes progressively more difficult as one goes further back in time.

Organization of this list[]

This list is divided first into the geologic eras of the Phanerozoic (the Cenozoic, the Mesozoic, and the Paleozoic) and then into the geologic periods of each era. Each period is marked below the era bar on top of its subdivided epochs and stages. Each stage is assigned an age in mya, an acronym for million years ago, which is the age at which it began. Most of these ages are derived from astronomical cycles in sediments, magnetic data, biostratigraphic data, and radiometric dating methods. The GSSP assigned to each stage is that stage's lower boundary and oldest point.

Ages are given in "million year ago" (mya). They are obtained with different radiometric dating methods depending on the type of rock and its age. Ages that have a tilde (~) prefix are approximate ages for GSSPs that have not been defined or not been accurately dated.

The Status column has a "golden spike" for every GSSP which has been formally agreed by the ICS. Those without have only candidate sections which have not yet been formally ratified. The clock stands for times that are currently defined only by an age.

The "Defining markers" column lists the evidence in the rock used to define the boundary. (Ideally, these are applicable in rock sections worldwide.) Most of the boundaries rely on the fossil record (biologic), paleomagnetic data (magnetic), and/or climate data determined by carbon and oxygen isotopes.

List[]

Cenozoic[]

Quaternary[]

Epoch Stage Age (mya) Status GSSP location Defining markers Geographic Coordinates References
Holocene
Meghalayan 0.0042
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Mawmluh Cave, Meghalaya, India
  • Climatic: 4.2 kiloyear event.
 25°15′44″N 91°42′54″E / 25.2622°N 91.7150°E / 25.2622; 91.7150 [1][2]
Northgrippian 0.0082
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 NGRIP1 ice core,

Greenland

  • Climatic: 8.2 kiloyear event.
 75°06′00″N 42°19′12″W / 75.1000°N 42.3200°W / 75.1000; -42.3200 [1]
Greenlandian 0.0117
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 NGRIP2 ice core,

Greenland

  • Climatic: End of the Younger Dryas stadial.
 75°06′00″N 42°19′12″W / 75.1000°N 42.3200°W / 75.1000; -42.3200 [1][3]
Pleistocene
Upper/Late 0.129 -
  • Climatic: Marine Isotope Substage 5e
 - -
Chibanian 0.774
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Chiba, Japan
  • Magnetic: Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal.
 35°17′39″N 140°08′47″E / 35.2943°N 140.1465°E / 35.2943; 140.1465 [4]
Calabrian 1.8
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Vrica Section,

Calabria, Italy

39°02′19″N 17°08′05″E / 39.0385°N 17.1348°E / 39.0385; 17.1348 [5]
Gelasian 2.58
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Monte San Nicola Section,

Gela, Sicily, Italy

37°08′49″N 14°12′13″E / 37.1469°N 14.2035°E / 37.1469; 14.2035 [6]

Neogene[]

Epoch Stage Age (mya) Status GSSP location Defining markers Geographic Coordinates References
Pliocene
Piacenzian 3.6
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Punta Piccola Section,

Porto Empedocle, Sicily, Italy

37°17′20″N 13°29′36″E / 37.2889°N 13.4933°E / 37.2889; 13.4933 [7]
Zanclean 5.333
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Heraclea Minoa section

Heraclea Minoa, Cattolica Eraclea, Sicily, Italy

37°23′30″N 13°16′50″E / 37.3917°N 13.2806°E / 37.3917; 13.2806 [8]
Miocene
Messinian 7.246
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Oued Akrech section,

Rabat, Morocco

33°56′13″N 6°48′45″W / 33.9369°N 6.8125°W / 33.9369; -6.8125 [9]
Tortonian 11.63
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Monte dei Corvi Beach section,

Ancona, Italy

  • Magnetic: Within normal-polarity subchron C5r.2n
  • Biologic: Last Common Occurrence of the Discoaster kugleri (Haptophyte).
  • Biologic: Last Common Occurrence of the Globigerinoides subquadratus (Planktonic foraminifera).
  • Climatic: Oxygen isotope event Mi-5.
 43°35′12″N 13°34′10″E / 43.5867°N 13.5694°E / 43.5867; 13.5694 [10]
Serravallian 13.82
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Ras il Pellegrin section,

Fomm ir-Riħ Bay, Malta

  • Magnetic: Within magnetic polarity chronozone C5ABr.
  • Biologic: Below first appearance of (Haptophyte)
  • Climatic: Mi3b isotopic event (Global cooling episode).
 35°54′50″N 14°20′10″E / 35.9139°N 14.3361°E / 35.9139; 14.3361 [11]
Langhian 15.97 Candidate sections:
  • Magnetic: Top of magnetic polarity chronozone C5Cn.1n.
  • Biologic: Near first appearance of (Planktonic foraminifera).
 - [4]
Burdigalian 20.44 Candidate sections:
  • Astronomically tuned ODP core (e.g. Ceara Rise, Leg 154)
  • Near FAD of Globigerinoides altiaperturus (planktonic foraminifer) or near top of magnetic polarity chronozone C6An
 - [4]
Aquitanian 23.03
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Lemme-Carrosio Section,

Carrosio, Italy

  • Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C6Cn.2n.
  • Biologic: Near first appearance of (Planktonic foraminifera).
 44°39′32″N 8°50′11″E / 44.6589°N 8.8364°E / 44.6589; 8.8364 [12]

Paleogene[]

Epoch Stage Age (mya) Status GSSP location Defining markers Geographic Coordinates References
Oligocene
Chattian 28.1
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 , Central Apennines, Italy Biological: last occurrence of the planktonic foraminifer (Base of Foram Zone P21b) 43°38′48″N 13°28′04″E / 43.6466°N 13.4677°E / 43.6466; 13.4677 [13]
Rupelian 33.9
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Massignano quarry section,

, Ancona, Italy

  • Biologic: Extinction of Hantkenina and (Planktonic foraminifera).
 43°31′58″N 13°36′04″E / 43.5328°N 13.6011°E / 43.5328; 13.6011 [14]
Eocene
Priabonian 37.8
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Alano section,

Piave river, Venetian Prealps, Belluno, Italy

  • Biologic: Last appearance of large acarininids and ; The Base of common and continuous and the Top of
  • Magnetic: The Base of Chronozone C17n and Subchron C17n.2n
 45°54′51″N 11°55′05″E / 45.9141°N 11.9180°E / 45.9141; 11.9180 [15]
Bartonian 41.2 Contessa highway section

Gubbio, Central Apennines, Italy

- -
Lutetian 47.8
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Gorrondatxe sea-cliff section,

Western Pyrenees, Basque Country, Spain

  • Biologic: First appearance of Hantkenina (Planktonic foraminifera).
 43°22′47″N 3°00′51″W / 43.3796°N 3.0143°W / 43.3796; -3.0143 [16]
Ypresian 56
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Dababiya section,

Luxor, Egypt

  • Climatic: Base of negative Carbon Isotope Excursion (CIE).
 25°30′00″N 32°31′52″E / 25.5000°N 32.5311°E / 25.5000; 32.5311 [17][18]
Paleocene
Thanetian 59.2
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Zumaia Section,

Basque Country, Spain

  • Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C26n.
 43°17′59″N 2°15′39″W / 43.2996°N 2.2609°W / 43.2996; -2.2609 [19]
Selandian 61.6
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Zumaia Section,

Basque Country, Spain

  • Chemical: Onset of sea-level drop and carbon isotope shift.
  • Magnetic: 30 precession cycles after the top of magnetic polarity Chron 27n
 43°17′57″N 2°15′40″W / 43.2992°N 2.2610°W / 43.2992; -2.2610 [19]
Danian 66
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 El Kef Section,

El Kef, Tunisia

  • Iridium enriched layer associated with a major meteorite impact and subsequent extinction event.
 36°09′13″N 8°38′55″E / 36.1537°N 8.6486°E / 36.1537; 8.6486 [20]

Mesozoic[]

Cretaceous[]

Epoch Stage Age (mya) Status GSSP location Defining markers Geographic Coordinates References
Upper
Maastrichtian 72.1
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 ,

Landes, France

  • Biologic: 12 biostratigraphic criteria
  • Biologic: First appearance of Pachydiscus neubergicus (Ammonite) is just above the boundary.
 43°40′46″N 1°06′48″W / 43.6795°N 1.1133°W / 43.6795; -1.1133 [21]
Campanian 83.6 Candidate sections:
  • Seaford Head, Sussex, England, UK
  • Waxahachie dam spillway, Texas, United States
 - [4]
Santonian 86.3
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 , Spain 42°52′00″N 2°11′48″W / 42.8668°N 2.1968°W / 42.8668; -2.1968 [4]
Coniacian 89.8
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Salzgitter- quarry, Germany 52°07′27″N 10°19′46″E / 52.1243°N 10.3295°E / 52.1243; 10.3295 [4]
Turonian 93.9
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 ,

Colorado, United States

38°16′56″N 104°43′39″W / 38.2822°N 104.7275°W / 38.2822; -104.7275 [22]
Cenomanian 100.5
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Mont Risoux,

Hautes-Alpes, France

  • Biologic: First appearance of (Planktonic foraminifera)
 44°23′33″N 5°30′43″E / 44.3925°N 5.5119°E / 44.3925; 5.5119 [23]
Lower
Albian 113
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 , Arnayon, Drôme, France 44°29′47″N 5°18′41″E / 44.4964°N 5.3114°E / 44.4964; 5.3114 [24]
Aptian 125 Candidate section:
  • Gorgo a Cerbara, Piobbico, Central Apennines, Italy
 - -
Barremian 129.4 Candidate section:
  • Río Argos, Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia Province, Spain
 - -
Hauterivian 132.9
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 La Charce, Drôme, France 44°28′10″N 5°26′37″E / 44.4694°N 5.4437°E / 44.4694; 5.4437 [25][26]
Valanginian 139.8 Candidates sections:
  • Montbrun-les-Bains, Drôme, France
  • , Betic Cordillera, Spain
 - -
Berriasian 145 Candidate section:

Candidates:

Jurassic[]

Epoch Stage Age (mya) Status GSSP location Defining markers Geographic Coordinates References
Upper
Tithonian 152.1 Candidate sections:
  • Mt. Crussol, France
  • Canjuers, France
  • , Sicily
  • Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone M22An.
  • Biologic: Near first appearance of (Ammonite).
  • Biologic: First appearance of genus Gravesia (Ammonite).
 - -
Kimmeridgian 157.3
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Flodigarry, Isle of Skye, Scotland, U.K. 57°39′40″N 6°14′44″W / 57.6610°N 6.2455°W / 57.6610; -6.2455 [4]
Oxfordian 163.5 Candidate sections: - -
Middle
Callovian 166.1 Candidate sections:
  • Pfeffingen, Swabian Alb, Germany
  • Russia
  • Biologic: First appearance of genus Kepplerites (Ammonite).
 - -
Bathonian 168.3
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 , , , France
  • Biologic: First appearance of (Ammonite).
 43°57′38″N 6°18′55″E / 43.9606°N 6.3153°E / 43.9606; 6.3153 [28]
Bajocian 170.3
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Cabo Mondego, Portugal 40°11′57″N 8°54′15″W / 40.1992°N 8.9042°W / 40.1992; -8.9042 [29]
Aalenian 174.1
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Fuentelsaz, Spain
  • Biologic: First appearance of and
  • Biologic: First appearance of genus (Ammonite).
 41°4′44.9″N 1°49′49.2″W / 41.079139°N 1.830333°W / 41.079139; -1.830333 [30]
Lower
Toarcian 182.7
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Peniche, Portugal 39°22′15″N 9°23′07″W / 39.3708°N 9.3853°W / 39.3708; -9.3853 [31]
Pliensbachian 190.8
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, England, U.K. 54°24′25″N 0°29′51″W / 54.4069°N 0.4975°W / 54.4069; -0.4975 [32]
Sinemurian 199.3
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 East Quantoxhead, West Somerset, England, UK 51°11′27″N 3°14′11″W / 51.1909°N 3.2364°W / 51.1909; -3.2364 [33]
Hettangian 201.3
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Kuhjoch section, Karwendel mountains, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria 47°29′02″N 11°31′50″E / 47.4839°N 11.5306°E / 47.4839; 11.5306

Triassic[]

Epoch Stage Age (mya) Status GSSP location Defining markers Geographic Coordinates References
Upper
Rhaetian ~208.5 Candidate sections:
  • , Austria
  • Pignola-Abriola, Italy[34]
  • Turkey
  • British Columbia
  • Biologic: First appearance of Misikella posthernsteini (Conodont).
  • Biologic: Near first appearance of genus (Ammonite).
  • Biologic: Near first appearance of Epigondolella mosheri (Conodont).
  • Biologic: Near first appearance of (radiolarian).
 - -
Norian ~227 Candidate sections:
  • , British Columbia
  • , Sicily
 - -
Carnian ~237
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 , Dolomites, Italy 46°31′37″N 11°55′49″E / 46.5269°N 11.9303°E / 46.5269; 11.9303 [35]
Middle
Ladinian ~242
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Bagolino, Lombardian pre-Alps, Italy 45°49′09″N 10°28′16″E / 45.8193°N 10.4710°E / 45.8193; 10.4710 [36]
Anisian 247.2 Candidate sections: 45°04′27″N 28°48′08″E / 45.0742°N 28.8022°E / 45.0742; 28.8022
Lower
Olenekian 251.2 Candidate sections:
  • Mud (Muth) village, Spiti valley, India
  • Chaohu, China
 31°57′55″N 78°01′29″E / 31.9654°N 78.0246°E / 31.9654; 78.0246
Induan 251.902
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Meishan, Zhejiang, China 31°04′47″N 119°42′21″E / 31.0798°N 119.7058°E / 31.0798; 119.7058

Paleozoic[]

Permian[]

Epoch Stage Age (mya) Status GSSP location Defining markers Geographic Coordinates References
Lopingian
Changhsingian 254.14
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Zhejiang, China 31°04′55″N 119°42′23″E / 31.0819°N 119.7064°E / 31.0819; 119.7064 [37]
Wuchiapingian 259.1
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 ,

Laibin, Guangxi, China

23°41′43″N 109°19′16″E / 23.6953°N 109.3211°E / 23.6953; 109.3211 [38]
Guadalupian
Capitanian 265.1
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 , Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A. 31°54′33″N 104°47′21″W / 31.9091°N 104.7892°W / 31.9091; -104.7892 [4]
Wordian 268.8
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Guadalupe Pass, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A. 31°51′57″N 104°49′58″W / 31.8658°N 104.8328°W / 31.8658; -104.8328 [4]
Roadian 272.95
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 , Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A. 31°52′36″N 104°52′36″W / 31.8767°N 104.8768°W / 31.8767; -104.8768 [4]
Cisuralian
Kungurian 283.5 Candidate section:
  • Ural mountains
 - [4]
Artinskian 290.1 Candidate section:
  • Ural mountains
 - [4]
Sakmarian 295
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 , Southern Urals, Russia.
  • Biologic: First appearance of (Conodont).
 53°55′29″N 53°55′29″E / 53.9247°N 53.9247°E / 53.9247; 53.9247 [39][40]
Asselian 298.9
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Aidaralash, Ural Mountains, Kazakhstan 50°14′45″N 57°53′29″E / 50.2458°N 57.8914°E / 50.2458; 57.8914 [41]

Carboniferous[]

Epoch Stage Age (mya) Status GSSP location Defining markers Geographic Coordinates References
Pennsylvanian
Gzhelian 303.7 Candidate sections:
  • Ural mountains
  • , Luodian County, Guizhou, China
 - [4]
Kasimovian 307 Candidate sections:
  • Ural mountains
  • United States
  • , Luodian County, Guizhou, China
  • Biologic: First appearance of or 1 million years older
- [4]
Moscovian 315.2 Candidate sections:
  • Ural mountains
  • , Luodian County, Guizhou, China
 - [4]
Bashkirian 323.2
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 , Nevada, United States 36°44′00″N 114°46′40″W / 36.7333°N 114.7778°W / 36.7333; -114.7778 [42]
Mississippian
Serpukhovian 330.9 Candidate sections:
  • , Ural mountains
  • , Luodian County, Guizhou, China
 - [4]
Visean 346.7
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 ,

Guangxi, China

  • Biologic: First appearance of
24°26′00″N 109°27′00″E / 24.4333°N 109.4500°E / 24.4333; 109.4500 [4]
Tournaisian 358.9
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 La Serre, Montagne Noire, France
  • Biologic: First appearance of Siphonodella sulcata (Conodont).
  • In 2006 it was discovered that this GSSP has biostratigraphic problems.
 43°33′20″N 3°21′26″E / 43.5555°N 3.3573°E / 43.5555; 3.3573 [43]

Devonian[]

Epoch Stage Age (mya) Status GSSP location Defining markers Geographic Coordinates References
Upper
Famennian 372.2
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Coumiac quarry,

Montagne Noire, France

43°27′41″N 3°02′25″E / 43.4613°N 3.0403°E / 43.4613; 3.0403 [44]
Frasnian 382.7
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 , Montagne Noire, France
  • Biologic: First appearance of (Conodont).
 43°30′12″N 3°05′12″E / 43.5032°N 3.0868°E / 43.5032; 3.0868 [45]
Middle
Givetian 387.7
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 , Tafilalt, Morocco
  • Biologic: First appearance of Polygnathus hemiansatus (Conodont).
  • Biologic: Just below first appearance of (Goniatite).
 31°14′15″N 4°21′15″W / 31.2374°N 4.3541°W / 31.2374; -4.3541 [46]
Eifelian 393.3
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 ,

, Eifel, Germany

  • Biologic: First appearance of Polygnathus costatus partitus (Conodont).
 50°08′59″N 6°28′18″E / 50.1496°N 6.4716°E / 50.1496; 6.4716 [47]
Lower
Emsian 407.6
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 , Uzbekistan
  • Biologic: First appearance of Polygnathus kitabicus (Conodont).
 39°12′00″N 67°18′20″E / 39.2000°N 67.3056°E / 39.2000; 67.3056 [48]
Pragian 410.8
GSSP Golden Spike.svg

Velká Chuchle, Prague, Czech Republic

  • Biologic: First appearance of (Conodont).
 50°00′53″N 14°22′21″E / 50.0147°N 14.3726°E / 50.0147; 14.3726 [49]
Lochkovian 419.2
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Klonk, Prague, Czech Republic 49°51′18″N 13°47′31″E / 49.8550°N 13.7920°E / 49.8550; 13.7920 [4]

Silurian[]

Epoch Stage Age (mya) Status GSSP location Defining markers Geographic Coordinates References
Přídolí 423
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 ,

Řeporyje District, Prague, Czech Republic

50°01′40″N 14°19′30″E / 50.0277°N 14.3249°E / 50.0277; 14.3249 [50]
Ludlow
Ludfordian 425.6
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Sunnyhill, Ludlow, Shropshire, England, U.K.
  • Imprecise GSSP.
  • Biologic: Near first appearance of (Graptolite).
 52°21′33″N 2°46′38″W / 52.3592°N 2.7772°W / 52.3592; -2.7772 [51]
Gorstian 427.4
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 , Ludlow, Shropshire, England, U.K.
  • Biologic: First appearance
52°21′33″N 2°46′38″W / 52.3592°N 2.7772°W / 52.3592; -2.7772 [51]
Wenlock
Homerian 430.5
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 , Homer, England, U.K. 52°36′56″N 2°33′53″W / 52.6156°N 2.5647°W / 52.6156; -2.5647 [51]
Sheinwoodian 433.4
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Hughley Brook, Apedale, England, U.K.
  • Imprecise GSSP. Will be reexamined.
  • Biologic: Currently between acritarch biozone 5 and last appearance of Pterospathodus amorphognathoides. Candidate boundaries are a conodont boundary (Ireviken datum 2) which is close to the murchisoni graptolite biozone.
 52°34′52″N 2°38′20″W / 52.5811°N 2.6389°W / 52.5811; -2.6389 [4][51]
Llandovery
Telychian 438.5
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Cefn-cerig Road,

Llandovery, Wales, U.K.

  • Biologic: Above extinction of , below lowest succeeding species (Brachiopod).
  • Biologic: Near first appearance of Monograptus turriculatus (Graptolite).
 51°58′12″N 3°47′24″W / 51.9700°N 3.7900°W / 51.9700; -3.7900 [50]
Aeronian 440.8
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Trefawr Track, Llandovery, Wales, U.K. 52°01′48″N 3°42′00″W / 52.0300°N 3.7000°W / 52.0300; -3.7000 [50]
Rhuddanian 443.8
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Dob's Linn, Moffat, Dumfries-shire, Scotland, U.K.
  • Biologic: First appearance of and (Graptolite).
  • 1.6 m above the base of the .
 55°26′24″N 3°16′12″W / 55.4400°N 3.2700°W / 55.4400; -3.2700 [50]

Ordovician[]

Epoch Stage Age (mya) Status GSSP location Defining markers Geographic Coordinates References
Upper
Hirnantian 445.2
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Wangjiawan section

Wangjiawan, Yichang, China

  • Biologic: First appearance of (Graptolite).
  • Climatic: Base of major positive carbon isotope excursion.
  • Climatic: Beginning of sea-level fall associated with onset of a major glaciation.
 30°59′03″N 111°25′11″E / 30.9841°N 111.4197°E / 30.9841; 111.4197 [52]
Katian 453
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Black Knob Ridge section,

Oklahoma, United States

  • Biologic: First appearance of (Graptolite).
  • Climatic: Just below base of Guttenberg carbon isotope excursion.
 34°25′50″N 96°04′29″W / 34.4305°N 96.0746°W / 34.4305; -96.0746 [53]
Sandbian 458.4
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Fågelsång section

Sularp Brook, Skåne, Sweden

  • Biologic: First appearance of (Graptolite).
  • 1.4 m below a phosphorite marker bed.
 55°42′49″N 13°19′32″E / 55.7137°N 13.3255°E / 55.7137; 13.3255 [54]
Middle
Darriwilian 467.3
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Huangnitang Section

Huangnitang Village, Changshan, Zhejiang, China

  • Biologic: First appearance of (Graptolite).
 28°51′14″N 118°29′23″E / 28.8539°N 118.4897°E / 28.8539; 118.4897 [55]
Dapingian 470
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Huanghuachang section

Huanghuachang, Yichang, China

  • Biologic: Lowest appearance of Baltoniodus triangularis (Conodont).
 30°51′38″N 111°22′26″E / 30.8605°N 111.3740°E / 30.8605; 111.3740 [56][57]
Lower
Floian 477.7
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Diabasbrottet quarry,

Västergötland, Sweden

58°21′32″N 12°30′09″E / 58.3589°N 12.5024°E / 58.3589; 12.5024 [58]
Tremadocian 485.4
GSSP Golden Spike.svg

Green Point, Newfoundland, Canada

  • Biologic: First appearance of Iapetognathus fluctivagus (Conodont).
  • Biologic: Planktonic graptolites occur 4.8 m above boundary.
  • Climatic: Coincides with a peak in carbon isotopes.
 49°40′58″N 57°57′55″W / 49.6829°N 57.9653°W / 49.6829; -57.9653 [59]

Cambrian[]

Epoch Stage Age (mya) Status GSSP location Defining markers Geographic Coordinates References
Furongian
Stage 10 489.5 Candidate sections:
  • , Zhejiang, China
  • , Utah, United States

Candidates:

  • Biologic: First appearance of Lotagnostus americanus (Trilobite).
  • Biologic: First appearance of Cordylodus andresi (Conodont).
  • Biologic: First appearance of Eoconodontus notchpeakensis (Conodont).
 - [60]
Jiangshanian ~494
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Duibian B Section

, Zhejiang, China

28°48′57″N 118°36′54″E / 28.815967°N 118.614933°E / 28.815967; 118.614933 [61]
Paibian ~497
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Paibi section

Paibi, Hunan, China

  • Biologic: First appearance of the agnostoid Glyptagnostus reticulatus (Trilobite).
  • Climatic: Coincides with base of the Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion (SPICE).
 28°23′22″N 109°31′33″E / 28.3895°N 109.5257°E / 28.3895; 109.5257 [62]
Miaolingian
Guzhangian ~500.5
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Luoyixi section

Luoyixi, Guzhang, Hunan, China

28°43′12″N 109°57′53″E / 28.7200°N 109.9647°E / 28.7200; 109.9647 [63]
Drumian ~504.5
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Drumian section

Wheeler Shale, Utah, U.S.A.

39°30′42″N 112°59′29″W / 39.5117°N 112.9915°W / 39.5117; -112.9915 [64]
Wuliuan ~509
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 , Guizhou, China 26°04′51″N 108°24′50″E / 26.0807°N 108.4138°E / 26.0807; 108.4138 [65][66]
Series 2
Stage 4 ~514 None
  • Biologic: First appearance (Trilobite species).
  • Biologic: First appearance Olenellus or Redlichia (Trilobite genera).
 - [67]
Stage 3 ~521 None
  • Biologic: First appearance of trilobites (possibly Lemdadella)
 - [68][69]
Terreneuvian
Stage 2 ~529 None
  • Biologic: First appearance of small shelly fauna or archaeocyathids
 - -
Fortunian 541
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Fortune head section,

Newfoundland, Canada

  • Biologic: First appearance of Treptichnus pedum (trace fossil).
 47°04′34″N 55°49′52″W / 47.0762°N 55.8310°W / 47.0762; -55.8310 [70]

Precambrian[]

Proterozoic[]

Era Period Age (mya) Status GSSP location Defining markers Geographic Coordinates References
Neoproterozoic
Ediacaran ~635
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
 Enorama Creek section

Flinders Ranges, South Australia

  • Geologic: Worldwide distinct cap carbonates.
  • Isotopic: Beginning of a distinctive pattern of secular changes in carbon isotopes.
 31°19′53″S 138°38′00″E / 31.3314°S 138.6334°E / -31.3314; 138.6334 [71]
Cryogenian ~720
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
 Defined chronometrically with an interim calibrated age of ca. 720 Ma. GSSP is in progress.
  • Geologic: the GSSP has been recommended to be placed at a stratigraphic level beneath the first appearance of widespread glaciation associated with the Sturtian glacial epoch.[72]
 - [72]
Tonian 1000
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
 Defined chronometrically - - [73]
Mesoproterozoic
Stenian 1200
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
 Defined chronometrically - - [73]
Ectasian 1400
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
 Defined chronometrically - - [73]
Calymmian 1600
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
 Defined chronometrically - - [73]
Paleoproterozoic
Statherian 1800
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
 Defined chronometrically - - [73]
Orosirian 2050
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
 Defined chronometrically - - [73]
Rhyacian 2300
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
 Defined chronometrically - - [73]
Siderian 2500
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
 Defined chronometrically - - [73]

Archean and Hadean[]

Eon Era Age (mya) Status GSSP location Defining markers Geographic Coordinates References
Archean
Neoarchean 2800
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
 Defined chronometrically - - -
Mesoarchean 3200
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
 Defined chronometrically - - -
Paleoarchean 3600
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
 Defined chronometrically - - -
Eoarchean 4000
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
 Defined chronometrically - - -
Hadean - 4567 - - - -

See also[]

References[]

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