Wheeler Shale

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Wheeler Shale
Stratigraphic range:
Middle Cambrian
~507 Ma
↓
ElrathiakingiUtahWheelerCambrian.jpg
Elrathia kingii, famed trilobite of the Wheeler Shale.
TypeGeological formation
Thickness100–200 m (330–660 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryCalcareous shale
OtherMudstone, shaley limestone and limestone
Location
Coordinates39°15′N 113°20′W / 39.25°N 113.33°W / 39.25; -113.33
RegionHouse Range and Drum Mountains, Millard Co., west Utah
CountryUnited States
Type section
Named forHouse Amphitheater (Geographic feature and type locality)
Named byCharles Doolittle Walcott
Part of a series on
The Cambrian explosion
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The Wheeler Shale (named by Charles Walcott) is a Cambrian (c. 507 Ma) fossil locality world-famous[1] for prolific agnostid and Elrathia kingii trilobite remains (even though many areas are barren of fossils)[2] and represents a Konzentrat-Lagerstätte. Varied soft bodied organisms are locally preserved, a fauna (including Naraoia, Wiwaxia and Hallucigenia) and preservation style (carbonaceous film) normally associated with the more famous Burgess Shale.[3] As such, the Wheeler Shale also represents a Konservat-Lagerstätten.[4]

Together with the Marjum Formation and lower Weeks Formation, the Wheeler Shale forms 490 to 610 m (1,610 to 2,000 ft) of limestone and shale exposed in one of the thickest, most fossiliferous and best exposed sequences of Middle Cambrian rocks in North America.[5]

At the type locality of Wheeler Amphitheater, House Range, Millard County, western Utah, the Wheeler Shale consists of a heterogeneous succession of highly calcareous shale, shaley limestone, mudstone and thin, flaggy limestone.[6] The Wheeler Formation (although the Marjum & Weeks Formations are missing) extends into the Drum Mountains, northwest of the House Range where similar fossils and preservation are found.[6]

Taphonomy and sedimentology[]

Further information: Burgess Shale type preservation
Asaphiscus wheeleri, Cambrian, Wheeler shale, Utah

.

Emeraldella brocki an arthropod From the Burgess Shale

Detailed work recognises a number of ~10 m thick lagerstätten sequences in the formation, each of which formed at a sea-level high stand[7] in deep water.[8] The lagerstätte were deposited by turbidities and mudslides onto an oxygenated sea floor.[7] The productive layers comprise mud and clay particles, with a tiny fraction of wind-blown quartz.[9]

Stratigraphy[]

The Wheeler Shale spans the Ptychagnostus atavus[10] and uppermost-Middle Cambrian trilobite zones (See House Range) for full stratigraphy).

Fauna[]

Main article: Burgess Shale type fauna

Incomplete list of the fauna of the Wheeler Shale:[6][11][12][13][14][15][16] (Note: the preservation of hard bodied trilobite remains and soft bodied animals seems to be mutually exclusive within particular horizons.)[4][17]


Protista[]

Arthropoda[]

Arachnomorpha[]

Trilobita[]

  • Naraoia compacta - naraoiid nectaspid
  • parvifrons - agnostid
  • Peronopsis amplaxis - peronopsid agnostid
  • Peronopsis bidens
  • Peronopsis fallax
  • Peronopsis gaspensis
  • Peronopsis intermedius
  • Peronopsis interstrictus
  • Peronopsis montis
  • Peronopsis segmentis
  • Ptychagnostus atavus (= Acidusus atavus) - ptychagnostid agnostid
  • Ptychagnostus germanus
  • Ptychagnostus gibbus
  • Ptychagnostus intermedius
  • Ptychagnostus michaeli
  • Ptychagnostus occultatus
  • Ptychagnostus seminula
  • concavus - asaphid
  • Bathyuriscus fimbriatus - dolichometopid corynexochid
  • Bathyuriscus sp.
  • Kootenia sp. - dorypygid corynexochid, perhaps a synonym of Olenoides
  • Olenoides expansus - dorypygid corynexochid
  • Olenoides nevadensis
  • Olenoides serratus
  • breviceps
  • Zacanthoides divergens - zacanthoidid corynexochid
  • Zacanthoides sp.
  • harrisi - ptychopariid (specific name may be confused with Alokistocare)
  • harrisi - alokistocarid ptychopariid
  • Asaphiscus wheeleri - ptychopariid; second-most common species in the formation
  • housensis - ptychopariid
  • drumensis
  • Bolaspidella housensis
  • Bolaspidella sp.
  • Bolaspidella wellsvillensis
  • microps
  • Brachyaspidion sulcatum
  • Cedaria minor - known from the Warrior Formation
  • Elrathia kingii - alokistocarid ptychopariid
  • Elrathia sp.
  • Elrathina wheeleri = Ptychoparella wheeleri? - ptychopariid
  • varga
  • brevispina
  • Modocia laevinucha
  • Modocia typicalis
  • sp. - ptychopariid
  • Ptychoparella wheeleri
  • sp. - ptychopariid

Brachiopoda[]

  • subsidua

Chordata[]

Cnidaria[]

Mollusca[]

Echinodermata[]

Porifera[]

Priapulida[]

  • Ottoia prolifica - a stem group and it was an archaeopriapulid
  • Selkirkia sp. - archaeopriapulid
  • "Selkirkia willoughbyi" (Note: S. columbia is the only recognized species)

Unclassified[]

References[]

  1. ^ Johnson, Kirk; Troll, Ray (2007), Cruising the fossil freeway: An epoch tale of a scientist and an artist on the ultimate 5,000-Mile paleo road trip, Golden, CO.: Fulcrum Publishing, ISBN 978-1-55591-451-6
  2. ^ Robert R. Gaines; Mary L. Droser (2003), "Paleoecology of the familiar trilobite Elrathia kingii: An early exaerobic zone inhabitant" (pdf), Geology, 31 (11): 941–4, Bibcode:2003Geo....31..941G, doi:10.1130/G19926.1
  3. ^ Robert R. Gaines; Derek E.G. Briggs; Zhao Yuanlong (2008), "Cambrian Burgess Shale–type deposits share a common mode of fossilization", Geology, 36 (10): 755–758, Bibcode:2008Geo....36..755G, doi:10.1130/G24961A.1
  4. ^ a b Gaines, R; Kennedy, M; Droser, M (2005), "A New Hypothesis for Organic Preservation of Burgess Shale Taxa in the Middle Cambrian Wheeler Formation, House Range, Utah", Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 220: 193–205, Bibcode:2005PPP...220..193G, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.07.034
  5. ^ Robison, R.A. (1964), "Late Middle Cambrian faunas from western Utah", Journal of Paleontology, 38 (3): 510–566
  6. ^ a b c Gunther, L.F.; Gunther, V.G. (1981), "Some Middle Cambrian Fossils of Utah", Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 28: 1–81
  7. ^ a b Brett, C. E.; Allison, P. A.; Desantis, M. K.; Liddell, W. D.; Kramer, A. (2009). "Sequence stratigraphy, cyclic facies, and lagerstätten in the Middle Cambrian Wheeler and Marjum Formations, Great Basin, Utah". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 277: 9–33. Bibcode:2009PPP...277....9B. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.02.010.
  8. ^ Halgedahl, S. L.; Jarrard, R. D.; Brett, C. E.; Allison, P. A. (2009). "Geophysical and geological signatures of relative sea level change in the upper Wheeler Formation, Drum Mountains, West-Central Utah: A perspective into exceptional preservation of fossils". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 277 (1–2): 34–56. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.02.011.
  9. ^ Gaines, R. R.; Kennedy, M. J.; Droser, M. L. (2005). "A new hypothesis for organic preservation of Burgess Shale taxa in the middle Cambrian Wheeler Formation, House Range, Utah". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 220: 193. Bibcode:2005PPP...220..193G. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.07.034.
  10. ^ Lieberman, B. S. (2003). "A New Soft-Bodied Fauna: the Pioche Formation of Nevada". Journal of Paleontology. 77 (4): 674–690. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0674:ANSFTP>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360.
  11. ^ Briggs, D.E.G.; Robison, R.A. (1984), Exceptionally preserved nontrilobite arthropods and Anomalocaris from the Middle Cambrian of Utah, The Paleontological Institute, The University of Kansas
  12. ^ Photos of Wheeler Shale fossils from UC Berkeley
  13. ^ Rigby, J.K. (1978), "Porifera of the Middle Cambrian Wheeler Shale, from the Wheeler Amphitheater, House Range, in western Utah", Journal of Paleontology, 52 (6): 1325–1345, doi:10.2307/1303938
  14. ^ Utah's Cambrian Life from University of Kansas Natural History Museum
  15. ^ Cambrian fossils from Utah by the University of Utah
  16. ^ Comprehensive treatment from The Virtual Fossil Museum
  17. ^ Gaines, Robert R.; Droser, Mary L.; Kennedy, Martin J. (2001), "Taphonomy of soft-bodied preservation and ptychopariid Lagerstätte in the Wheeler Shale (Middle Cambrian), House Range, USA; controls and implications", PaleoBios, 21 (Suppl.2): 1–55
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