List of Turkic languages

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The Turkic languages are a group of languages spoken across Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Siberia. Turkic languages are spoken as native languages by some 170 million people.

Turkic languages by subfamily[]

The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[1][2]

Relative numbers of speakers of Turkic languages (2007)
Number Branch Languages Status Native Speakers Majority Main Writing System
1 Oghuz languages 8 Normal 83,000,000  Turkey Latin
2 Karluk languages 4 Normal 38,000,000  Uzbekistan Latin
3 Kipchak languages 12 Normal 31,300,000  Kazakhstan Latin
4 Siberian Turkic languages 9 Vulnerable 800,000  Russia Cyrillic
5 Arghu Turkic language 1 Vulnerable 20,000  Iran Perso-Arabic
6 Oghur languages 1 Vulnerable 1,200,000  Russia Cyrillic
Total Turkic languages 35 Normal 179,000,000  Turkey Latin

Turkic languages by native speakers[]

The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 [3] documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[1] [2]

Number Name Branch Status Native Speakers Main Country Main Writing System
1 Turkish language Oghuz languages Normal 83,000,000  Turkey Latin
2 Azerbaijani language Oghuz languages Normal 33,000,000  Azerbaijan Perso-Arabic
3 Uzbek language Karluk languages Normal 27,000,000  Uzbekistan Latin
4 Kazakh language Kipchak languages Normal 14,000,000  Kazakhstan Latin
5 Uyghur language Karluk languages Normal 11,000,000  China Perso-Arabic
6 Turkmen language Oghuz languages Normal 7,000,000  Turkmenistan Latin
7 Tatar language Kipchak languages Normal 5,500,000  Russia Cyrillic
8 Kyrgyz language Kipchak languages Normal 5,000,000  Kyrgyzstan Cyrillic
9 Bashkir language Kipchak languages Vulnerable 1,500,000  Russia Cyrillic
10 Chuvash language Oghur languages Vulnerable 1,200,000  Russia Cyrillic
11 Qashqai language Oghuz languages Normal 1,000,000  Iran Perso-Arabic
12 Khorasani Turkic language Oghuz languages Vulnerable 1,000,000  Iran Perso-Arabic
13 Karakalpak language Kipchak languages Normal 650,000  Uzbekistan Latin
14 Crimean Tatar language Kipchak languages Severely endangered 600,000  Ukraine Latin
15 Kumyk language Kipchak languages Vulnerable 450,000  Russia Cyrillic
16 Karachay-Balkar language Kipchak languages Vulnerable 400,000  Russia Cyrillic
17 Yakut language Siberian Turkic languages Vulnerable 400,000  Russia Cyrillic
18 Tuvan language Siberian Turkic languages Vulnerable 300,000  Russia Cyrillic
19 Urum language Oghuz languages Definitely endangered 200,000  Ukraine Cyrillic
20 Gagauz language Oghuz languages Critically endangered 150,000  Moldova Latin
21 Siberian Tatar language Kipchak languages Definitely endangered 100,000  Russia Cyrillic
22 Nogai language Kipchak languages Definitely endangered 100,000  Russia Cyrillic
23 Salar language Oghuz languages Vulnerable 70,000  China Latin
24 Altai language Siberian Turkic languages Severely endangered 60,000  Russia Cyrillic
25 Khakas language Siberian Turkic languages Definitely endangered 50,000  Russia Cyrillic
26 Khalaj language Arghu Turkic language Vulnerable 20,000  Iran Perso-Arabic
27 Äynu language Karluk languages Critically endangered 6,000  China Perso-Arabic
28 Western Yugur language Siberian Turkic languages Severely endangered 5,000  China Latin
29 Shor language Siberian Turkic languages Severely endangered 3,000  Russia Cyrillic
30 Dolgan language Siberian Turkic languages Definitely endangered 1,000  Russia Cyrillic
31 Krymchak language Kipchak languages Critically endangered 200  Israel Hebrew
32 Ili Turki language Karluk languages Severely endangered 100  China Cyrillic
33 Tofa language Siberian Turkic languages Critically endangered 100  Russia Cyrillic
34 Karaim language Kipchak languages Critically endangered 100  Ukraine Cyrillic
35 Chulym language Siberian Turkic languages Critically endangered 50  Russia Cyrillic
Total Turkic languages Common Turkic languages Normal 179,000,000  Turkey Latin

Endangered Turkic languages[]

An endangered language, or moribund language, is a language that is at risk of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language. Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a "dead language".

25 endangered Turkic languages exist in World. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[4][5]

Number Name Status Speakers Main Country
1 Bashkir language Vulnerable 1,500,000  Russia
2 Chuvash language Vulnerable 1,200,000  Russia
3 Khorasani Turkic language Vulnerable 1,000,000  Iran
4 Crimean Tatar language Severely endangered 600,000  Ukraine
5 Kumyk language Vulnerable 450,000  Russia
6 Yakut language Vulnerable 400,000  Russia
7 Karachay-Balkar language Vulnerable 400,000  Russia
8 Tuvan language Vulnerable 300,000  Russia
9 Urum language Definitely endangered 200,000  Ukraine
10 Gagauz language Critically endangered 150,000  Moldova
11 Siberian Tatar language Definitely endangered 100,000  Russia
12 Nogai language Definitely endangered 100,000  Russia
13 Salar language Vulnerable 70,000  China
14 Altai language Severely endangered 60,000  Russia
15 Khakas language Definitely endangered 50,000  Russia
16 Khalaj language Vulnerable 20,000  Iran
17 Äynu language Critically endangered 6,000  China
18 Western Yugur language Severely endangered 5,000  China
19 Shor language Severely endangered 3,000  Russia
20 Dolgan language Definitely endangered 1,000  Russia
21 Krymchak language Critically endangered 200  Israel
22 Tofa language Critically endangered 100  Russia
23 Karaim language Critically endangered 100  Ukraine
24 Ili Turki language Severely endangered 100  China
25 Chulym language Critically endangered 50  Russia

Extinct Turkic languages[]

Number Name Time of Extinct
- Proto Turkic Reconstructed language
1 Old Turkic 8th century
2 Old Anatolian Turkish 11th century
3 Pecheneg 12th century
4 Orkhon Turkic 13th century
5 Khazar 13th century
6 Old Uyghur 14th century
7 Khorezmian 14th century
8 Bulgar 14th century
9 Middle Turkic 15th century
10 Kipchak 17th century
11 Cuman 1770
12 Old Tatar 19th century
13 Fergana Kipchak 1920s
14 Chagatai 1921
15 Ottoman Turkish 1928
16 Fuyu Girgis 20th century
17 Dukhan 21st century
18 Salchuq 2013

Famous Turkic Dialects[]

Number Dialect Main Language
1 Rumelian dialect Turkish language
2 Cypriot dialect Turkish language
3 Afshar dialect Azerbaijani language
4 Sonqori dialect Azerbaijani language
5 Lop dialect Uyghur language
6 Baraba dialect Siberian Tatar language

Hypothetical ancestors[]

Hypothetical relation to other language families and their proto-languages

Ancestral[]

Geographical distribution of the Turkic languages. Dark Blue: Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian Turkic languages); Green: Southeastern Common Turkic (Karluk languages); Orange: Northwestern Common Turkic (Kipchak languages); Red: Southwestern Common Turkic (Oghuz languages); Purple: Oghur languages
  • Proto-Turkic

Common Turkic (Shaz Turkic / Z Turkic)[]

Karluk languages. Green: East Karluk; Red: West Karluk
Orange: South Kipchak (Aralo-Caspian); Red: North Kipchak (Uralo-Caspian); Green: West Kipchak (Ponto-Caspian)
Orange: East Oghuz; Green; Azerbaijani; Red: Turkish; Purple: Gagauz; Light Blue: Qashqai; Greenish Blue: Salar
  • Proto-Common Turkic
    • Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian Turkic)
      • South Siberian
        • Altai Turkic
        • Chulym Turkic
          • Chulym (Ös tili)
            • Lower Chulym (Küerik) (now believed extinct)
            • Middle Chulym
            • Upper Chulym
        • Sayan Turkic (dialect continuum)
          • Tofa (Tòfa dıl)
            • Tuha
            • Tsengel Tuvan
          • Tuvan (Tıwa dıl)
            • Western/Khemchik River (It is influenced by the Altai language)
            • Central (the geographical centrality of this dialect meant it was similar to the language spoken by most Tuvans, whether or not exactly the same). Forms the basis of the standard and literary language and includes:
              • Ovyur
              • Bii-Khem
            • Northeastern/Todzhi (it is spoken near the upper course of the Bii-Khem River by the Tozhu Tuvans. The speakers of this dialect utilize nasalization. It contains a large vocabulary related to hunting and reindeer breeding not found in the other dialects).
            • Southeastern (shows the most influence from the Mongolian language).
          • Taiga
        • Orkhon Turkic / Old Turkic / Old Uyghur (extinct) (not a direct ancestor of Uyghur, that descends from Karluk) (not synonymous with Proto-Turkic)
      • North Siberian
    • Southeastern Common Turkic (Karluk) - Historically in Central Asia there was a distinction between sedentary, called Sart or Taranchi, and nomadic peoples (regardless of the ethnic group and language). Many times it was used confusingly because it was a generic word for several peoples and their languages (mainly Iranians or Turkics) and also because it had different meanings at different historical times (had shifting meanings over the centuries). Strictly it was not an ethnic or linguistic definition but one of a lifestyle. (strong Iranian substrate)
      • Chagatai/Turki (Jağatāy) (literary language of medieval Golden Horde in much of Central Asia) (extinct)
        • Pre-classical Chagatai (1400–1465)
        • East
          • Uyghur (Uyghur tili) (not a direct descendant of the language called Old Uyghur, Old Turkic or Orkhon Turkic)
            • Eastern: Spoken in an area stretching from Qarkilik towards north to Qongköl
            • Central: Spoken in an area stretching from Kumul towards south to Yarkand
            • Southern: Spoken in an area stretching from Guma towards east to Qarkilik
            • Lop (Ľ'or télé) (could be a distinct language)
          • Ili Turki (Kipchak substrate) (extinct)
        • West
          • Uzbek (Karluk Uzbek, Sart Uzbek – Sedentary and Urban Uzbek, “Modern Uzbek”) (strong Iranian substrate from Sogdian and Persian languages)
            • Northern Uzbek (Oʻzbekcha / Oʻzbek tili)
              • Ferghana Uzbek (not the same as Kipchak Uzbek)
              • Tashkent Uzbek
              • Chimkent/Shymkent-Turkestan Uzbek
              • Surkhandarya Uzbek
              • Khorezm Uzbek
            • Southern Uzbek / Afghan Uzbek (strong Iranian substrate from Bactrian language and heavily Persianized) (many are bilingual in Dari / Dari Persian / East Persian / Afghan Persian)
    • Northwestern Common Turkic (Kipchak)
      • Kipchak (extinct)
        • South Kipchak (Aralo-Caspian Turkic)
          • Kipchak-Nogai
            • Fergana Kipchak (Kipchak Uzbek / ”Old Uzbek”) (nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic of the regions of Fergana, Samarkand, Bukhara and Turkistan) (extinct)
            • Kazakh (Qazaqsha / Qazaq tili)
              • Eastern Kazakh
              • Southern Kazakh
              • Northern Kazakh
              • Western Kazakh
            • Karakalpak (Qaraqalpaq tili) (closer to Kazakh) (Iranian Kwarazmian and Turkic Kwarazmian substrates)
              • Northeastern Karakalpak
              • Southwestern Karakalpak
              • Fergana Valley Karakalpak?
            • Nogai
              • Karanogay-Nogai Proper
                • Karanogay or Qara-Nogai (literally "Black Nogai"; "Northern Nogai"), spoken in Dagestan
                • Central Nogai or Nogai Proper, in Stavropol
              • Aqnogai (White or Western Nogai), by the Kuban River, its tributaries in Karachay–Cherkessia, and in the Mineralnye Vody District. Qara-Nogai and Nogai Proper are very close linguistically, whereas Aqnogai is more different.
          • Kyrgyz-Kypchak
        • North Kipchak (Uralo-Caspian/Volga-Ural Turkic) (has some Uralic substrate)
          • Old Tatar / Old Bashkir (Volga Turki) (extinct)
            • Bashkir (Bashqortsa / Bashqort tele)
              • Southern
                • Dim
                • Egän (Zigan)
                • Eyek-Haqmar
                • Middle
                • Örşäk (Urshak)
              • Eastern
                • Arğayaş
                • Qyźyl
                • Meyäs
                • Halyot (Salyoğot)
              • Northwestern
                • Tanyp
                • Ğäynä (dialect of Perm Bashkirs)
                • Qariźel
                • Lower Ağiźel
                • Middle Ural
            • Tatar (Tatarça / Tatar Tele)
              • Central/Middle (Kazan) (basis of the standard literary Tatar)
              • Western (Mişär or Mishar)
        • West Kipchak (Kipchak-Cuman/Ponto-Caspian Turkic)
          • Cuman (Polovtsian/Folban/Vallany/Kun) (extinct)
            • Karachay-Balkar - Kumyk
              • Karachay-Balkar (Qaraçay-Malqar til / Tawlu til)
                • Karachay-Baksan-Chegem (basis of the standard language)
                • Balkar (Malqar)
              • Kumyk (“Caucasian Tatar”) (Qumuq til) (Oghur Turkic substrate – Khazar and Bulgar)
                • Terek
                • Khasavyurt
                • Buynaksk
                • Khaitag
                • Podgorniy
            • Crimean Tatar (Qırımtatar tili / Qırım tili) (Scytho-Sarmatian and Crimean Gothic substrates)
              • Northern (Steppe Crimean Tatar/Nogay Steppe) (should not be confused with Nogai people of the Northern Caucasus and the Lower Volga)
              • Middle (more Cuman type characteristics) (basis of the standard Crimean Tatar)
              • Southern/Coastal Crimean Tatar (Oghuz Turkic influence)
              • Krymchak (Judeo-Crimean Tatar) (Qrımçah tılyı) (a different language from Karaim, not confuse with Karaim)
              • Urum (closely related to Crimean Tatar and spoken by Turkish-speaking Greeks of Southeastern Ukraine and Georgia, etymological related to the Turkish name for Rome - Rûm / Urum, associated with the name of the East Roman Empire, mainly Greek in language) (Greek substrate)
                • North Azovian (in Ukraine)
                • Tsalka (in Georgia)
            • Karaim (Judeo-Crimean) (Qaray tili / Karaj tili) (a different language from Krymchak, not confuse with Krymchak)
              • Crimean (in Crimea)
              • Trakai-Vilnius (in Lithuania)
              • Lutsk-Halych (in Ukraine)
    • Southwestern Common Turkic (Oghuz) (dialect continuum)
      • East Oghuz (Eastern)
      • Transitional East-West Oghuz
        • Khorasani Turkic (Khorasan Türkçesi)
          • North
          • South/Razavi
          • West
      • West Oghuz (Western)
        • Azerbaijani (Azeri Turkic, West Turkmen) (Azərbaycan dili) (has an Iranian substrate from the Old Azeri language, an Indo-European language)
          • South Azerbaijani (Iranian Azerbaijani / Azerbaijani of Iran)
            • Qarapapaq
            • Shahsavani (Shahseven)
            • Muqaddam
            • Baharlu (Kamesh)
            • Nafar
            • Qaragözlü
            • Pishaqchi
            • Bayatlu
            • Qajar
            • Tabrizi (basis of Standard South Azerbaijani but not identical)
            • Iraqi Turkmen (South Turkmen)
            • Salchuq (extinct) (etymological related to the name Seljuk, from the Seljuk Turks, who brought Turkic languages and dialects to Iran and Anatolia)
          • North Azerbaijani (Caucasian Azerbaijani / Azerbaijani of the Caucasus)
            • Salyan
            • Lenkaran
            • Qazakh
            • Airym
            • Borcala
            • Terekeme
            • Qyzylbash
            • Nukha
            • Zaqatala (Mugaly)
            • Qabala
            • Yerevan
            • Ordubad
            • Ganja
            • Shusha (Karabakh)
            • Karapapak
            • Shirvan dialect
              • Baku dialect (basis of Standard North Azerbaijani but not identical)
            • Shamakhi
            • Quba
            • Derbend
            • Nakhchivan
        • Transitional Turkish Azerbaijani-Turkish
          • ()
            • Meshketian Turkish
            • Hemshen Turkish
            • Eastern Anatolian Turkish Proper (Kars, Erzurum, other regions)
            • Zaza Turkish (Turkish spoken by Zazas, not to be confused with Zaza, which is an Iranian language, Zaza substrate)
            • Kurdish Turkish (Turkish spoken by Kurds, not to be confused with Kurdish which is an Iranian language, Kurdish substrate)
          • ()
            • Laz Turkish (Turkish spoken by Laz, do not confuse with Laz which is a Kartvelian language)
            • Trebizond (Trabzon) Turkish
        • Old Anatolian Turkish (extinct)
          • Turkish (Anatolian Turkish / Turkish of Turkey / Istanbul Turkish) (Türkçe / Türk dili)
            • Anatolian dialects (Anadolu Ağızları)
              • Western Anatolian (Batı Anadolu Ağızları)
                • Central (Orta Anadolu)
                  • East central
                  • West Central
                • Mediterranean (Akdeniz)/South (Güney)
                  • Southwest (Güneybatı)
                  • Southeast (Güneydoğu)
                • Black Sea (Karadeniz)/North (Kuzey)
                  • Çorum, Çankırı
                  • East Black Sea Coast
                  • West Black Sea Coast
                  • Sakarya-Izmit
                • Aegean (Ege)/West (Batı)
                • Yörük (Nomadic Anatolian Turkish)
            • Istanbul dialect (İstanbul Türkçesi) (basis of Modern Standard Turkish but not identical)
            • Syrian Turkmen (Syrian Turkish)
            • Cypriot Turkish
            • Balkanic/Rumelian/Danubian
              • East Balkanic/East Rumelian/East Danubian
                • Edirne
              • West Balkanic/West Rumelian/West Danubian
            • Karamanli Turkish (Turkish of the Karamanlides, Turkish-speaking Greeks, Greek language substrate, not confuse with Cappadocian Greek, a mixed language, or the Cappadocian Greeks, although they are related) (almost extinct)
          • Balkan Gagauz Turkish (Balkan Turkic) (Rumeli Türkçesi)
            • Gajal
            • Gerlovo Turk
            • Karamanli
            • Kyzylbash
            • Surguch
            • Tozluk Turk
            • Yuruk
            • Macedonian Gagauz
            • Gagauz (Gagauz dili / Gagauzça)
              • Bulgar Gagauzi
              • Maritime Gagauzi
          • Ottoman Turkish (Lisân-ı Osmânî / Osmanlı Türkçesi / Osmanlıca) (extinct) (not a direct ancestor of Anatolian Turkish but a heavily Persianized and Arabized Turkic language)
            • Fasih Türkçe (Eloquent Turkish): the language of poetry and administration, Ottoman Turkish in its strict sense
            • Orta Türkçe (Middle Turkish): the language of higher classes and trade
            • Kaba Türkçe (Rough Turkish): the language of lower classes.
      • South Oghuz
        • Afshar (Əfşar türkcəsi) (could be a dialect of South Azerbaijani language)
        • Aynallu (could be a dialect of South Azerbaijani language)
        • Qashqai (Turki) (Kaşqay dili) (closely related to Azerbaijani / West Turkmen)
        • Sonqori (could be a dialect of South Azerbaijani language)
    • Pecheneg
    • Arghu
      • Khalaj (a divergent member of the Common Turkic languages, not an Oghuz language) (heavily Persianized) (many are bilingual in Persian / Iranian Persian / Western Persian)
        • Northern
        • Southern

Oghur (Lir Turkic / R Turkic)[]

  • Proto-Oghur
    • Bulgar/Bolgar (extinct) (had a Uralic substrate)
      • Volga Bulgar (extinct)
      • (extinct in the 10th c. AD assimilated by the Slavic language of the Seven Slavic Tribes, that was close to Old Church Slavonic, but they chose the name Bulgarian as an ethnonym and also for their language because of the origins of much of their ruling class or political elite that was Turkic)
    • Khazar (extinct) (the language of the Khazars)

Possible Turkic languages (all extinct)[]

Unclassified languages that may have been Turkic or members of other language families

  • Hunnic / Xiongnu (?)
    • Hunnic / Hunnish - the language or languages of the Huns (there are several hypotheses about their language)
    • Xiongnu - the language or languages of the Xiongnu (may be the same as the Hunnic language, a closely related one, or not related at all) (there are several hypotheses about their language)
  • - the language or languages of the Keraites (in today's Central Mongolia) (Mongolized after Temüjin, called Chinggis Khan, conquest in the 13th century) (Qarai Turks, the Kerey Kazakh group of the middle zhuz Argyns, the Kireis, a group of the Kyrgyz and many Torghut may descend from them) (there are several hypotheses about their language)
  • - the language or languages of the old Naimans (in today's Western and Southwestern Mongolia) (Mongolized after Temüjin, called Chinggis Khan, conquest in the 13th century) (Naiman, however, is the Mongol name for the numeral eight) (there are several hypotheses about their language)
  • - the language or languages of the Pannonian Avars (there are several hypotheses about their language)

Possible Mixed Turkic-Iranian language[]

  • Äynu / Aini (Äynú) (could be a mixed language) (Turkic cryptolect with a mainly Iranian vocabulary and Turkic grammar, spoken by the Äynu people, a different people from the Uyghur)

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b https://www.ethnologue.com/
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b https://glottolog.org/
  3. ^ Dybo A.V., Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks, Moscow, 2007, p. 766, "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-11. Retrieved 2005-03-11.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (In Russian)
  4. ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger".
  5. ^ "Atlas of languages in danger | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization".
  • Akhatov G. Kh. 1960. "About the stress in the language of the Siberian Tatars in connection with the stress of modern Tatar literary language" .- Sat *"Problems of Turkic and the history of Russian Oriental Studies." Kazan. (in Russian)
  • Akhatov G.Kh. 1963. "Dialect West Siberian Tatars" (monograph). Ufa. (in Russian)
  • Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages. Moscow. (in Russian)
  • Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. Turkic languages in contact. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-05212-0
  • Clausen, Gerard. 1972. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Parlons qashqay. In: collection "parlons". Paris: L'Harmattan.
  • Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Le qashqay: langue turcique d'Iran. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).
  • Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2015. Qashqay Folktales. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).
  • Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
  • Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81–125.[1]
  • Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopædia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 sept. 2007.[2]
  • Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14198-2
  • Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages. Petrograd.
  • Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." Turkic Languages 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
  • Starostin, Sergei A., Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13153-1
  • Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.

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