List of ancient Slavic peoples

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This is a list of Slavic peoples and Slavic tribes reported in Late Antiquity and in the Middle Ages, that is, before the year AD 1500.

Ancestors[]

Map 1: Indo-European migrations as described in The Horse, the Wheel, and Language by David W. Anthony
  • Proto-Indo-Europeans (Proto-Indo-European speakers)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavs (common ancestors of Balts and Slavs) (Proto-Balto-Slavic speakers)
      • Proto-Slavs (Proto-Slavic speakers)

Antiquity[]

Map 2: Eastern Europe in 3-4th century CE with archeological cultures identified as Baltic-speaking in purple and Slavic-speaking in light brown.
Map 3: During the Migration Period in 5-6th century CE, the area of archeological cultures identified as Baltic and Slavic is becoming more fragmented.
  • Veneti / Sporoi (common ancestors of all Slavs, Proto-Slavs, and the West Slavs with the same name). It is hypothesized that Proto-Slavs had their origin in western Ukraine - west of the Dnieper, east of the Vistula, south of the Pripyat Marshes and north of the Carpathian Mountains and the Dniester, to the northwest of the Pontic Eurasian Steppes and south of the Baltic peoples, especially West Baltic peoples, with whom they have common ancestors, the Balto-Slavs.[1][2] Proto-Slavs are mainly associated with Zarubintsy culture[3][4][5] that had possible links to the ancient peoples of the Vistula basin (Przeworsk culture). Proto and Early Slavs, who were closely related to the Balts, were more influenced by the ancient Celts (La Tène culture) and by the Scythians and Sarmatians (Western Eurasian Steppe Iranian peoples from the northeast group who were nomads or seminomads).[6][7] According to Marija Gimbutas, the people named "", mentioned by Herodotus, were the Proto-Slavs or Early Slavs, who bordered and lived south of the Balts, and not Scythians.[8]
    • Antes (ancestors of the East Slavs; some were also the ancestors of part of West Slavs and South Slavs)
    • Veneti (ancestors of the West Slavs; some were also the ancestors of part of East Slavs and South Slavs)
    • Sclaveni (ancestors of the South Slavs)

Middle Ages[]

Map 4: By the 7-8th century CE, the Slavic territory was greatly increased after Slavic migration and expansion (in the context of Migration period).
Map 5: Slavic tribes in the Early Middle Ages, from the 7th to 9th centuries

East Slavs[]

Map 6: Maximum extent of European territory inhabited by the East Slavic tribes - predecessors of Kievan Rus', the first East Slavic state[9] - in the 8th and 9th century.
  • Antes (common ancestors of the East Slavs; some were also the ancestors of part of West Slavs and South Slavs)
    • Western-Northern groups
      • Western Russian group / Western Ruthenian group / Western Old East Slavs ("Russians" or "Russian group" in the broad sense means Old East Slavic peoples, the common group from where modern ethnic groups or peoples of the Rusinians, Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians descend and not only Russians in the narrow sense)
      • Old Russian group / Northern Russian group / Northern Ruthenian group / Northern Old East Slavs
        • Northeastern group (Krivichian-Vyatichian group) (Krivichians and Vyatichians had a relevant part in the formation of Proto-Russians)
          • Krivichians (Krivichi), ancestors of Belarusians and Russians (Kievan Rus' Principalities roughly corresponded to older tribal lands)
            • Polochans (Polochane) / , in Polotsk Land (Polotskaya Zemlya) (later Polotsk Principality), ancestors of Belarusians
            • / , in Pskov Land (Pskovskaya Zemlya), ancestors of Russians
            • / , in Smolensk Land (Smolenskaya Zemlya) (later Smolensk Principality), ancestors of Russians
            • / , in Tver Land (Tver'skaya Zemlya) (later Tver Principality), ancestors of Russians
            • / , in Zalessa Land or Zalesye (Zalesskaya Zemlya) / / , in Opolye Land or Opolye (Opolskaya Zemlya) (later Rostov-Suzdal Principality or Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, that gradually evolved into the Grand Duchy of Moscow also called Muscovite Russia or Muscovite Rus') (this political entity is traditionally perceived as a cradle of the Great Russian language and Great Russian people, i.e. the Russians as a distinct Slavic people) (originally Moscow region was an enclave inhabited by a remnant of the Dniepr-Oka Baltic peoples, the Eastern Galindians or Goliad', which were conquered in the middle of 11th century by Rostov-Suzdal)
          • Vyatichians (Vyatichi) also Oka Slavs, ancestors of Russians[14] (Kievan Rus' Principalities roughly corresponded to older tribal lands)
            • / , in (roughly in today's Kozelsk town and Kaluga and Tula regions, later part of the Chernigov Principality by conquest)
            • / , in Ryazan' Land (later Ryazan Principality or Murom-Ryazan)
    • Northwestern group (possible Northern Slavic group?) (they had a relevant part in the formation of Proto-Russians)

West Slavs[]

Map 7: West Slav tribes in 9th and 10th centuries
Map 8: Slavic Bohemian tribes shown in various colors and Moravians in red, on a map of modern Czech Republic
  • Veneti / Wends? (common ancestors of West Slavs; some were also the ancestors of part of South Slavs and East Slavs)
    • Czech–Moravian-Slovak group
      • Bohemians (Čechové), tribal confederation, in Bohemia, Czech Republic. Ancestors of Czechs
      • Moravians / Northern Merehani (Moravane), tribal confederation, in Záhorie (Slovakia) and Moravia. Ancestors of (modern) Moravians and part of the Slovaks. The Morava river of Moravia was in their lands. Ancestors of the South Moravians (Merehani), in Morava river valley, east Serbia, that migrated south of the Danube and were assimilated by South Slavs.
        • / ()
        • / ()
        • / ()
        • ()
      • Slovaks* (more appropriately Sloveni[15] for time period of this article), also called Nitran Slavs / Váh Slavs / Hungarian Slavs / Moravian Slovenes[16] / Sloväni / Slověniny), tribal confederation, in Slovakia and northern parts of Hungary, possibly western Hungary as well. Ancestors of Slovaks, mayhaps were part of broader Slavic group sharing the same name (notice similarities with the south Slavic Slovenians). Sometimes referred to as Slovieni,[17] although this word is generally incorrect, being a contracted term from 19th century. [18]
          • Note: While today the male member of Slovak nation is called Slovák, the original name for such person would be approx. Sloven.[19] This is evident from the endonym of the country (Slovensko), and also the name for Slovak female (Slovenka) or language (slovenský jazyk). This change, purely linguistical, occurred starting in 14th century, applying the newer suffix -ák/-ak/-iak to the stem word Slov. This change most likely originated in neighbouring Bohemia, which is probably the reason why it never completely permeated Slovak language (compared to the Moravian region of Slovácko, so called Moravian Slovakia).
    • Lechites
    • Polabians
      • Veleti (Wilzi) (Northern Polabians), in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
        • Lutici, tribal confederation, northeastern Germany.
        • Obotrites / Reragi (Northern Polabians), tribal confederation, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
          • / = "White Earth" or "White Earth Tribe", they lived scattered in Oster Walde / Osterwalde - "Eastern Woods" in the Old Mainland Saxon view, west banks of the Elbe river
          • Drevani = "Wood" or "Wood Tribe", they lived scattered in Oster Walde / Osterwalde - "Eastern Woods" in the Old Mainland Saxon view, west banks of the Elbe river) (Osterwalde and Luneburg Heath also matched the land where the Langobards lived for a time before migrating towards South) (mostly in today's Lower Saxony, in the Hanoverian Wendland, Germany)
          • Linonen, near Lenzen.
          • , tribe that lived scattered in the west banks of Elbe river
          • Obotrites proper / Northern Obotrites (Wismar Bay to Lake Schwerin).
          • Polabians proper, in eastern Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
          • east of the Trave.
          • Wagri / Wagrians (the eastern Holstein as part of Saxony).
          • Warnabi / Warnower, in Mecklenburg (Germany), (the upper Warnow and Mildenitz).
      • Polabian White Serbs / Boiki (Southern Polabians), in Lower Lusatia, Germany. Ancestors of Sorbs, and ancestors of ancestors of Serbs. Part of the tribal groups that migrated towards southeast and south of the Danube are the ancestors of Serbs.
        • Polabian Serbs (Elbe Serbs)
          • Sorbs / Old Sorbs (Srbove), tribal confederation, roughly in Southern Brandenburg, East Saxony-Anhalt (east of the Saale river) and Upper Saxony, roughly in the east of the Middle Elbe river basin.
              • , in Lower Lusatia, Germany. Ancestors of Sorbs (Modern Sorbs) in Lower Lusatia.
              • Milchane (Milčané) / Milceni / Milzeni, in Upper Lusatia, Germany, and in an area of far north Czechia. Ancestors of Sorbs (Modern Sorbs) in Upper Lusatia.
            • Nishane
            • ( or ), they gave the name to the tribal confederation (Srbove).

South Slavs[]

Map 9: Seven Slavic tribes during the foundation of the First Bulgarian Empire in 681

The South Slavic tribes descend mainly from the Sclaveni that were the Slavs that lived south of the Danube river after Slavic migrations from the end of the 5th to 8th centuries, originally they came from the regions north of the Danube and migrated south spreading throughout east alpine slopes, west Pannonian Plain (west of the Danube), and the Balkans, they had more close ties with the Veneti, ancestors of the West Slavs (some west slavic and south slavic tribes have the same ancestors), than with the Antes, ancestors of the East Slavs. Over time, South Slavs, evolved into a new Slavic ethnolinguistic group, this phenomenon was accentuated by the Bavarian expansion towards east (part of the Ostsiedlung) and by the Magyar settlement and expansion in the Pannonian Plain (roughly today's Hungary), that severed the contiguous land or territory between West and South Slavs (in the Middle Danube river basin) and contact between both of them and contributed to a greater differentiation. They predate the medieval identities formed after the Great Schism.

  • Sclaveni / Slavini (common ancestors of most of the South Slavs)
    • West South Slavic group
      • Bosnians, inhabited central parts of Bosnia, between the rivers of Upper Neretva on the south, Middle Bosna and the Krivaja (Bosna) on the north, Upper Drina on the east and Upper Vrbas on the west.[20]
      • Braničevci / Braniches, in eastern Serbia
      • Carantanians / Carniolan Slavs / Old Slovenes / Southern Slovene (Sloventsi), tribal confederation, in Austria and Slovenia. Ancestors of Slovenes. They descend in part from Nitran Slavs (Northern Slovenes) that were also partial ancestors of modern Slovaks.
        • (may have been a branch of the Dulebes)
        • (may have been a branch of the Dulebes)
        • ()
      • Docleani / Diokletlians, in southern Montenegro (see also Tribes of Montenegro)
      • Guduscani, in Lika, Croatia
      • Kanalites, in southern Dalmatia
      • Merehani / Southern Merehani / Southern Moravians (Moravci / Moravtsi), in (South) Morava river, eastern Serbia. They descend from Moravian / Merehani tribal groups that migrated south of the Danube and over time differenciate themselves and were assimilated into South Slavs.
      • Narentines / Neretvians, in southern Dalmatia
      • Pannonian Slavs, in west Pannonian Plain, west of the Danube river, roughly in today's west Hungary. They were assimilated by Magyars after they settled in Hungary.
        • Pannonian Dulebes
        • Sava Slavs, roughly in the plain between the Sava and Mura rivers. Ancestors of part of Croats.
      • Praedenecenti / Eastern Abodriti / Eastern Obotrites, in Banat. They descend from Abodriti / Obotrites tribal groups that migrated south of the Danube and over time differenciate themselves and were assimilated into South Slavs.
      • Timočani, in eastern Serbia
      • Travunians / Terbunians, in Herzegovina and western Montenegro
      • White Croats, in Lesser Poland and Bohemia, ancestors of Croats
        • Croats
      • White Serbs / Sorbs, in Lower Lusatia, Germany. Ancestors of Sorbs and Serbs
        • Serbs
      • Zachumliani / Zachlumians, in southern Dalmatia
    • East South Slavic group
      • Berziti / Bersites, in Ohrid, Northern Macedonia
      • Drougoubitai / Draguvites, in Southern Bulgaria, Northern Macedonia and Greek Macedonia
      • , in Northern Macedonia and Greek Macedonia.
      • / , in Rhodopes, southern Bulgaria and northern Greece
      • /
      • Seven Slavic tribes (or Seven Slavic Clans) (Heptaradici / Eptaradici - "Seven Roots"?), tribal confederation, in northern Bulgaria and Southern Romania that formed the basis of the Slavic Bulgarians (after later being conquered by the Turkic origin Bulgars that formed much of the Aristocracy and led to the name change of the people and language)
        • Unknown tribes (unknown names)
      • Severians, in Dobrudja, / Severes / Severi (Balkan Severians), northeast Bulgaria and Southeastern Romania, the Severians were an East Slavic tribe, part of the tribal groups that migrated southward and southwestward and formed a union with the Seven Slavic tribes (to form the Slavic Bulgarians) and over time differenciate themselves and were assimilated into South Slavs.
      • Sklavenoi / (, including Greek Macedonia)
      • Smolyani, in the Rhodopes, southern Bulgaria and northern Greece
      • Strymonites, near the Struma river, southern Bulgaria and northern Greece

Unclassified Slavs[]

Possible Slavs[]

Unclassified[]

  • /

Slavs or Balts[]

Slavs, Balts or Finnic[]

Slavs or Romance peoples[]

  • Bolokhovians / Bolokhoveni / Bolokhovens (East Slavic tribe or Valachians? the similar name to Valachians could have been only coincidental)

Slavs or Turkics[]

Unclassified peoples or tribes[]

Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and possibly Baltic Indo-European

  • / / ? (possibly Yatvingians)[24]

Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and possibly Iranian Indo-European

  • / (possibly Alan Sarmatian Iranians)[25]
  • / (possibly Alan Sarmatian Iranians)[26]

Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and possibly Turkic

  • (possibly Turkic)[27]
  • (possibly Turkic)[28]
  • Chozirozi / Caziri (possibly the Khazars)[29]
  • / / (possibly Turkic)[30]

Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and possibly Uralic

  • / / (possibly Uralic, the Merya?)[31]

Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and Unknown

See also[]

  • Slavic peoples
  • Slavic languages
  • Ethnic group
  • Tribe

Sources[]

  • Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5
  • Barford, Paul M (2001), The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe, Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-3977-9
  • Gimbutas, Marija Alseikaitė (1971), The Slavs, Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-02072-8
  • Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.

References[]

  1. ^ Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World (568 p.) Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14818-2
  2. ^ Mallory, J.P.; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
  3. ^ Tarasov I. The Balts in the Migration Period. P. I. Galindians, p. 97
  4. ^ Mallory, J.P.; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
  5. ^ Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World (568 p.) Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14818-2
  6. ^ "Land and People, p.23" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2005.
  7. ^ Tarasov I. The balts in the Migration Period. P. I. Galindians, p. 97
  8. ^ Gimbutas, Marija (1963). The Balts. London : Thames and Hudson, Ancient peoples and places 33.
  9. ^ Oscar Halecki. (1952). Borderlands of Western Civilization. New York: Ronald Press Company. pp. 45-46
  10. ^ Joachim Lelewel (1852). Géographie du moyen âge. Vol. 3–4. Ve et J. Pilleit. p. 43.
  11. ^ Johann Kaspar Zeuss (1837). Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme. Ignaz Joseph Lentner. p. 615.
  12. ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
  13. ^ Синиця, Є.В. "ХОРВАТИ". Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 5 July 2019. They are often unreasonably also called "White Croats". This is due to the fact that East Europe Croats is mistakenly identified with "Croats White" (mentioned in the undated part of "The Tale of Bygone Years" in the same row with Serbs and Chorutans)
  14. ^ Subtelny, Orest (2009-11-10). Ukraine: A History, 4th Edition. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442697287.
  15. ^ "Fvs:Sloveni". dai.fmph.uniba.sk. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
  16. ^ "Bavorský geograf – prvá písomná zmienka o Nitrianskych Slovenoch". Retrieved 2021-08-13.
  17. ^ "KULTURA - Dvojtýždenník závislý od etiky". 2007-11-16. Archived from the original on 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
  18. ^ "KULTURA - Dvojtýždenník závislý od etiky". 2007-11-16. Archived from the original on 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
  19. ^ Marek, Miloš (13 August 2021). "Národnosti Uhorska" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. ^ Marko Vego (1982). "Postanak imena Bosna". Postanak srednjovjekovne bosanske države (in Croatian). Svjetlost. p. 20. Retrieved 13 April 2021. Čvrsto sam ubijeđen, na temelju topografije, da je u pradomovrni stanovnika Bosne postojalo, živjelo ime Bosna i kao takvo zabilježeno u izvorima ili je ostalo u toponimima na terenu. Zato nije bilo teško jakom i mnogobrojnom plemenu Bosna da pri dolasku u centralnu Bosnu potisne staro predslavensko ime ili imena na području Gornje Bosne i ujedini srodna slavenska plemena i rodove pod jednim imenom Bosna i za oznaku rijeke Bosne.
  21. ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
  22. ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
  23. ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
  24. ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
  25. ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
  26. ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
  27. ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
  28. ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
  29. ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
  30. ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
  31. ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.

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