List of invasive species in Portugal

This is a list of invasive species in Portugal. The species tagged with a cross (†) have the legal status of invasive species (Decreto-Lei n.º 565/99 de 21 de Dezembro). The remaining are considered invasive by investigators in Portugal. The species tagged with an "M" are classified as invasive only in Madeira.

Invertebrates[]

Popillia japonica on the Azores.

• Adelges piceae (balsam woolly adelgid)^[1]
• Aleurodicus dispersus (spiralling whitefly)^[2]
• Anguillicoloides crassus (swim bladder worm)^[3]
• Aphis spiraecola (Spirea aphid)^[4]
• Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly)^[5]
• Chilo suppressalis (striped rice stem borer)^[6]
• Cinara cupressi (Cypress aphid)^[7]
• Corbicula fluminea (Asian clam)(†)
• Cryptotermes brevis (powderpost termite)^[8]
• Ctenarytaina eucalypti (blue gum psyllid)^[9]
• Deroceras invadens (tramp slug)^[10]
• Elminius modestus (Australasian barnacle)^[11]
• Eriocheir sinensis (Chinese mitten crab)(†)
• Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips)^[12]
• Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode)^[13]
• Icerya purchasi (cottony cushion scale)^[14]
• Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle)(†)^[15][16]
• Linepithema humile (Argentine ant)(†)^[15][17]
• Lumbricus terrestris (common earthworm)^[18]
• Lysiphlebus testaceipes(†)^[15]
• Opogona sacchari (banana moth)^[19]
• Pacifastacus leniusculus (signal crayfish)(†)^[15][20]
• Paratrechina longicornis (longhorn crazy ant)^[21]
• Phoracantha semipunctata (Australian Eucalyptus longhorn)(†)^[15][22]
• Popillia japonica (Japanese beetle)^[23]
• Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mud snail)(†)^[15][24]
• Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crawfish)(†)
• Styela clava (Asian tunicate)^[25]
• Thaumastocoris peregrinus (bronze bug)^[26]
• Tricellaria inopinata^[27]
• Vespa velutina nigrithorax (Yellow-legged Asian hornet)^[28]

Amphibians[]

• Bufo marinus (†)^[29]
• Lithobates catesbeianus (†)^[29]
• Rana ridibunda (†)^[29]
• Xenopus laevis (†)^[29]

Reptiles[]

A Madeiran wall lizard on the Azores. Although native to Portugal (Madeira), the Madeiran wall lizard has also rapidly spread through the Azores due to the lack of other lizard species

• Chamaeleo chamaeleon (common chameleon) (†)^[15][30]
• Chelydra serpentina (†)^[29]
• Chrysemys picta (†)^[29]
• (†)^[29]
• Hemidactylus mabouia (†) (M)^[29]
• Macroclemys temminckii (†)^[29]
• (†)^[29]
• Ramphotyphlops braminus (†) (M)^[29]
• Tarentola mauritanica (†) (M)^[29]
• Lacerta dugesii (Madeiran wall lizard)(†)^[15][31]
• (†) (M)^[29]
• (†)^[29]

Fish[]

• Ameiurus melas (black bullhead)(†)^[15][32]
• Australoheros facetus (chameleon cichlid)(†)
• Carassius auratus (goldfish)(†)
• Cyprinus carpio (common carp)(†)
• Esox lucius (northern pike)(†)
• Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog)(†)
• Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish)(†)
• Lepomis gibbosus (pumpkinseed)(†)
• Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass)(†)
• Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)(†)^[15][33]
• Sander lucioperca (Sander lucioperca)(†)^[15][34]

Birds[]

Source:^[35]

Family Phasianidae:

• Phasianus colchicus(†)

Family Anatidae:

• Oxyura jamaicensis

Family Psittacidae:

• Psittacula krameri(†)

Family Ploceidae:

• Ploceus cucullatus(†)
• Ploceus melanocephalus(†)
• Euplectes afer(†)

Family Estrildidae:

• Estrilda troglodytes(†)
• Estrilda astrild(†)
• Amandava amandava(†)
• Lonchura cantans(†)

Mammals[]

• Ammotragus lervia (†)^[29]
• Callosciurus erythraeus (†)^[29]
• Capra hircus (†) (M)^[29]
• Castor canadensis (†)^[29]
• Erinaceus spp. (†) (M)^[29]
• Felis silvestris f. catus (†) *^[29]
• Herpestes javanicus (†)^[29]
• Hystrix cristata (†)^[29]
• Muntiacus reevesi (†)^[29]
• Mus musculus (†) (M)^[29]
• Mus domesticus (†) (M)^[29]
• Mustela spp. (†) (M)^[29]
  • Mustela furo (ferret)^[29][36]
• Myocastor coypus (†)^[29]
• Nasua nasua (†)^[29]
• Neogale vison (American mink) (†)^[29][37]
• Nyctereutes procyonoides (†)^[29]
• Ondatra zibethicus (†)^[29]
• Oryctolagus cuniculus (†) (M)^[29]
• Procyon spp. (†)^[29]
• Rattus spp. (†) (M)^[29]
  • Rattus norvegicus (brown rat)(†)^[15][38]
  • Rattus rattus (black rat)(†)^[15][39]
• Sciurus carolinensis (†)^[29]
• Sciurus niger (†)^[29]
• Tamias sibiricus (†)^[29]

Plants[]

Acacia melanoxylon in Nazaré. Acacias are highly invasive in Portuguese sand dunes

Carpobrotus edulis in Cabo da Roca

Agave americana on Santa Maria Island, Azores

Pittosporum undulatum on Pico Island, a major threat to the endemic laurisilva of the Azores

Cortaderia selloana growing spontaneously in Lisbon

• (†) (M) (Cav.) Sweet^[29]
• Acacia spp. (†)^[29]
  • Acacia baileyana F.Muell^[40]: 119
  • Acacia cyanophylla Lindley (=Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L.Wendl.)^[40]: 119
  • Acacia cyclops A.Cunn. ex G.Don^[40]: 119
  • Acacia dealbata Link.^[40]: 119
  • Acacia decurrens (J.C.Wendl) Willd.^[40]: 119
  • Acacia karroo Hayne^[40]: 119
  • Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd.^[40]: 119
  • Acacia mearnsii DeWild.^[40]: 119
  • Acacia melanoxylon R.Br.^[40]: 119
  • Acacia pycnantha^[40]: 119
  • Acacia retinodes Schlecht^[40]: 119
• Acanthus mollis (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Acer negundo (†) L.^[29]
• Acer pseudoplatanus (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Adiantum hispidulum (†) (M) Sw.^[29]
• Adiantum raddianum (†) (MadMeira) Sw.^[29]
• Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis (†) (M) F. M. Leight^[29]
• Adiantum hispidulum (†) (M) Sw.^[29]
• Agave americana (†) L.^{[29][40]: 119}
• Ageratina adenophora (†) (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob.^[29]
• Ageratina riparia (†) (M) (Regel) R. M. King & H. Rob.^[29]
• Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle^[40]: 119
• (†) (Willd.) Nielsen (=Paraserianthes lophanta (Willd.) Benth)^{[29][40]: 119}
• Albizzia julibrissin (†) Durazz.^[29]
• Ailanthus altissima (†) (Miller) Swingle^[29]
• Aloe arborescens (†) (M) Mill.^[29]
• Alternanthera philoxeroides (†) (Mart.) Griseb.^[29]
• Alternanthera caracasana (†) Kunth^[29]
• Alternanthera nodiflora (†) R. Br.^[29]
• Alternanthera pungens (†) Kunth^[29]
• Amaranthus albus (†) L.^[29]
• Amaranthus blitoides (†) S. Watson^[29]
• Amaranthus blitum ssp. emarginatus (†) (Moq. ex Uline & Bray) Carretero, Muñoz Garmendia & Pedrol^[29]
• Amaranthus caudatus (†) L.^[29]
• Amaranthus cruentus (†) L.^[29]
• Amaranthus deflexus (†) L.^[29]
• Amaranthus hybridus (†) L.^[29]
• Amaranthus hypochondriacus (†) L.^[29]
• Amaranthus muricatus (†) (Gillies ex Moq.) Hieron.^[29]
• Amaranthus paniculatus (†) L.^[29]
• Amaranthus powellii (†) S. Watson^[29]
• Amaranthus retroflexus (†) L.^[29]
• Amaranthus viridis (†) L.^[29]
• (†) Thell. ex Priszter^[29]
• Amaryllis belladonna (†) (M) Kunth^[29]
• Aptenia cordifolia (†) (M) (L. f.) Schwantes^[29]
• Araujia sericifera (†) Brot.^[29]
• Arctotheca calendula (†) (L.) Levyns^[29]
• Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levins^[40]: 120
• Arundo donax (†) L.^[40]: 120
• Asclepias curassavica (†) L.^[29]
• Asclepias syriaca (†) L.^[29]
• Asparagus asparagoides (†) (M) (L.) Druce^[29]
• Aster squamatus (†) (Spreng.) Hieron.^[29]
• Atriplex rosea (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Atriplex semibaccata (†) (M) R. Br.^[29]
• Azolla caroliniana Willd.^[40]: 120
• Azolla filiculoides (†) Lam.^{[29][40]: 120}
• Baccharis halimifolia (†) L.^[29]
• (†) (Lam.) Baill.^[29]
• Bidens aurea (†) (Aiton) Sherff^[29]
• Bidens frondosa (†) L.^[29]
• Bidens pilosa (†) L.^[29]
• Brachiaria mutica (†) (M) (Forssk.) Stapf^[29]
• Cabomba caroliniana (†) Gray^[29]
• Cardiospermum grandiflorum (†) (M) Sw.^[29]
• Carpobrotus acinaciformis (†) (L.) L. Bolus^[29]
• Carpobrotus edulis (L.)N.E.Br.^[40]: 121
• Cenchrus ciliaris (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Centranthus ruber (†) (M) (L.) DC.^[29]
• (†) (M) (L.) N.E. Br.^[29]
• Chrysanthemum coronarium (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Cirsium vulgare (†) (M) (Savi) Ten.^[29]
• Colocasia esculenta (†) (M) (L.) Schott^[29]
• Commelina diffusa (†) (M) Burm. F.^[29]
• Conyza bonariensis (†) (L.) Cronq.^[40]: 121
• Conyza canadensis (†) L.^[29]
• Conyza sumatrensis (†) (Retz.) E. Walker^[29]
• Coronopus didymus (†) (L.) J.E. Sm.^[29]
• Cortaderia selloana (†) (J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Aschers & Graebner^[40]: 121
• Cotula australis (†) (M) (Sieber ex Spreng.) Hook. fil.^[29]
• Cotula coronopifolia (†) L.^[29]
• Crassula ovata (†) (M) (Mill.) Druce^[29]
• Crassula multicava (†) (M) Lem.^[29]
• Crinum bulbispermum (†) (M) (Burm.) Milne-Redh. & Schweick.^[29]
• Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (†) (M) (Lemoine) N.E. Br.^[29]
• Cyperus rotundus (†) L.^[29]
• Cyrtomium falcatum (†) (M) (L. fil.) C. Presl^[29]
• Cytisus scoparius (†) (M) (L.) Link^[29]
• Cytisus striatus (†) (M) (Hill) Rothm^[29]
• Datura innoxia (†) (M) Mill.^[29]
• Datura stramonium L.^[40]: 122
• Delairea odorata (†) (M) Lem. (= Senecio mikanoides Otto ex Walp.)^[29]
• Doodia caudata (†) (M) (Cav.) R. Br.^[29]
• Duchesnea indica (†) (M) (Andr.) Focke^[29]
• Egeria densa (†) Planch.^[29]
• Eichhornia crassipes (†) (C.R.P..Mart.) Solms. Laub.^{[29][40]: 122}
• Elodea canadensis (†) Mich.^{[29][40]: 122}
• Elodea nuttallii (†) (Planch.) St. John^[29]
• Erigeron karvinskianus DC.^{[29][40]: 122}
• Eryngium pandanifolium Cham. & Schlecht^{[29][40]: 122}
• Eschscholzia californica (†) Champ. (M)^[29]
• Eucalyptus globulus Labill^[40]: 122
• Fallopia baldschuanica (†) (Regel) J. Holub^[29]
• Fallopia japonica (†) (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. (= Reynoutria japonica Houtt.)^[29]
• Fallopia sachalinensis (†) (Schmidt) Ronse Decr.^[29]
• (†) (J. Chrtek & A. Chrtková) J. P. Bailey^[29]
• (†) Sims (M)^[29]
• (†) Lam. (M)^[29]
• Galinsoga parviflora Cav.^{[29][40]: 123}
• Galinsoga quadriradiata (†) Ruiz et Pav. (M)^[29]
• Gleditsia triacanthos (†) L.^[29]
• Gomphocarpus fruticosus (†) (L.) Aiton fil.^[29]
• Gunnera tinctoria (†) (Molina) Mirbel^[29]
• Hakea salicifolia (†) (Vent.) B.L.Burtt^{[29][40]: 123}
• Hakea sericea (†) Schrader - Háquia-picante^{[29][40]: 123}
• Hedychium gardnerianum (†) Sheppard ex Ker Grwal^{[29][40]: 123}
• (†) (M) (L.) Cass.^[29]
• Heracleum mantegazzianum (†) Sommier & Levier^[29]
• Heracleum persicum (†) Fischer^[29]
• Heracleum sosnowskyi (†) Mandenova^[29]
• Holcus lanatus (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Hydrangea macrophylla (†) (M) (Thunb.) Ser.^[29]
• Hydrilla verticillata (†) (L. f.) Royle^[29]
• Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (†) L. f.^[29]
• Impatiens glandulifera (†) Royle^[29]
• Ipomoea acuminata (†) (Vahl.) Roemer & Schultes^{[29][40]: 123}
• Ipomoea indica (†) (Burm.) Merr.^[29]
• (†) (M) (L.) Roth^[29]
• Isatis tinctoria (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Kalanchoe daigremontiana (†) (M) Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier^[29]
• Kalanchoe delagoensis (†) (M) Eckl. et Zeyh.^[29]
• Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi (†) (M) Raym.-Hamet et Perrier^[29]
• Kalanchoe pinnata (†) (M) (Lam.) Pers. N^[29]
• Lagarosiphon major (†) (Ridley) Moss^[29]
• Lantana camara (†) L.^{[29][40]: 124}
• Lepidium didymum (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Leptospermum scoparium (†) (M) J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.^[29]
• Leucaena leucocephala (†) (M) (Lam.) De Wit^[29]
• Leycesteria formosa (†) (M) Wall.^[29]
• Lonicera japonica (†) Thunb.^[29]
• Ludwigia grandiflora (†) (Michx.) Greuter & Burdet^[29]
• Ludwigia peploides (†) (Kunth) Raven^[29]
• (†) (Cambess.) H.Hara^[29]
• Lycopersicon esculentum (†) (M) Mill. var. esculentum^[29]
• Lysichiton americanus (†) Hultén & St. John^[29]
• Malephora crocea (†) (M) (Jacq.) Schwantes^[29]
• Melinis repens (†) (M) (Willd.) Zizka^[29]
• Malvastrum coromandelianum (†) (M) (L.) Garcke^[29]
• Microstegium vimineum (†) (Trin.) A. Camus^[29]
• Myoporum tenuifolium G.Forster^{[29][40]: 125}
• Myriophyllum aquaticum (†) (Velloso) Verdc.^[29]
• (†) Camb.^{[29][40]: 125}
• Myriophyllum heterophyllum (†) Michaux^[29]
• Nicotiana glauca (†) R.C. Graham^{[29][40]: 125}
• Nymphaea mexicana (†) Zucc.^[29]
• Opuntia elata (†) Salm-Dyck^[29]
• Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller^{[29][40]: 125}
• (†) Miller^[29]
• Opuntia subulata (†) (Muehlenpf.) Engelm (= Austrocylindropuntia subulata)^[29]
• Opuntia tuna (†) (M) (L.) Mill.^[29]
• Oxalis corniculata (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Oxalis pes-caprae (†) L.^{[29][40]: 125}
• Oxalis purpurea (†) L.^[29]
• Paraserianthes lophantha (†) (M) (Willd.) I.C. Nielsen [=Albizia distachya (Vent) J.F. Macbr.]^[29]
• Parthenium hysterophorus (†) L.^[29]
• (†) (Michx) Scribner^[29]
• Paspalum vaginatum (†) Swartz^[29]
• Passiflora tripartita (†) (M) (Juss.) Poir. var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm-Niels. & P. Jørg.^[29]
• Paulownia tomentosa (†) (Thunberg) Steudel^[29]
• Pelargonium inquinans (†) (M) (L.) L'Hér. ex Ait.^[29]
• Pennisetum purpureum (†) (M) Schum.^[29]
• Pennisetum setaceum (†) (Forssk.) Chiov.^[29]
• Pennisetum villosum (†) R. Br. ex Fresen^[29]
• Persicaria perfoliata (†) (L.) H. Gross (= Polygonum perfoliatum L.)^[29]
• Petroselinum crispum (†) (M) (Mill.) A.W. Hill^[29]
• Physalis peruviana (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Phytolacca americana (†) L.^[29]
• Pistia stratiotes (†) L.^[29]
• Pittosporum undulatum (†) Vent.^{[29][40]: 126}
• Podranea ricasoliana (†) (Tanfani) Sprague^[29]
• Polygonum capitatum (†) Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don^[29]
• Pueraria lobata (†) (Willdenow) Ohwi (= P. montana var lobata)^[29]
• Psidium cattleyanum (†) Sabine^[29]
• Reynoutria japonica Houtt.^{[29][40]: 126}
• Rhus coriaria (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Ricinus communis (†) L.^{[29][40]: 126}
• Robinia pseudoacacia (†) L.^{[29][40]: 126}
• Sagittaria latifolia (†) Willd.^[29]
• Salpichroa origanifolia (†) (M) (Lam.) Thell.^[29]
• Salvinia molesta (†) D.S. Mitchell^{[29][40]: 127}
• Senecio bicolor (†) (Willd.) Tod. ssp. cinerea (DC.) Chater^{[29][40]: 127}
• Senecio inaequidens (†) DC.^[29]
• Senecio mikanioides (†) (M) Otto ex Walp.^[29]
• Senecio petasitis (†) (M) (Sims) DC.^[29]
• Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth.^{[29][40]: 127}
• Setaria verticillata (†) (M) (L.) P. Beauv.^[29]
• Solanum lycopersicum (†) (M) L. var. lycopersicum^[29]
• Solanum mauritianum (†) Scop.^[29]
• Soleirolia soleirolii (†) (M) (Req.) Dandy^[29]
• Sorghum halepense (†) (L.) Pers.^[29]
• Spartina densiflora (†) Brongn.^{[29][40]: 128}
• Symphyotrichum subulatum (†) (M) (Michx.) G. L. Nesom var. squamatum (Spreng.) S. D. Sundb.^[29]
• Tamarix gallica (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Tetragonia tetragonioides (†) (M) (Pall.) Kuntze^[29]
• Tradescantia fluminensis (†) Velloso^{[29][40]: 128}
• Tradescantia zebrina (†) (M) Hort. ex Bosse Vollst.^[29]
• Tropaeolum majus (†) L.^[29]
• Ulex europaeus (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Ulex minor (†) (M) Roth^[29]
• Verbena bonariensis (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Verbena rigida (†) (M) Spreng.^[29]
• Vinca major (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Zantedeschia aethiopica (†) (M) (L.) Spreng.^[29]

References[]

External links[]

• Exotic Birds that Nest in Portugal Continental
• Invasive Plant Species in Portugal Continental
• Naturdata list of invasive species in Portugal
• Invasive Plants in Portugal (ABAE)^{[dead link]}