List of large volcanic eruptions of the 19th century

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This is a list of volcanic eruptions of the 19th century measuring a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of at least 4. Note that there may be many other eruptions that have not been identified, and estimates for the size of eruptions can be subject to considerable uncertainties.

VEI Volcano Country Date Casualties Notes
4 Witori[1] Papua New Guinea 1800
5 Mount St. Helens[2] United States January 15, 1800 The eruption was seen by Native Americans. Oral tradition of NE Washington tribes noted many people starved to death the winter following the eruption.
4 Tutupaca[3] Peru March 20, 1802
6 Unknown source Unknown December 4, 1808 Greenland and Antarctic ice samples suggest an undocumented eruption roughly half the magnitude of Mount Tambora occurred, contributing to the 1810s being the coldest decade in at least 500 years.[4] Recent searches of documents suggest that it may have taken place in South Western Pacific Ocean around Dec 4, 1808 and observed in Colombia from December 11, 1808.[5] It is also known that the Chilean Putana volcano had a major eruption around this time with an approximate date of 1810 (with a 10-year margin of error), but is located 22 degrees south.[6]
4 La Soufrière[7] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines April 27, 1812 56 Most fatalities were workers killed by falling hot stones and hut collapses. Some killed in a lake burst a few months after the eruption.
4 Mount Awu[8] Indonesia August 6, 1812
4 Otake[9] Japan 1813
4 Mount Mayon[10] Philippines February 1, 1814 1,200 The Commission of Volcanology regarded most deaths as due to lahars but more recent work at Casagua suggests pyroclastic flows were dominant cause of fatalities. Town of Budiao destroyed; town of Camalig also destroyed and burned; towns of Albay, Guinobatan and Balusan partly destroyed. Some deaths from electrical discharges.
7 Mount Tambora[11] Indonesia April 5, 1815 71,000–250,100+ Largest and deadliest volcanic eruption in recorded history. Caused the "Year Without a Summer" in 1816.
4 Mount Raung[12] Indonesia January 16, 1817 Unknown number of deaths occurred.
4 Volcán de Colima[13] Mexico February 15, 1818 Medina lists fatalities and property damage. Servando de la Cruz suggests deaths could be due to starvation and disease after the eruption.
4 Mount Usu[14] Japan March 12, 1822 50 50 killed and 53 injured (= CAVW total of 103), all in old village of Abuta (S side of volcano). 1,437 horses also killed and old Abuta destroyed.
5 Galunggung[15] Indonesia October 8, 1822 4,011 114 villages destroyed. Most of the fatalities are considered to have resulted from nuees ardentes, which extended 10 km.
4 Isanotski Peaks United States March 10, 1825
4 Kelud[16] Indonesia October 11, 1826
4 Avachinsky[17] Russia June 27, 1827
4 Klyuchevskaya Sopka[18] Russia September 9, 1829
4 Babuyan Claro[19] Philippines 1831
5 Cosigüina[20] Nicaragua January 20, 1835 8+ Despite the magnitude of the eruption there were few fatalities in this sparsely populated region; a few cattle ranchers near the base of the volcano and some fishermen in a boat offshore. Deaths were reported from "mephitic vapors". The death of a 7-year-old girl was reported at Union with sore throat believed to be caused by dust, and the death of 7 people in Leon on Jan 23.
5 Mount Agung[21] Indonesia 1843
4 Hekla[22] Iceland September 2, 1845 Damage to land and property.
4 Fonualei[23] Tonga June 11, 1846
4 Mount Usu[14] Japan April 22, 1853
5 Shiveluch[24] Russia February 18, 1854 The tephra volume was calculated to be 2 cubic kilometres with a margin of error of around 1 cubic kilometre. Eruptive characteristics include a central vent eruption, an explosion eruption, pyroclastic flows, a lava dome extrusion, damage to land and property, mudflows and lahars.
4 Hokkaidō Koma-ga-take[25] Japan September 25, 1856 20 Nearly all houses at Honbetsu near Shikabe were burned. 20 fatalities were produced by pumice flow.
4 Volcán de Fuego[26] Guatemala January 15, 1857
4 Katla[27] Iceland May 8, 1860
4 Makian[28] Indonesia December 28, 1861 309–326 One estimate states that there were 326 deaths and 47 injuries. Ashflows reached the coast. Some drowned while fleeing by boat. Another estimate gives that 309 were killed and 15 villages were totally destroyed.
4 Sinarka[29] Russia 1872 Ainu village destroyed, possibly by incandescent avalanches; this eruption is considered to be from Sinarka, not Kuntomintar.
4 Mount Merapi[30] Indonesia April 15, 1872 200 The ejection of incandescent Iapilli caused 30 fatalities and wounded many others in Selo, at the saddle between Merapi and Merbabu, burning about 50 houses. The paroxysmal phase that occurred April 17–20 produced many pyroclastic flows; three villages were completely destroyed and eight villages were partly destroyed, with many cattle killed.
4 Grímsvötn[31] Iceland January 8, 1873
5 Askja[32] Iceland January 1, 1875 Damage to land and property.
4 Mount Vesuvius[33] Italy December 18, 1875
4 Suwanosejima[9] Japan 1877
4 Cotopaxi[34] Ecuador January, 1877 340 It reported that at Mullao, the priest observed 20 people swept away by the lahar. The Latacunga district had 300 fatalities, not including outsiders and 20 Indians were killed by lahars at Napo. Coleman gives the death toll at 1,000 but the basis for this is not clear.
4 Volcán de Fuego[26] Guatemala June 28, 1880
6 Krakatoa[35] Indonesia August 26, 1883 36,417 Produced the loudest sound ever heard in recorded history, and was heard 3,000 miles (4,800 km) away. Caused a 5-year volcanic winter. The island had three volcanoes. Perboewatan (410 ft) and Danan (1,480 ft) were destroyed during the eruption, and Rakata (2,667 ft) was half destroyed and the surviving half remains above sea level. In 1928, a new volcano called Anak Krakatoa (1,063 ft) grew above sea level, forming a new island by Rakata's island.
4 Augustine Volcano[36] United States October 6, 1883 8 Augustine has had six significant eruptions: 1812, 1883–1884, 1935, 1963–1964, 1976, and 1986. Only the 1883 eruption produced a tsunami.
4 Tungurahua[37] Ecuador January 11, 1886 2 Two people were killed.
5 Mount Tarawera[38] New Zealand June 10, 1886 108+ Largest historical eruption in New Zealand.
4 Niuafo'ou[39] Tonga August 31, 1886 11 None known to have been killed during eruption, but several missing. Several older men, including chiefs of rank, died of shock; total of dead and missing is 11.
4 Mount Bandai[40] Japan July 15, 1888 477+ Debris avalanche buried several villages. Only around 116 bodies were known to have recovered and 70 were injured, mostly burned and scarred by pyroclastic flows.
4 Volcán de Colima[13] Mexico August 9, 1889
4 Suwanosejima[9] Japan October 2, 1889
4 Calbuco[41] Chile January 7, 1893 50–60 50–60 people were killed by burns from blocks and ash from hot avalanches. 200–300 animals were also known to have been killed.
4 Mount Mayon[10] Philippines May 23, 1897 Mayon's longest uninterrupted eruption occurred on June 23, 1897
4 Doña Juana[42] Colombia November 1, 1899

See also[]

External links[]

References[]

  1. ^ "Witori". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  2. ^ "Mount St. Helens". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  3. ^ "Tutupaca". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  4. ^ "Undocumented volcano contributed to extremely cold decade from 1810-1819 -- ScienceDaily".
  5. ^ http://www.bris.ac.uk/news/2014/september/unknown-eruption.html
  6. ^ http://www.volcanocafe.org/1809-the-missing-volcano/ retrieved 24 April 2018
  7. ^ "Soufriere St Vincent". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  8. ^ "Awu". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  9. ^ a b c "Suwanosejima". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  10. ^ a b "Mayon". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  11. ^ "Tambora". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  12. ^ "Raung". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  13. ^ a b "Colima". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  14. ^ a b "Usu". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  15. ^ "Galunggung". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  16. ^ "Kelud". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  17. ^ "Avachinsky". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  18. ^ "Klyuchevskaya". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  19. ^ "Babuyan Claro". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  20. ^ "Cosiguina". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  21. ^ "Agung". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  22. ^ "Hekla". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  23. ^ "Fonualei". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  24. ^ "Shiveluch". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  25. ^ "Hokkaido Komagatake". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  26. ^ a b "Fuego". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  27. ^ "Katla". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  28. ^ "Makian". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  29. ^ "Sinarka". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  30. ^ "Merapi". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  31. ^ "Grimsvotn". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  32. ^ "Askja". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  33. ^ "Vesuvius". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  34. ^ "Cotopaxi". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  35. ^ "Krakatau". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  36. ^ "Augustine". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  37. ^ "Tungurahua". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  38. ^ "Tarawera". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  39. ^ "Niuafo'ou". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  40. ^ "Bandaisan". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  41. ^ "Calbuco". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  42. ^ "Dona Juana". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
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