List of large volcanic eruptions of the 19th century
This is a list of volcanic eruptions of the 19th century measuring a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of at least 4. Note that there may be many other eruptions that have not been identified, and estimates for the size of eruptions can be subject to considerable uncertainties.
VEI | Volcano | Country | Date | Casualties | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | Witori[1] | Papua New Guinea | 1800 | ||
5 | Mount St. Helens[2] | United States | January 15, 1800 | The eruption was seen by Native Americans. Oral tradition of NE Washington tribes noted many people starved to death the winter following the eruption. | |
4 | Tutupaca[3] | Peru | March 20, 1802 | ||
6 | Unknown source | Unknown | December 4, 1808 | Greenland and Antarctic ice samples suggest an undocumented eruption roughly half the magnitude of Mount Tambora occurred, contributing to the 1810s being the coldest decade in at least 500 years.[4] Recent searches of documents suggest that it may have taken place in South Western Pacific Ocean around Dec 4, 1808 and observed in Colombia from December 11, 1808.[5] It is also known that the Chilean Putana volcano had a major eruption around this time with an approximate date of 1810 (with a 10-year margin of error), but is located 22 degrees south.[6] | |
4 | La Soufrière[7] | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | April 27, 1812 | 56 | Most fatalities were workers killed by falling hot stones and hut collapses. Some killed in a lake burst a few months after the eruption. |
4 | Mount Awu[8] | Indonesia | August 6, 1812 | ||
4 | Otake[9] | Japan | 1813 | ||
4 | Mount Mayon[10] | Philippines | February 1, 1814 | 1,200 | The Commission of Volcanology regarded most deaths as due to lahars but more recent work at Casagua suggests pyroclastic flows were dominant cause of fatalities. Town of Budiao destroyed; town of Camalig also destroyed and burned; towns of Albay, Guinobatan and Balusan partly destroyed. Some deaths from electrical discharges. |
7 | Mount Tambora[11] | Indonesia | April 5, 1815 | 71,000–250,100+ | Largest and deadliest volcanic eruption in recorded history. Caused the "Year Without a Summer" in 1816. |
4 | Mount Raung[12] | Indonesia | January 16, 1817 | Unknown number of deaths occurred. | |
4 | Volcán de Colima[13] | Mexico | February 15, 1818 | Medina lists fatalities and property damage. Servando de la Cruz suggests deaths could be due to starvation and disease after the eruption. | |
4 | Mount Usu[14] | Japan | March 12, 1822 | 50 | 50 killed and 53 injured (= CAVW total of 103), all in old village of Abuta (S side of volcano). 1,437 horses also killed and old Abuta destroyed. |
5 | Galunggung[15] | Indonesia | October 8, 1822 | 4,011 | 114 villages destroyed. Most of the fatalities are considered to have resulted from nuees ardentes, which extended 10 km. |
4 | Isanotski Peaks | United States | March 10, 1825 | ||
4 | Kelud[16] | Indonesia | October 11, 1826 | ||
4 | Avachinsky[17] | Russia | June 27, 1827 | ||
4 | Klyuchevskaya Sopka[18] | Russia | September 9, 1829 | ||
4 | Babuyan Claro[19] | Philippines | 1831 | ||
5 | Cosigüina[20] | Nicaragua | January 20, 1835 | 8+ | Despite the magnitude of the eruption there were few fatalities in this sparsely populated region; a few cattle ranchers near the base of the volcano and some fishermen in a boat offshore. Deaths were reported from "mephitic vapors". The death of a 7-year-old girl was reported at Union with sore throat believed to be caused by dust, and the death of 7 people in Leon on Jan 23. |
5 | Mount Agung[21] | Indonesia | 1843 | ||
4 | Hekla[22] | Iceland | September 2, 1845 | Damage to land and property. | |
4 | Fonualei[23] | Tonga | June 11, 1846 | ||
4 | Mount Usu[14] | Japan | April 22, 1853 | ||
5 | Shiveluch[24] | Russia | February 18, 1854 | The tephra volume was calculated to be 2 cubic kilometres with a margin of error of around 1 cubic kilometre. Eruptive characteristics include a central vent eruption, an explosion eruption, pyroclastic flows, a lava dome extrusion, damage to land and property, mudflows and lahars. | |
4 | Hokkaidō Koma-ga-take[25] | Japan | September 25, 1856 | 20 | Nearly all houses at Honbetsu near Shikabe were burned. 20 fatalities were produced by pumice flow. |
4 | Volcán de Fuego[26] | Guatemala | January 15, 1857 | ||
4 | Katla[27] | Iceland | May 8, 1860 | ||
4 | Makian[28] | Indonesia | December 28, 1861 | 309–326 | One estimate states that there were 326 deaths and 47 injuries. Ashflows reached the coast. Some drowned while fleeing by boat. Another estimate gives that 309 were killed and 15 villages were totally destroyed. |
4 | Sinarka[29] | Russia | 1872 | Ainu village destroyed, possibly by incandescent avalanches; this eruption is considered to be from Sinarka, not Kuntomintar. | |
4 | Mount Merapi[30] | Indonesia | April 15, 1872 | 200 | The ejection of incandescent Iapilli caused 30 fatalities and wounded many others in Selo, at the saddle between Merapi and Merbabu, burning about 50 houses. The paroxysmal phase that occurred April 17–20 produced many pyroclastic flows; three villages were completely destroyed and eight villages were partly destroyed, with many cattle killed. |
4 | Grímsvötn[31] | Iceland | January 8, 1873 | ||
5 | Askja[32] | Iceland | January 1, 1875 | Damage to land and property. | |
4 | Mount Vesuvius[33] | Italy | December 18, 1875 | ||
4 | Suwanosejima[9] | Japan | 1877 | ||
4 | Cotopaxi[34] | Ecuador | January, 1877 | 340 | It reported that at Mullao, the priest observed 20 people swept away by the lahar. The Latacunga district had 300 fatalities, not including outsiders and 20 Indians were killed by lahars at Napo. Coleman gives the death toll at 1,000 but the basis for this is not clear. |
4 | Volcán de Fuego[26] | Guatemala | June 28, 1880 | ||
6 | Krakatoa[35] | Indonesia | August 26, 1883 | 36,417 | Produced the loudest sound ever heard in recorded history, and was heard 3,000 miles (4,800 km) away. Caused a 5-year volcanic winter. The island had three volcanoes. Perboewatan (410 ft) and Danan (1,480 ft) were destroyed during the eruption, and Rakata (2,667 ft) was half destroyed and the surviving half remains above sea level. In 1928, a new volcano called Anak Krakatoa (1,063 ft) grew above sea level, forming a new island by Rakata's island. |
4 | Augustine Volcano[36] | United States | October 6, 1883 | 8 | Augustine has had six significant eruptions: 1812, 1883–1884, 1935, 1963–1964, 1976, and 1986. Only the 1883 eruption produced a tsunami. |
4 | Tungurahua[37] | Ecuador | January 11, 1886 | 2 | Two people were killed. |
5 | Mount Tarawera[38] | New Zealand | June 10, 1886 | 108+ | Largest historical eruption in New Zealand. |
4 | Niuafo'ou[39] | Tonga | August 31, 1886 | 11 | None known to have been killed during eruption, but several missing. Several older men, including chiefs of rank, died of shock; total of dead and missing is 11. |
4 | Mount Bandai[40] | Japan | July 15, 1888 | 477+ | Debris avalanche buried several villages. Only around 116 bodies were known to have recovered and 70 were injured, mostly burned and scarred by pyroclastic flows. |
4 | Volcán de Colima[13] | Mexico | August 9, 1889 | ||
4 | Suwanosejima[9] | Japan | October 2, 1889 | ||
4 | Calbuco[41] | Chile | January 7, 1893 | 50–60 | 50–60 people were killed by burns from blocks and ash from hot avalanches. 200–300 animals were also known to have been killed. |
4 | Mount Mayon[10] | Philippines | May 23, 1897 | Mayon's longest uninterrupted eruption occurred on June 23, 1897 | |
4 | Doña Juana[42] | Colombia | November 1, 1899 |
See also[]
- List of large volcanic eruptions in the 21st century
- List of large volcanic eruptions of the 20th century
- List of natural disasters by death toll
- Lists of volcanoes
External links[]
- VEI glossary entry from a USGS website
- How to measure the size of a volcanic eruption, from The Guardian
- The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth, a 2004 article from the Bulletin of Volcanology
- List of Large Holocene Eruptions (VEI > 4) from the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program
- VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index) from the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
References[]
- ^ "Witori". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Mount St. Helens". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Tutupaca". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Undocumented volcano contributed to extremely cold decade from 1810-1819 -- ScienceDaily".
- ^ http://www.bris.ac.uk/news/2014/september/unknown-eruption.html
- ^ http://www.volcanocafe.org/1809-the-missing-volcano/ retrieved 24 April 2018
- ^ "Soufriere St Vincent". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Awu". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ a b c "Suwanosejima". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ a b "Mayon". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Tambora". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Raung". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ a b "Colima". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ a b "Usu". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Galunggung". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Kelud". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Avachinsky". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Klyuchevskaya". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Babuyan Claro". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Cosiguina". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Agung". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Hekla". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Fonualei". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Shiveluch". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Hokkaido Komagatake". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ a b "Fuego". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Katla". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Makian". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Sinarka". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Merapi". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Grimsvotn". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Askja". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Vesuvius". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Cotopaxi". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Krakatau". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Augustine". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Tungurahua". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Tarawera". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Niuafo'ou". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Bandaisan". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Calbuco". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Dona Juana". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
Categories:
- 19th-century volcanic events
- Lists of disasters
- 19th century-related lists