List of pre-modern states

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article lists the many extinct states, countries, nations, empires or territories from Ancient History to just before the Early Modern period, grouped geographically. For the purposes of this list, the Early Modern period begins at the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. For earlier civilizations, see prehistory.

Europe, North Africa and the Near East[]

Ancient[]

There were also numerous Celtic, Germanic, and Slavic Tribes.

Medieval[]

England[]

After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Romano-British territories became increasingly fragmented. This was a result of the traditional system of Celtic inheritance: the realm was split amongst all sons upon a king's death. This situation was made worse after c. 449 when Jutes and Anglo-Saxons began colonising the south-eastern seaboards. As Jutes and Anglo-Saxons drove further inland, remaining Celts fled to the far corners of the island. Eventually the Romano-Britons (now known to the Anglo-Saxons as "Welsh") were assimilated or driven into the highlands of Cambria (Wales) or Caledonia (Scotland).

Sub-Roman Brythonic kingdoms in England

  • Dumnonia, a realm named after the Dumnonii in the southwest.[60]
    • Kingdom of Cornwall, ca. 720–870, rump state after the fall of Dumnonia to Wessex.
  • Bryneich, a hypothesised kingdom in the modern-day northeast of England. The region is also thought to have been a part of Gododdin.
  • Ebrauc, a small kingdom centred on York.
  • Calchfynedd, a kingdom in the Chiltern or Cheviot Hills.
  • Elmet, a substantial kingdom near Leeds extinguished in 616.
  • Rheged, another substantial kingdom, divided into north and south, in the northwest of modern England.[61]
  • Pengwern, a significant kingdom in what is now Shropshire.[62]

Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England

  • Northumbria,[63] formed out of the two northern Anglian kingdoms:[64]
    • Beornice or Bernicia, a small kingdom comprising the northern part of Northumbria.[65]
    • Dere or Deira, a small kingdom comprising the southern part of Northumbria.[65]
  • Mercia,[66] which absorbed the smaller kingdoms of Lindsey[67] and Hwicce.[68]
  • East Anglia.[69]
  • Kent.[70]
  • Sussex,[71] kingdom of the South Saxons.
  • Wessex,[72] kingdom of the West Saxons.
  • Essex, kingdom of the East Saxons.[73]
  • Haestingas, a Saxon tribe in part of Sussex.
  • Magonsaete, an Anglian tribe in the hills of Shropshire.
  • Hwicce, an Anglian tribe in modern Gloucestershire and Worcestershire.[68]
  • Middle Saxons, a Saxon tribe in modern Middlesex and Hertfordshire.[74]
  • , the Saxons of modern Surrey.[75][76]
  • , a small Middle Angle tribe in modern Cambridgeshire.[citation needed]
  • , an Anglian tribe in the hills of Shropshire.[citation needed]
  • Gyre, a small Middle Angle tribe in modern Cambridgeshire.[citation needed]
  • , the Jutes[77] of the Isle of Wight.

Kingdom of England[78]

Wales[]

Sub-Roman and Medieval Brythonic kingdoms in Wales Wales experienced a similar history during this time, although the Welsh population successfully resisted the influx of Anglo-Saxon settlers into the British Isles. The country was home to a number of princedoms until England's ultimate conquest of the region in the later medieval period.

Scotland[]

Sub-Roman Cumbric kingdoms in Scotland

Pictish kingdoms in Scotland

  • Cait — situated in modern Caithness and Sutherland
  • Ce — situated in modern Mar and Buchan
  • Circinn — perhaps situated in modern Angus and the Mearns[37]
  • Fib — the modern Fife, known to this day as 'the Kingdom of Fife'
  • Fidach — location unknown
  • Fotla — modern Atholl (Ath-Fotla)[38]
  • Fortriu — cognate with the Verturiones of the Romans; recently shown to be centered around Moray

Gaelic kingdoms in Scotland

  • Dál Riata, the proto-state that became Scotland. (this kingdom spanned western Scotland and northeastern Ireland)

Other

  • Kingdom of Scotland

Ireland[]

Extinct kingdoms in Ireland Ireland during the early medieval period consisted of some two hundred tuathas or minor kingdoms, which were in turn vassals of the rulers of an over-kingdom, called a cóiced (usually translated as a portion, a fifth, or a province). The most prominent of these kingdoms were

Between the 8th and 12th centuries, various Ard Rí attempted unsuccessfully to impose their rule over all the kingdoms in Ireland. Among those whose efforts almost made this a reality were Flann Sinna, reigned 877-916); Niall Glúndub mac Áedo (916-919); Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig (1002–1014); Toirdhealbhach Ua Briain (1055–1086; and Toirdhealbhach Ua Conchobhair (1119–1156). The last of these kingdoms ceased to exist in the early 17th century. Further Irish kingdoms included:

For further information see Irish kings.

France[]

  • Frankish Kingdom/Carolingian Empire (~419–843)
    • West Francia, which eventually developed into the Kingdom of France
  • Visigothic Kingdom of Tolosa, encompassing southwestern France (418-507)
  • Central Francia
  • Duchy of Burgundy (880–1482), dynastic pivot – in personal union – of most of the Low Countries and much of eastern and northern France
  • Duchy of Brittany (841 to 1532)
  • Papal states of
  • Republic of St. Tropez (1470–1672)
  • Duchy of Normandy - this state technically continues to exist as the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey, British crown dependencies not a part of the United Kingdom, while the rest was incorporated into France.
  • Duchy of Bar

Low Countries[]

  • in the Low Countries (present Belgium and/or Netherlands, but not Luxembourg)
    • Seventeen Provinces was transformed
    • Batavian Republic
    • Countship of Flanders
    • Duchy of Gelre (roughly Guelders), another claimant to archducal rank
    • Countship of Holland
    • Duchy of Bouillon
    • Drenthe
    • Prince-bishopric of Liège
    • Duchy of Brabant, claiming the rank of archduchy as premier principality in the former duchy of Lower Lotharingia
    • (its personal union with Holland was not a state as such)
    • Breda
    • Bergen op Zoom
    • Arkel
    • Thorn
    • Montfoort
    • Friesland (Frisia)
    • Groningen
    • Oostergo
    • Westergo
    • Gemert
    • Woerden
    • Prince-bishopric of Utrecht
    • Countship of Zutphen

Germany and neighbouring countries[]

  • in historic and present-day Germany and neighbouring countries/regions
    • East Francia
    • Pomerania ruled by the Dukes of Pomerania (1121–1637)
    • Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights
    • Great Moravia

Spain and Portugal[]

Italy[]

  • in present Italy
  • Roman states
    • Roman monarchy (787-525 BC)
    • Roman Republic (525-27 BC)
    • Roman Empire (27 BC-476 AD)
  • Post-Roman Kingdom of Italy
    • Republic of Venice (727–1797)
    • Republic of Genoa (~1000–1797)
    • Carantania
    • Duchy of Lucca
    • Duchy of Modena and Reggio
    • Duchy of Parma
    • Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
    • Duchy (first Countship) of Savoy (1416–1714)
    • Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily (1043–1410, 1442–1500, 1735–1816)
    • Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1816–1860)
    • Tuscany
    • Papal States – partially annexed by the kingdom of Italy in 1860, completely annexed in 1870
    • and many minor city states and feudal principalities
  • in present Sicily
    • Etruscan civilization
    • Roman Republic
    • Roman Empire
    • Western Roman Empire
    • Ostrogoths
    • Byzantine Empire
    • Emirate of Cordoba

Russia and Ukraine[]

Main article: List of early East Slavic states
  • In and around present-day European Russia and Ukraine:
    • Volga Bulgaria (660-1236)
    • Novgorod Republic
    • Golden Horde - in 1430s into Kazan Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, Siberia Khanate, Big Horde; Russia finally became independent
    • Khazar Empire (652-1016)
    • Kievan Rus (860 - 12th century)
    • Trubczewsk - Originally a sub-principality under Novhorod-Siversky, Trubchevsk was independent sporadically throughout the Middle Ages, in 1164–1196, 1202–1211, 1212–1240, 1378–1399, and finally in 1462–1503.
    • Grand Duchy of Lithuania (-1795)

Balkans[]

Category:Former countries in the Balkans

  • Balkan states
    • Principality of Arbër (1190-1255)
    • Republic of Ragusa/Dubrovnik (1358-1808)
    • Medieval Croatian state (~800s-1102)
    • Great Bulgaria (632-660)
    • First Bulgarian Empire (681-1018)
    • Second Bulgarian Empire (1186–1396)
    • Bulgarian Khanate (681-864)
    • Lordship of Zeta
  • Byzantine Empire (330-1453)
    • Empire of Nicaea (1204–1261)
    • Empire of Trebizond
    • Despotate of Epirus
    • Despotate of Morea
  • European Crusader States (1098–1291)
    • Latin Empire of Constantinople
    • Kingdom of Thessalonica
    • Principality of Achaea
    • Duchy of Athens
    • Duchy of the Archipelago
  • Serbian Principality (7th century-c. 960)
  • Grand Principality of Duklja (1043–1101)
  • Serbian Grand Principality (1101–1217)
  • Serbian Kingdom (1217–1345),
  • Serbian Empire (1345–1371),

Middle East[]

  • Sultanate of Rum (1077–1307)
  • Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1080–1375)
  • Crusader States (1098–1291)
    • Countship of Edessa
    • Kingdom of Jerusalem
    • Principality of Antioch
    • Countship of Tripoli
    • Kingdom of Cyprus
  • Khwarezmian Empire (1077–1220)
  • Mongol Empire established in 1206, split in 1260s, though some of its successor states lasted for a few centuries
  • Great Seljuq Empire
  • Timurid Empire Persia, Central Asia, and part of India
  • Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461)
  • Uyunid Emirate (1076–1253)
  • Ottoman Empire (1299–1923)

Other[]

Caucuses[]

  • Crimean Khanate (1441-1783)
  • Dzungar (1634–1757)

North Africa[]

  • Kingdom of Egypt, (3100-1550BC), Early Dynastic, 1st, 2nd Intermediate, Middle Kingdom periods.
  • Egyptian Empire (1550-1069BC), New Kingdom period.
  • Kingdom of Egypt (1069-332BC), 3rd Intermediate and Late period.
  • Kingdom of Carthage, (814-650BC)
  • Carthaginian Empire, (650-146BC)
  • Fatimid Caliphate (909-1171) in North Africa
  • Sanhaja
  • Mauretania 3rd century BC–431 AD, 533–698

Asia[]

South Asia[]

  • Indus Valley Civilisation (Harappa, Mohenjo Daro (3100-1200 BC)
  • Janapadas (c. 1200 - 6th century BC)
  • Mahajanapadas (600-300 bc)
  • Magadha
  • Nanda Empire
  • Maurya Empire
  • Shunga Empire
  • Kanva Empire
  • Mahameghavana dynasty
  • Kuninda Kingdom
  • Indo Scythian Kingdom
  • Chera dynasty (c. 5th century BC–1102 AD)
  • Pandyan Kingdom
  • Chola Empire, which spread to Malaya, Indonesia, Ceylon (300s BC–1279)
  • Satavahana Empire
  • Indo-Greek Kingdom
  • Indo-Parthian Kingdom
  • Western Satraps
  • Kushan Empire
  • Indo-Sassanid Kingdom
  • Kalabhras Kingdom
  • Gupta Empire
  • Pallava dynasty
  • Kadamba Dynasty
  • Western Ganga Dynasty
  • Vishnukundina
  • Huna Kingdom
  • Chalukya dynasty
  • Harsha
  • Eastern Chalukyas
  • Pratihara Empire
  • Pala Empire
  • Rashtrakuta Dynasty
  • Paramara dynasty
  • Yadava Kingdom
  • Chaulukya kingdom
  • Western Chalukya Empire
  • Hoysala Empire
  • Sena dynasty
  • Eastern Ganga dynasty
  • Kakatiya dynasty
  • Kalachuri
  • Muslim Sultanates
    • Delhi Sultanate
  • Ahom Kingdom
  • Vijayanagara Empire
  • Kingdom of Mysore (1399–1947)
  • Madurai
  • Thanjavur Nayak kingdom
  • Maratha Empire
  • Sikh Empire (1799–1849)
  • Mughal Empire (1526–1857)

China[]

The many Chinese states had an influence on surrounding regions; from the Song Dynasty period alone, this includes:

  • Liao Dynasty (Khitan ethnicity)
  • Western Xia (Tangut ethnicity)
  • Jin Dynasty (Jurchen ethnicity)

A number of now-extinct states formed under Chinese influence along the Silk Road in the Tarim Basin, including:

  • Karasahr
  • Khotan
  • Kucha
  • Yarkand

Unsorted:

  • Tibetan Empire (7th to the 11th century)
  • Nanzhao (737-902)
  • Kingdom of Dali (937-1253)
  • Guge (c. 900-c. 1650)

Korea[]

The early history of Korea was as complex as that of neighbouring China. A number of Korean states existed on the peninsula and reached up into Manchuria before the formation of the modern state of Korea. These included:

Japan[]

  • Republic of Ezo
  • Ryukyu Kingdom

Philippines[]

Vietnam[]

The country of Vietnam in the past was very different from the present. The first Vietnamese kingdom occupied only present-day northern Vietnam. In the 10th century, Vietnam began to push to the south for the next 1000 years, which was called Nam Tiến (southward expansion) in Vietnamese. It conquered other kingdoms and was split by civil war. All the kingdoms that united to form Vietnam are:

Cambodia/Laos/Thailand[]

  • Khmer Empire (Cambodian Empire) 802–1431
  • Chenla
  • Óc Eo
  • Langkasuka
  • Sukhothai kingdom
  • Tambralinga
  • Patani Kingdom
  • Lanna
  • Dvaravati
  • Raktamaritika
  • Hariphunchai

Burma[]

Malaya/Indonesia[]

  • Pasai
  • Gangga Negara
  • Pan Pan
  • Tarumanagara
  • Sultanate of Aceh
  • Sultanate of Demak
  • Majapahit
  • Mataram Kingdom
  • Sunda Kingdom
  • Melayu Kingdom
  • Singhasari
  • Kediri (historical kingdom)
  • Malacca Sultanate
  • Pala Empire
  • Singhasari
  • Srivijaya
  • Johor Sultanate
  • Federation of Malaya
  • Kingdom of Pajang
  • Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo - Sulu is now included in the Philippines, while North Borneo is now the Malaysian State of Sabah

Pre-Columbian America[]

The Americas have historically been home to a number of indigenous states, civilizations and societies of great complexity. Those indigenous states that still existed by the time of the first permanent European colonizations, from the late 15th century onwards, were soon substantively destroyed and/or absorbed. The list below includes both those that ceased to exist before this European arrival, and those that ceased to independently function because of this impact.

  • Ancestral Puebloans (Anasazi)
  • Aztec Empire
  • Cahokia
  • Carib
  • Chachapoya
  • Chimú
  • Ciboney
  • Huari (Wari)
  • Inca civilization
  • Tiwanaku
  • Maya civilization
  • Moche (Mochica)
  • Nazca (Ica-Nazca)
  • Olmec
  • Selk’nam
  • Taino
  • Timucuan
  • Teotihuacan Empire
  • Tlaxcala
  • Toltecs
  • Tahuantinsuyu (the Inca Empire)

In addition, there were a wide variety of pre-Inca cultures, few of which developed into organised states.

Oceania[]

See List of Indigenous Australian group names for a list of territories that have ceased to exist as political entities, grouped geographically and by constitutional nature. See List of iwi for a similar list of New Zealand Māori tribal divisions.

See also[]

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