List of former sovereign states

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources:  –  ·  ·  · scholar · JSTOR (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

This list is incomplete; you can help by . (August 2008)

A historical sovereign state is a state that once existed, but has since been dissolved due to conflict, war, rebellion, annexation, or uprising. This page lists sovereign states, countries, nations, or empires that have ceased to exist as political entities, grouped geographically and by constitutional nature.^{[note 1]}

The most recent sovereign states to cease to exist within each continent are:

• Africa: The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, which was overthrown in a civil war in 2011 to form the State of Libya.
• Asia: The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, which was overthrown by the Taliban in 2021 after a 20-year long armed conflict to form the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
• Europe: Serbia and Montenegro was dissolved in 2006, which later formed the modern separate countries of Montenegro and Serbia, as well as the partially recognized state of Kosovo since 2008, which is claimed by Serbia. The unrecognized Republic of Crimea declared independence from Ukraine in 2014 before being absorbed into Russia.
• North America: The Duvalier dynasty of Haiti, which was removed in 1986 to form the Republic of Haiti.
• South America: The Republic of Venezuela, which was reformed in 1999 into the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Criteria for inclusion[]

The criteria for inclusion in this list are similar to that of the List of states with limited recognition. To be included here, a polity must have claimed statehood and either:

• had de facto control over a territory, a population, a government, a capacity to enter into relations with other states, or
• have been recognised as a state by at least one other state.

For purposes of this list, the cutoff between medieval and early modern states is the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Ancient and medieval states[]

• List of Copper Age states
• List of Bronze Age states
• List of Classical Age states
• List of Iron Age states
• List of states during Late Antiquity
• List of states during the Middle Ages

Modern states and territories by geography[]

Africa[]

This article appears to contradict the article List of pre-modern states. Please see discussion on the linked talk page. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Morocco (Maghreb al-Aksa)[]

• Almoravid dynasty (1040–1147)
• Almohad Caliphate (1121–1269)
• Saadi principality of Sus and Tagmadert (independence recognized in 1527 through the treaty of Tadla, reunified with Morocco after the Saadi dynasty overthrew the Wattasid dynasty in 1549)
• Naqsid principality of Tetouan (independence from Morocco in 1597, annexed to Morocco in 1673)
• Republic of Salé (independence from Morocco in 1627, annexed to Morocco in 1668)
• Alaouite principality of Tafilalet (1631–1666, reunified with Morocco)
• Rif Republic (1921, after the Spanish defeat in the Battle of Annual; finally conquered by Spain in 1926)

Egypt, Sudan and Libya[]

• Makuria (5th century-Late 15th/16th century)
• Alodia (6th century–c. 1500)
• Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1260a/1341)
• Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517)
• Egypt Eyalet (1517–1867)
• Sultanate of Sennar – annexed by Egypt in 1821
• Sultanate of Darfur (1603–1874/1898–1916)
• Mahdist State (1885–1899)
• Sultanate of Egypt (1914–1922)
• Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)
• Kingdom of Libya (1951–1969)
• Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)
• Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)
• Libyan Arab Republic (1969–1977)
• Democratic Republic of the Sudan (1969–1985)
• Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)
• Tripolitanian Republic (1918-1922)

Modern Algeria (Central Maghreb)[]

• Rustamid dynasty (761–909)
• Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171)
• Zirid dynasty (972–1148)
• Eyalet of Tunis (1574–1705)
• Hafsid dynasty (1229–1574)
• Kingdom of Tlemcen (independence from the Almohad Empire in 1235, annexed to the Regency of Algiers in 1556)
• Kingdom of Kuku (1515–c. 1638)
• Kingdom of Ait Abbas (annexed in 1871 by France)
• Sultanate of Tuggurt (vassal of the Regency of Algiers from 1552, annexed by France in 1830)
• Regency of Algiers (formed in 1516, gained Quasi-Independence from the Ottomans in 1710, annexed by France in 1830)
• Emirate of Abdelkader (formed in 1832 as a resistance against French enroachment, annex by France in 1847)

Comoro Islands[]

• State of the Comoros (1963–1978)
• Ali Soilih Regime (1976-1978)
• Federal and Islamic Republic of the Comoros (1978-2001)
• State of Anjouan (1997-2002), (2007-2008)

Madagascar[]

• Kingdom of Antankarana – made a French protectorate in 1843, annexed in 1895
• Kingdom of Antongil (1773–1786)
• Kingdom of Boina (c. 1690–1840)
• Kingdom of Menabe (c. 1685–1834)
• Kingdom of Imerina (1540–1897)
• Kingdom of Tamatave (1712–1828)
• Kingdom of Tanibe (1822–1828)
• Malagasy Republic (1958–1975)
• Democratic Republic of Madagascar (1975–1992)
• Third Republic of Madagascar (1992–2010)

Sub-Saharan Africa[]

• Bornu Empire (c. 1380–1893)
• Kanem–Bornu Empire (c. 700–1380)
• Shilluk Kingdom (15th century–1861)
• Wadai Empire (1501–1912)
• Kingdom of Baguirmi (1480/1522–1897)
• Central African Empire (1976–1979)

Horn of Africa[]

• Kingdom of Aksum (c. 80 BCE– c. 960 CE)
• Medri Bahri (c. 1137–1879)
• Adal Sultanate (1415–1559)
• Imamate of Aussa (16th century–1750)
• Aussa Sultanate (1734–1936)
• Isaaq Sultanate (1750–1884)
• Habr Yunis Sultanate (c. 1769–1907)
• Ajuran Sultanate (13th century–17th century)
• Sultanate of Hobyo (1878–1925)
• Majeerteen Sultanate (c. 1800–1924)
• Sultanate of the Geledi (17th century–1910)
• Sultanate of Bale (13th century–c. 1320)
• Kingdom of Simien
• Kingdom of Kaffa (c. 1390–1897)
• Hadiya Sultanate (13th century–15th century)
• Welayta Kingdom (c. 1250-1894)
• Kingdom of Janjero (c.15th century–1894)
• Kingdom of Gumma (c. 1770–1902)
• Kingdom of Gomma (c. 1780– 1886)
• Kingdom of Gera (c. 1835–1887)
• Kingdom of Jimma (1790–1932)
• Ennarea (14th century–c. 1710)
• Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea (1801–1891)
• Emirate of Harar (1647–1887)
• Somali Republic (1960–1969)
• Somali Democratic Republic (1969–1991)
• Ethiopian Empire (1270-1974)
• Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (1974–1987)
• People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1987-1991)

Western Africa[]

• Emirate of Trarza (1640–1902)
• Emirate of Tagant
• Emirate of Brakna
• Mali Empire (c. 1230 – c. 1670)
• Bamana Empire (1712–1861)
• Khasso (17th century–19th century)
• Sultanate of Agadez (1449–1900)
• Songhai Empire (c. 1340–1591)
• Mossi States
  • Gurunsi (c. 1870–1899)
  • Gwiriko Kingdom (1714–1897)
  • Liptako (1718–1897, fully disestablished 1963)
  • Tenkodogo (c. 1120–1897)
  • Wogodogo (1182?–1897)
  • Yatenga (?–1895)
  • Bilanga
  • Bilayanga
  • Bongandini
  • Con
  • Macakoali
  • Piela
  • Nungu (1204–1895)
• Zabarma Emirate (1860–1897)
• Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903)
• Sultanate of Damagaram (1731–1851)
• Empire of Great Fulo (Denanke Kingdom) (1490–1776)
• Imamate of Futa Toro (1725–1861)
• Jolof Empire (1350–1549)
• Kingdom of Jolof (1549–1875)
• Kingdom of Sine (c. 1520–1867, fully disestablished 1969)
• Kingdom of Saloum (1494–1864, fully disestablished 1969)
• Kingdom of Baol (1555–1895)
• Kingdom of Cayor (1549–1879)
• Kingdom of Waalo (1287–1855)
• Bundu (?–1858)
• National Revolutionary Council of the Gambia (30 July 1981 – 5 August 1981)
• Kaabu (1537–1867)
• Imamate of Futa Jallon (1725–1912)
• Toucouleur Empire (1861–1890)
• Wassoulou Empire (1878–1898)
• Kong Empire (1710–1898)
• Kingdom of Dagbon (c. 1250-1899?)
• Ashanti Empire (1670/1701–1902)
• Bonoman (11th century–20th century)
• Gyaaman (c. 1450–1895)
• Denkyira (c. 1500–1701)
• Mankessim Kingdom (1252–1844)
• Fante Confederacy (16th century–1873)
• Kingdom of Dahomey (c. 1600–1904)
• Oyo Empire (c. 1300–1896)
• Kingdom of Benin (1180–1897)
• Kingdom of Nri (10th century?–1911)
• Aro Confederacy (1690–1902)
• Kwararafa (c. 1500 – c. 1840)
• Thomas Sankara's Burkina Faso government (1984–1987)
• People's Revolutionary Republic of Guinea (1979–1984)
• Republic of Maryland (1854–1857)
• Dominion of Ghana (1957–1960)
• First Republic of Ghana (1960–1966)
• Second Republic of Ghana (1966–1979)
• Third Republic of Ghana (1979–1993)
• Republic of Dahomey (1958–1975)
• People's Republic of Benin (1975–1990)
• Republic of Benin (September 19, 1967 – September 20, 1967)
• Biafra (1967–1970)
• Federation of Nigeria (1960–1963)
• First Nigerian Republic (1963–1966)
• Federal Republic of Nigeria (first junta) (1966–1979)
• Second Nigerian Republic (1979–1983)
• Federal Republic of Nigeria (second junta) (1983–1999)

African Great Lakes[]

• Buganda (14th century–1894, still exists as traditional kingdom)
• Bunyoro (13th century–1897, still exists as traditional kingdom)
• Ankole (1478–1901, fully disestablished 1967)
• Toro Kingdom (1830–1876, still exists as traditional kingdom)
• Busoga (?–1906, still exists as traditional kingdom)
• Kingdom of Rwanda (11th century–1885, fully disestablished 1962)
• Kingdom of Burundi (1680–1890/1962–1966)
• Kingdom of Karagwe
• Uganda (monarchy in The Commonwealth) (1962–1963)
• First Republic of Uganda (1962–1971)
• Second Republic of Uganda (1971–1979)
• Third Republic of Uganda (1979–1986)

Eastern Africa[]

• Pate Sultanate (1203–1870)
• Malindi Kingdom (9th century–15th century)
• Mombasa Sultanate (1502–1887, fully disestablished 1963)
• Witu Sultanate (c. 1810–1905/1923)
• Kilwa Sultanate (957–1513)
• Kingdom of Maravi (c. 1480–1891)
• Sultanate of Zanzibar (pre–1503/4, 1856–1890, 1963–1964)
• Kenya (1963–1964)
• People's Republic of Zanzibar (1964)
• Tanganyika (1961–1962)
• People's Republic of Mozambique (1975–1990)

Central Africa[]

• Kingdom of Loango (c. 1550 – c. 1883)
• Yaka Kingdom (17th century–18th century)
• Anziku Kingdom (?–19th century)
• Kingdom of Kongo (1390–1914)
• Kuba Kingdom (1625–1884)
• Kingdom of Luba (1585–1889)
• Kingdom of Lunda (c. 1600–1887)
• Yeke Kingdom (1856–1891)
• Kingdom of Ndongo (16th century–1671)
• Kasanje Kingdom (1620–1910)
• Kingdom of Matamba (1631–1744)
• Mbunda Kingdom (1700–1914)
• Chokwe Kingdom
• Kazembe Kingdom
• People's Republic of the Congo (1969–1992)
• Congo-Léopoldville (1960–1971)
• International Association of the Congo (1879–1885)
• Congo Free State (1885–1908)
• Republic of Zaire (1971–1997)

Southern Africa[]

• Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c. 1075–c. 1220)
• Kingdom of Barotseland
• Kingdom of Mutapa (1430–1760)
• Kingdom of Zimbabwe (1220–1450)
• Kingdom of Butua (1450��c. 1683)
• Rozvi Empire (1660–1889)
• Kingdom of Mthwakazi (1823–1894)
• Ndebele Kingdom
• Gaza Empire (1824–1895)
• Mthethwa Empire (c. 1780–1817)
• Zulu Kingdom (1816–1897)
• South African Republic (Transvaal) (1856–1877, 1881–1902)
• Orange Free State (1854–1902)
• Nieuwe Republiek (1884–1888)
• Natalia Republic (1839–1843)
• State of Goshen (1882–1883)
• Republic of Stellaland (1882–1885)
• United States of Stellaland (1883–1885)
• Republic of Upingtonia (1885–1887)
• Union of South Africa (1910–1961)
• Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953–1963)
• South African Federation (1961–1994)
  • Bophuthatswana (1977–1994)
  • Ciskei (1981–1994)
  • Transkei (1976–1994)
  • Venda (1979–1994)
•  Rhodesia (1965–1979)
•  Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979)
• People's Republic of Angola (1975–1992)

Asia[]

Central Asia[]

• Mongol Empire (1206-1368)
• Chagatai Khanate (1225–1680)
• Kart dynasty (1244-1381)
• Uzbek Khanate (1428–1471)
• Nogai Horde (1440–1634)
• Kazakh Khanate (1465–1848)
• Khanate of Bukhara (1506–1785)
• Khanate of Khiva (1511–1873)
• Dzungar Khanate (1634–1755)
• Khanate of Kokand (1709–1868)
• Emirate of Bukhara (1785–1873)
• Alash Autonomy (1917–1918)
• Turkestan Autonomy (1917–1918)
• Khanate of Khiva (1511–1920)
• Confederated Republic of Altai (1917–1920)
• "second" Confederated Republic of Altai (1921–1922)
• Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
• Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
• First East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934)
• Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949)

East Asia[]

• Liao dynasty (916–1125)
• Khamag Mongol (10th century–1206)
• Northern Fujiwara (1087–1189)
• Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
• Kamakura shogunate (1192–1333)
• Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)
• Ashikaga shogunate (1336–1573)
• Ming dynasty (1368–1644)
• Republic of China (based on mainland China 1912–1949; continued existence on Taiwan since 1949 — internationally recognized until 1971)
• Azuchi–Momoyama (1568–1600)
• Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868)
• Republic of Ezo (1869)
• Republic of Formosa (1895)
• Hunan Soviet in a continental Chinese province (1927)
• Jiangxi Soviet (1931–1937)
• People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China (1933–1934)
• Hunan Soviet (1927)
• Guangzhou Commune (1927)
• Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet (1931–1934)
• Allied Occupied Japan (1945-1952)
• Soviet Zone of China (1927–1949)
• Manchukuo (1932–1945)
• Qing Dynasty (1636–1912)
• East Hebei Autonomous Government (1935–1938)
• Mengjiang United Autonomous Government (1939–1945)
• Shanghai Great Way Government (1937–1938)
• Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)
• Reformed Government of the Republic of China (1938–1940)
• Reorganized National Government of China (1940–1945)
• Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1919)
• People's Republic of Mongolia (1921–1924)
• Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)
• Inner Mongolian People's Republic (1945)
• Ryukyu Kingdom (1429–1879)
• Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–1864)
• Tibet under Ganden Phodrang government (1644–1720)
• Tibet (1912–1951)
• Tibetan states (900–1240, 1300–1620)
• Tibetan Empire (618–842)
• Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1944)
• Uryankhay Republic (1911–1914)
• Uryankhay Krai (1914)

Korean Peninsula[]

• Gojoseon (Unknown(2333BC?)–108 BC)
• Jin (4th century BCE–2nd century BCE)
• Goguryeo (37 BC–668 AD)
• Joseon (1392–1897)
• Korean Empire (1897–1910)
• Korean People's Association in Manchuria (1929–1931)
• Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (1919–1945)
• People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946)
• First Republic of Korea (1948–1960)
• Second Republic of Korea (1960–1961)
• Supreme Council for National Reconstruction (1961–1963)
• Third Republic of Korea (1963–1972)
• Fourth Republic of Korea (1972–1981)
• Fifth Republic of Korea (1981–1987)

West Asia[]

Afghanistan[]

• Hotak Dynasty (1709–1738)
• Durrani Empire (1747–1826)
• Emirate of Afghanistan (1823–1926)
• Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1973)
• Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)
• Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992)
• Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992–2002)
• Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (2002–2004)
• Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004-2021)

Anatolia[]

• Sultanate of Rum (1077–1308)
• Principality of Antioch (1098–1268)
• Beylik of Isfendiyar (1292–1461)
• Alaiye (1293–1471)
• Beylik of Bafra (14th century–1460)
• Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461)
• Beylik of Alaiye (1293–1471)
• Beylik of Karaman (1250–1487)
• Beylik of Dulkadir (1337–1522)
• Ramadanid Emirate (1352–1608)
• Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1501)
• Kara Koyunlu (1374–1468)
• Emirate of Hasankeyf (1232–1524)
• Kars Republic (1918–1919)
• Ottoman Empire (c. 1281–1923)

Cyprus[]

• Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1489)

Mesopotamia[]

• Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1187 1192–1291)
• Kingdom of Kurdistan (1922–1924)
• Kingdom of Iraq (1932–1958)
• Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan (1946–1949)
• All-Palestine Government (1948–1967)
• Arab Federation (1958)
• Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)
• Israeli Military Governorate (1967–1981/82)
• Ba'athist Iraq (1968–2003)

Persia[]

• Elymais (147 BC–224 AD)
• Sasanian Empire (224–651)
• Achaemenid Empire (550 BC–330 BC)
• Median Dynasty (c. 678 BC–c. 549 BC)
• Jalayirid Sultanate (1335–1432)
• Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
• Kar-Kiya dynasty (1370s–1592)
• Baduspanids (665–1598)
• Marashiyan dynasty (1359–1596)
• Afrasiyab dynasty (1349–1504)
• Mihrabanid dynasty (1236–1537)
• Timurid Empire (1370–1507)
• Safavid Iran (1501–1736)
• Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
• Zand dynasty (1751–1794)
• Sublime State of Persia (1789–1925)
• Persian Soviet Socialist Republic in Gilan (Iran) (1920–1921)
• Azerbaijan People's Government (1941–1946)
• Republic of Mahabad (1946–1947)
• Imperial State of Iran (1925–1979)
• Interim Government of Iran (1979)

Levant[]

• Arab Kingdom of Syria (1920)
• First Syrian Republic (1946–1950)
• Second Syrian Republic (1950–1963)
• United Arab Republic (1958–1971)
• Islamic State (2014–2017)

Arabian Peninsula[]

• Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258), (1261–1517)
• Sheikhdom of Kuwait (1613–1961)
• Bani Khalid Emirate (1669–1796)
• Emirate of Diriyah (1744–1812)
• Emirate of Nejd (1812–1891)
• Muscat and Oman (1820–1892)
• Emirate of Jabal Shammar (1836–1921)
• Emirate of Riyadh (1902–1913)
• Idrisid Emirate of Asir (1906–1934)
• Sheikdom of Upper Asir (1916-1920)
• Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (1913–1921)
• Sultanate of Nejd (1921–1925)
• Kingdom of Hejaz (1916–1925)
• Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz (1926–1932)
• Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1962)
• Fadhli Sultanate (15th century–1888)
• Qu'aiti Sultanate in Hadhramaut (1858–1888)
• Sultanate of Upper Yafa (1800–1903)
• Sultanate of Lower Yafa (1800–1895)
• Emirate of Beihan (1680–1872)
• Emirate of Dhala (15th century–1904)
• Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf in Hadhramaut (1640–1888)
• Wahidi Sultanate of Haban in Hadhramaut (1640–1895)
• Kathiri Sultanate in Hadhramaut (14th century–1888)
• Mahra State of Qishn and Socotra (1432–1886)
• Sultanate of Lahej (1728–1839)
• Federation of South Arabia (1962-1967)
• Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990)
• People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967–1990)
• Republic of Kuwait (1990)
• Democratic Republic of Yemen (1994)

South Asia[]

• Kushan Empire (30–375)
• Chola dynasty (300s BCE–1279 CE)
• Garhwal Kingdom (823–1949)
• Kingdom of Cochin (Before 12th century CE–1949)
• Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)
• Jaffna Kingdom (1215–1619)
• Kingdom of Gampola (1341–1408)
• Sur Empire (1540–1556)
• Laur Kingdom (600–1565)
• Pandya dynasty ( 6th to 10th centuries CE)
• Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)
• Kingdom of Mysore (1399–1948)
• Bijapur Sultanate (Adil Shahi dynasty, 1490–1686)
• Pratapgarh Kingdom (1489–1700s)
• Principality of Bengal (1717-1757)^{[note 2]}
• Maratha Empire (1674–1820)
• Jaintia Kingdom (500-1835)
• Sikh Empire (1799–1849)
• Mughal Empire (1526–1857)
• Provisional Government of Free India (1943–1945)
• Hyderabad State (1724–1798)
• Travancore (1729–1795)
• Udaipur State (734–1818)
• Manikya dynasty (1400–1761)
• United Suvadive Republic (1959–1963)
• Sultanate of Maldives (1117–1796), (1954–1968)
• Sikkim (1642–1861)
• Dominion of Ceylon (1948–1972)
• Kingdom of Nepal (1768-2008)

Southeast Asia[]

• In Cambodia :
  • Funan (50-550)
  • Chenla (550-802)
  • Khmer Empire (802-1431)
  • Kingdom of Cambodia (1431–1863)
  • Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)
  • First Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)
  • Khmer Republic (1970-1975)
  • Democratic Kampuchea (1975-1979)
  • People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979-1989)
  • Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (1982–1992)
  • State of Cambodia (1989–1992)
  • Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia (1994–1998)
• In Laos :
  • Lan Xang (1353–1707)
  • Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1707–1893)
  • Kingdom of Vientiane (1707–1828)
  • Kingdom of Champasak (1713–1904)
  • Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1945)
  • Lao Issara (1945–1946)
  • Kingdom of Laos (1953–1975)
• In Vietnam :
  • Champa kingdom (192–1832)
  • Đại Việt (968–1407/1428–1804)
  • Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet (1930–1931)
  • Empire of Vietnam (1945)
  • Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) (1945–1976)
  • State of Vietnam (known as South Vietnam after the Geneva Conference of 1954) (1949–1955)
  • Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) (1955–1975)
  • Republic of South Vietnam (1975–1976)
• In Burma (Myanmar)
  • Pyu states (c. 2nd century BCE–c. 1050)
  • Mon kingdoms (9th–11th, 13th–16th, 18th centuries)
  • Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287–1552)
  • Ava (1364–1555)
  • Pegu (1287–1539, 1747–1757)
  • Kingdom of Mrauk U (1429–1785)
  • Taungoo Dynasty (1486–1752, 2nd Empire)
  • Konbaung Dynasty (1752–1885, 3rd Empire)
  • Shan States (1287–1557)
  • Arakan (1287–1784)
  • State of Burma (1943-1945)
  • Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (1962–1988)
  • Union of Myanmar (1988-2011)
• In Thailand :
  • Sukhothai Kingdom (1238–1438)
  • Ayutthaya Kingdom (1350–1767)
  • Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782)
  • Lan Na (1292–1775)
  • Pattani kingdom (1516–1902)
• In Indonesia :
  • United States of Indonesia (1949–1950)
    • State of East Indonesia (1946–1950)
    • State of East Java (1948–1950)
    • State of East Sumatra (1947–1950)
    • State of Madura (1948–1950)
    • State of Pasundan (1948-1950)
    • State of South Sumatra (1948–1950)
    • Great Dayak (1946–1950)
    • West Kalimantan (1946–1950)
  • Republic of Indonesia (liberal democracy) (1950–1959)
  • Republic of Indonesia (guided democracy) (1959–1966)
  • Republic of Indonesia (new order) (1966–1998)
• In Sumatra :
  • Sultanate of Aceh (1496–1903)
  • Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura
  • Jambi Sultanate
  • Palembang Sultanate (1659–1823)
  • Sultanate of Deli (1609–1862, fully disestablished 1956)
• In Java :
  • Majapahit (1293–1527)
  • Sultanate of Mataram (1588–1681)
  • Sultanate of Banten (1527–1813)
  • Sultanate of Cirebon (1445–1677)
  • Sultanate of Demak (1475–1548)
  • Kingdom of Pajang (1568–1586)
• In Lesser Sunda Islands
  • Bali Kingdoms (914–1908)
  • Bima Sultanate (1620-1669, fully disestablished 1958)
  • Kingdom of Larantuka (1515–1904)
• In Sulawesi :
  • Kingdom of Banggai
  • Luwu
  • Sultanate of Gowa (14th century–1911, fully disestablished 1945)
  • Sultanate of Bone
  • Kingdom of Wajoq (c. 1400–1906, fully disestablished 1957)
• In Maluku :
  • Sultanate of Ternate (1257-1914)
• In Borneo :
  • Bruneian Empire (1368–1888)
  • Sambas Sultanate (1609–1819, fully disestablished 1956)
  • Pontianak Sultanate (1771-1779)
  • Kingdom of Sarawak (1841–1888)
  • Berau Sultanate
  • Sultanate of Bulungan (1731–c. 1880, fully disestablished 1964)
  • Kutai Sultanate
  • Sultanate of Banjar (1526–1860)
  • Lanfang Republic (1777–1884)
• In Malaysia :
  • Sultanate of Malacca (1400–1511)
  • Johor Sultanate (1528–1855)
  • Pahang Sultanate (1470–1623)
  • Pahang Kingdom (1770–1881)
  • Kelantan Sultanate (1267-?)
  • Malayan Union (1946–1948)
  • Federation of Malaya (1957–1963)
• In the Philippines
  • Sultanate of Maguindanao (1500–1888)
  • Sultanate of Sulu (1405–1915)
  • Republic of Negros (1898–1899)
  • Cantonal Government of Negros (1898-1901)
  • Tejeros Revolutionary Government (1897)
  • Sovereign Tagalog Nation (1896–1897)
  • First Philippine Republic (1899-1902)
  • Tagalog Republic (1902–1906)
  • Second Philippine Republic (1943-1945)
  • Fourth Philippine Republic (1965–1986)

Europe[]

Nordic countries[]

In the Nordic countries, unions were personal, not unitary

• Icelandic Commonwealth (c. 930–1262)
• Kingdom of Finland (1742-1743)
• Finnish Democratic Republic (1939–1940)
• Kingdom of Finland (1918–1919)
• Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (1918–1919)
• United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (1814–1905)
• Kingdom of Norway (1814)
• Denmark–Norway (1524–1814, intermittent)
• Kalmar Union (1397–1523, intermittent)
• Schleswig (1058–1864)

Modern France[]

• Kingdom of France (843–1792) (1814/15–1848)
  • Duchy of Brittany (939–1532)
  • Duchy of Burgundy (918–1482)
• Duchy of Normandy (911–1259/1469)
• Duchy of Lorraine (959–23 1766)
• Viscounty of Béarn (9th century–1620)
• Kingdom of France (1791–1792)
• French First Republic (1792–1804)
• First French Empire (1804–1814/15)
  • Free City of Danzig (1807–1814)
  • Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815)
• French Second Republic (1848–1852)
• Second French Empire (1852–1870)
• French Third Republic (1870–1940)
• Vichy France (1940–1944)
• French Fourth Republic (1946–1958)
  • Saar Protectorate (1946–1956)
• Kingdom of Corsica (1736)
• Corsican Republic (1755–1769)
• Anglo-Corsican Kingdom (1794–1796)
• County of Foix (1010–1607)
• Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune (1848–1849)
• Paris Commune (1871)

Modern Germany[]

• Holy Roman Empire (843–1806)
• Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813)
• Duchy of Anhalt (1806–1918)
• Principality of Reuss-Gera (1806–1918)
• Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (1810–1813)
• German Confederation (1815–1866)
• German Empire (1848–1849)
• North German Federation (1867–1871)
• German Empire (1871–1918)
• Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
• Nazi Germany (1933–1945)
• Allied-occupied Germany (1945-1949)
• German Democratic Republic (1949–1990) (also called GDR, DDR, East Germany or Eastern Germany), its states acceded to Federal Republic of Germany in 1990
• West Germany (1949-1990) (Also known as the Federal Republic of Germany and FRG, sometimes called the Bonn Republic or BRD)
• Alsace Soviet Republic (1918)
• Baden (Grand Duchy – 1806–1871)
• Kingdom of Bavaria (1806–1871)
  • Bavarian Soviet Republic (1919)
• Bremen (1815-1871)
• Brunswick (1815-1871)
• Frankfurt (Free Imperial City of Frankfurt (HRE), before 1806; City of Frankfurt, 1815–1866)
• Hamburg (1189-1871)
• Kingdom of Hanover (1814–1866)
• Hesse-Homburg (1815-1866)
• Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) (Electorate, 1803–1807, 1813–1866)
• Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1623-1850)
• Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1623-1850)
• Holstein (1815-1864)
• Lippe (1123-1871)
• Lübeck (Free city 1226–1871)
• Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1815-1871)
• Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1815-1871)
• Nassau (1806-1866)
• Oldenburg (1815-1871)
• Pomerania (1121-1637)
• Prussia (1525–1871)
  • Duchy of Prussia (1525–1618)
  • Brandenburg-Prussia (1618–1701)
  • Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1871)
• Reuss (1010-1806)
• Saxe-Altenburg (1602-1871)
• Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1735-1826)
• Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826-1871)
• Saxe-Gotha (1640-1680)
• Saxe-Hildburghausen (1680-1826)
• Saxe-Lauenburg (or Duchy of Lauenburg) (1296-1871)
• Saxe-Meiningen (1680-1871)
• Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1809-1871)
• Saxony (Kingdom – 1806–1871)
• Schaumburg-Lippe (1647-1871)
• Schleswig (1058-1866)
• Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1599-1871)
• Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1599-1871)
• Waldeck (1180-1871)
• Württemberg (Kingdom – 1806–1871)

• Free State of Bottleneck (1919–1923)

Switzerland[]

• Old Swiss Confederacy (1300 – 1798)
• Helvetic Republic (1798–1803)
• Rhodanic Republic (1802–1810)
• Napoleonic Swiss Confederation (1803–1815)
• Restored Swiss Confederacy (1814–1848)

Italy[]

• Republic of Ancona (c. 1000–1532)
• Republic of Florence (1115–1569)
• Kingdom of Naples (1282–1816)
• Duchy of Urbino (1443–1625)
• Anconine Republic (1797–1798)
• Judicate of Arborea (9th century–1420)
• Kingdom of Etruria (1801–1807)
• United Provinces of Central Italy (1859–1860)
• Cisalpine Republic (1797–1802)
• Cispadane Republic (1796–1797)
• Republic of Cospaia (1440–1826)
• Sovereign Principality of Elba (1814–1815)
• Kingdom of Etruria (1801–1807)
• Marquisate of Finale (967–1602)
• Regency of Carnaro (1919)
• Gozitan Nation (1798–1801)
• Italian Republic (Napoleonic) (1802–1805)
• Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) (1805–1814)
• Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1815–1866)
• Duchy of Lucca (1815–1847)
• Principality of Lucca and Piombino (1805–1814)
• Republic of Lucca (1160–1805)
• Sovereign Military Order of Malta (1530–1798)
• Duchy of Mantua (1273–1707)
• Duchy of Massa and Carrara (15th to 19th centuries)
• Duchy of Milan (1395–1797)
• Provisional Government of Milan (1848)
• Duchy of Modena (1452–1796, 1815–1859)
• Kingdom of Naples (1285–1816)
• Republic of Noli (1192–1797)
• Duchy of Parma (1545–1859)
• Papal States (752–1870)
• Republic of Pisa (11th century–1406)
• Roman Republic (19th century) (1849)
• Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1861)
• Republic of San Marco (1848–1849)
• Republic of Senarica (1343–18th century)
• Kingdom of Sicily (1130–1816)
• Kingdom of Sicily (1848)
• Transpadane Republic (1796–1797)
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569–1801, 1815–1859)
• Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1815–1860)
• Republic of Venice (697–1797)
• Republic of Genoa (1095–1797)
• Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
  • Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)
  • Italian governorate of Montenegro (1941-1943)
• Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)
• Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954)
• Republic of Rose Island (1968)

Modern United Kingdom[]

• Kingdom of Gwynedd (450–1216)
• Kingdom of Powys (5th century–1160)
• Kingdom of Scotland (843–1707)
• Kingdom of England (927–1707)
• Angevin Empire (1154–1214)
• Principality of Wales (1216–1536)
• Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and (1659–1660)
• The Protectorate (1653–1659)
• Great Britain (1707–1800)
• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)

Ireland[]

• Osraige (150–1541)
• Airgíalla (331–1585)
• Uí Maine (c. 357–1611)
• Ailech (450–1617)
• Tyrconnell (5th century–1607)
• Tír Eoghain (5th century–1607)
• Fermanagh (10th century–1607)
• Magh Luirg (c. 956–1585)
• Republic of Connacht
• Thomond (1118–1543)
• Kingdom of Desmond (1118–1596)
• Lordship of Ireland (1171–1542)
• Clandeboye (1283–1605)
• Kingdom of Uí Failghe (Unknown–1550)
• Kingdom of Leinster
• Kingdom of Connacht
• Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1801)
• Irish Catholic Confederation (1641-1649)
• Republic of Connacht (1798)
• Limerick Soviet (1919)
• Irish Republic (1919–1922) – see also Southern Ireland (1921–1922)
• Irish Free State (1931–1937)

Low Countries[]

• Prince-Bishopric of Liège (972–1795) annexed by France in 1795.
• Duchy of Brabant (1183–1794)
• Duchy of Bouillon (1456? – 1794)
• United Belgian States (1789–1790)
• Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795) (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/Provinciën) Independence from Spain after Eighty Years' War in 1581, conquered by France 1795.
• Batavian Republic (1795–1806) (Bataafse Republiek) France's vassal state.
• Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) (Koninkrijk Holland/Royaume d'Hollande) Ruled by Louis Bonaparte, annexed by France 1810.
• Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands (1813–1815)
• United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1839)
• Neutral Moresnet (1816–1920)

Poland[]

• Duchy of Pomerania (1121–1160 1264–1295 1478–1531 1625–1637)
• Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1349)
• Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)
  • Duchy of Masovia (1138–1526)
• Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
  • Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (1385–1795)
  • Grand Duchy of Lithuania (13th century–1795)
  • Duchy of Masovia (1138–1526)
  • Royal Prussia (1466–1772) Autonomous dependency of Poland
  • Duchy of Prussia (1525–1618)
  • Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1561–1795)
• Republic of Kraków (1815–1846)
• Congress Poland (1815–1831; personal union with Russian Empire)
• Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth (1863–1865)
• Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918; under German occupation)
• Republic of Zakopane (1918)
• Lemko Republic (1918–1920)
• Komancza Republic (1918–1919)
• Second Polish Republic (1918–1945; after 1939 as Polish Underground State and Polish government-in-exile)
• Freistaat Schwenten (1919)
• Free City of Danzig (1920–1939)
• People's Republic of Poland (1944–1989)

Ukraine[]

• Zaporozhian Sich
• Cossack Hetmanate (1649–1764)
• Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1920)
• Ukrainian State (1918)
• West Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1919)
• Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991; sovereign until 1922)
• Makhnovia (1918–1921)
• Hutsul Republic (1919)
• Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (1920)
• Carpatho-Ukraine (1939)
• Ukrainian National Government (1941)

Crimea[]

• Principality of Theodoro (14th century–1475)
• Crimean Khanate (1449–1783)
• Crimean People's Republic (1917–1918)
• Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1941/1944–1945/1991–1992)
• Republic of Crimea (2014)

Baltic countries and Belarus[]

• Principality of Polotsk (10th century–1397)
• Grand Duchy of Lithuania (13th century–1795)
• Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)
• Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940)
• Republic of Perloja (1918–1923)
• Republic of Central Lithuania (1920–1922)
• Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919)
• Belarusian People's Republic (1918–1919)
• Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1922)
• State of the Teutonic Order (1230–1525)
• Kingdom of Livonia (1570–1578)
• United Baltic Duchy (1918)
• Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (1918–1920)
• First Latvian Republic (1918–1940)
• Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)
• Soviet Republic of Naissaar on an Estonian Baltic Sea island (1917–1918)
• Commune of the Working People of Estonia (1918–1919)
• First Estonian Republic (1918–1940)

Romania and Moldova[]

• Principality of Wallachia (1330–1859)
• Principality of Moldavia (1346–1859)
• United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (1859–1881)
• Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947)
• People's, then Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989)
• Moldavian Democratic Republic (1917–1918)

Russia[]

• Novgorod Republic (1136–1478)
• Pskov Republic (1348–1510)
• Principality of Tver (1246–1483)
•  Principality of Beloozero (13th–15th century)
•  Principality of Yaroslavl (1218–1463)
• Grand Duchy of Ryazan (1097–1521)
• Principality of Great Perm (1323–1505)
  • Vyatka Land
• Golden Horde (1320–1547)
•  Astrakhan Khanate (1466–1556)
• Khanate of Kazan (1438–1552)
• Qasim Khanate (1452–1681)
• Khanate of Sibir (1468–1598)
• Kalmyk Khanate (1630–1771)
• Republic of Uhtua (1918-1920)
• Kuban People's Republic (1918–1920)
• Don Republic (1918–1920)
• Idel-Ural State (1 March 1918 – 28 March 1918)
• Far Eastern Republic (1920–1922)
• Green Ukraine (1920-1922)
• Tungus Republic (1924–1925)
• State of Buryat-Mongolia (1917-1920)
• Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283–1547)
• Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)
• Russian Empire (1721–1917)
  • Kingdom of Poland (1815–1867)
  • Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917)
• Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (1917-1924)
• Russian Republic (1917)
• Russian Republic (1918)
• Russian State (1918–1920)
• Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1922)
• Supreme Administration of Northern Region (1918)
• Provisional Government of the Northern Region (1918–1920)
• Armed Forces of South Russia (1918–1919)
• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
  • Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922-1991)
  • Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1922-1991)
  • Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922-1991)
  • Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940-1991)
  • Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922-1991)
  • Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936-1991)
  • Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1936-1991)
  • Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940-1990)
  • Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940-1990)
  • Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940-1991)
    • Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1990-1991)
  • Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1922-1991)
    • Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924)
    • Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1941)
    • Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)
    • Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1990)
    • Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1936)
    • Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1924)
    • Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1991)
    • Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1945)
    • Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991)
    • Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1990)
    • Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1940; 1956–1991)
    • Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936)
    • Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934–1990)
    • Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934–1990)
    • Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1935–1943; 1957–1991)
    • Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944; 1957–1991)
    • Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944; 1957–1991)
    • Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
    • Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
    • North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1992)
    • Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1956)
    • Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1957)
    • Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1961–1992)
    • Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1990–1991)
  • Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (1929-1991)
  • Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (1924-1991)
  • Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922-1991)
  • Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (1924-1991)

Hungary[]

• Principality of Hungary (895–1000)
• Kingdom of Hungary (1000-1804)
  • Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (1526–1551, 1556–1570)
  • Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)
  • Principality of Upper Hungary (1682-1685)
  • Principality of Transylvania (1711-1804)
  • Kingdom of Croatia (1102–1526)
• Kingdom of Hungary (1301-1526)
• Hungarian State (1849)
• Hungarian People's Republic (November 1918 – March 1919, August 1919)
• Hungarian Soviet Republic (March 1919 – August 1919)
• Hungarian Republic (August 1919 – February 1920)
• Kingdom of Hungary (February 1920 – February 1946)
• Republic of Hungary (February 1946 – August 1949)
• Hungarian People's Republic (August 1949 – October 1989)

Czech Republic and Slovakia[]

• Duchy of Bohemia (c. 870–1198)
• Kingdom of Bohemia (1198–1918)
• Margraviate of Moravia (1182–1918)
• Slovak Soviet Republic (1919)
• Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
• First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)
• Second Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939)
• Third Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1948)
• Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1948–1989; before 1960 as Czechoslovak Republic)
• Czechoslovak Federative Republic (1990)
• Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1990–1992)

Austria[]

• Duchy of Austria (1156–1453)
• Archduchy of Austria (1453–1804)
• Austrian Empire (1804–1867)
• Austrian Empire (1867–1918)
• Republic of German-Austria (1918–1919)
• First Austrian Republic (1919–1934)
• Federal State of Austria (1934–1938)
• Republic of Austria (1945–1955)

Balkans[]

• Byzantine Empire (395–1453)
  • Duchy of Athens (1205–1458)
  • Despotate of Epirus (1356–1479)
  • Empire of Nicaea (1204–1261)
• Kingdom of Croatia (1102–1526)
• Kingdom of Bosnia (1377-1463)
• Despotate of Dobruja (1356–1411)
• Ottoman Empire (c. 1299–1922/1923)
  • Septinsular Republic (1800–1815)
  • Principality of Samos (1815–1864)
  • Cretan State (1898–1913)
• Republic of Prekmurje (1919)
• Free State of Fiume (1920–1924)
• Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945)
• Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954)
• Kingdom of Bosnia (1377–1463)
• Duchy of Saint Sava (1435–1483)
• Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878–1918)
• Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995)
• Kingdom of Dalmatia (1815–1918)
• Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (1993-1995)
• Republic of Ragusa (1358–1808)
• Serbian Despotate (1402–1459)
• Revolutionary Serbia (1804–1813)
• Principality of Serbia (1815–1882)
• Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918)
• Principality of Zeta (1371–1514)
• Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro (1516–1852)
• Principality of Montenegro (1852–1910)
• Kingdom of Montenegro (1910–1918)
• State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918)
• Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943)
• Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1943–1992)
•  Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003)
•  Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
• Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396)
• Principality of Bulgaria (1878–1908)
• Strandzha Commune (1903)
• Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)
• People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)
• First Hellenic Republic (1828–1832)
• Kingdom of Greece (1832–1924, 1935–1941, 1944–1974)
• Greek Military Junta (1967–1974)
• Second Hellenic Republic (1924–1935)
• Hellenic State (1941–1944)
• Free State of Ikaria (1912)
• Hospitaller Rhodes (1310–1522)
• Independent Albania (1912–1914)
• Republic of Central Albania (1913–1914)
• Principality of Albania (1914–1925)
• Hospitaller Malta (1530–1798)
• Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (1914)
• Republic of Mirdita (1921)
• Albanian Republic (1925–1928)
• Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)
• Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946)
• People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1991)
• Kruševo Republic (1903)
• Independent State of Macedonia (1944) [proposed]

Caucasus[]

• Caucasian Albania (2nd century BC – 8th century AD)
• Kabardia (c. 1453–c. 1825)
• Circassia (c. 1427–1453/1861–1864)
• Kingdom of Abkhazia (778–1008)
• Elisu Sultanate (1604–1844)
• Avar Khanate (Early 13th century–1864)
• Caucasian Imamate (1828–1859)
• Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (1917–1921)
• North Caucasian Emirate (1919–1920)
• Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1991–2000)
• Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1490)
• Kingdom of Imereti (1260–1810)
• Principality of Svaneti (1463–1858)
• Principality of Mingrelia (1557–1867)
• Principality of Guria (1460s–1829)
• Samtskhe-Saatabago (1266–1625)
• Kingdom of Kartli (1478–1762)
• Kingdom of Kakheti (1465–1762)
• Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (1762–1801)
• Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)
• First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)
• Republic of Mountainous Armenia (April 1921–July 1921)
• Republic of Aras (1918–1919)
• Centrocaspian Dictatorship (1918–1918)
• Military Dictatorship of Mughan (1918–1919)
• Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (1918–1920)
• Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (February 1918 – May 1918)

Iberian Peninsula[]

• Kingdom of León (910–1230)
• Republic of Galicia (1931)
• Couto Misto (10th century-1868)
• Asturian Socialist Republic (October 1934)
• Kingdom of Navarre (824–1620)
• First Catalan Republic (1641-1652)
• Revolutionary Catalonia (1936–1939)
• Second Catalan Republic (1931)
• Crown of Aragon (1162–1479)
• Emirate of Granada (1238–1492)
• Kingdom of Majorca (1231–1715 (1349))
• Principality of Catalonia (12th century – 1714/1833)
• Kingdom of Portugal (1139–1910)
• United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815-1825)
• First Portuguese Republic (1910–1926)
• Kingdom of Portugal (Monarchy of the North) (1919)
• Ditadura Nacional (1926–1933)
• Second Portuguese Republic (1933–1974)
• Crown of Castile (1230–1479)
  • Kingdom of Galicia (410–1833)
• Kingdom of Castile (1065–1230/1715)
• Iberian Union (1580-1640)
• First Spanish Republic (1873-1874)
• Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939)
• Spanish State (1936-1975)

North America[]

Anguilla[]

• Republic of Anguilla (1967-1969)

Canada[]

• Republic of Madawaska (1827)
• Republic of Canada (1837–1838)
• Republic of Lower Canada (1838)
• Miꞌkmaꞌki (1867)
• Republic of Manitoba (1867-1870)
• Provisional Government of Saskatchewan (1885)
• Dominion of Newfoundland (1907-1949)

Costa Rica[]

• Free State of Costa Rica (1838–1847)
• First Costa Rican Republic (1848–1948)

Cuba[]

• Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)

Dominican Republic[]

• Republic of Spanish Haiti (1821-1822)
• First Dominican Republic (1844–1861)
• Second Dominican Republic (1865–1916)
• Third Dominican Republic (1924–1965)

Grenada[]

• People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada (1979–1983)

Guatemala[]

• United Provinces of Central America
• State of Los Altos (1838–1840), (1848–1849)

Haiti[]

• First Empire of Haiti (1804-1806)
• State of Haiti (1806–1811)
• Kingdom of Haiti (1811–1820)
• Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)
• Second Empire of Haiti (1849–1859)
• Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)
• Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986)

Mexico[]

• Toltec Empire (674 (disputed)–1122 (disputed)
• Cocollán (1100–1521)
• Aztec Empire (1428–1521)
• Zapotec civilization (c. 700 BC–1521)
• Northern America (1813)
• First Mexican Empire (1821–1823)
• Provisional Government of Mexico (1823–1824)
• First Mexican Republic (1824–1835)
• Republic of the Rio Grande (1840)
• Centralist Republic of Mexico (1835–1846)
• Republic of Yucatán (1841–1848)
• Second Federal Republic of Mexico (1846–1863)
• Republic of Sonora (1853-1854)
• Republic of Baja California (1853-1854)
• Second Mexican Empire (1864–1867)

Nicaragua[]

• Mosquito Kingdom (1844–1860)
• (1860–1894)
• Somoza Regime (1936–1979)
• Junta of National Reconstruction (18 July 1979 – 10 January 1985)

United States[]

• Iroquois Confederacy (between 1450 and 1660–1867)
• Cherokee Nation (1794–1865)
• Vermont Republic (1777–1791)
• State of Muskogee (1799–1803)
• Republic of West Florida (1810)
• Republic of East Florida (1812)
• Republic of the Floridas (1817)
• Republic of Indian Stream (1832–1835)
• Republic of Texas (1836–1846)
• California Republic (June 14 – July 9, 1846)
• The Great Republic of Rough and Ready (1850)
• Confederate States of America (1861–1865)

Oceania[]

• Tuʻi Tonga Empire (c. 450–1865)
• Kingdom of ʻUvea (15th century–1887)
• Kingdom of Alo
• Kingdom of Sigave
• Mangareva (1881)
• Kingdom of Bora Bora (till 1888 or 1895)
• Kingdom of Raiatea (till 1888, French protectorate since 1880)
• Kingdom of Huahine (till 1895, French protectorate since 1888)
• Kingdom of Tahiti (1788/91–1880, French protectorate since 1842)
• Kingdom of Rurutu (till 1900, French protectorate since 1888)
• Kingdom of Rimatara (till 1901, French protectorate since 1888)
• Kingdom of Tahuata (till 1880, French protectorate since 1842)
• Kingdom of Rapa Iti (till 1881, kingship continued to 1887)
• Kingdom of Mangareva (till 1881, French protectorate since 1844/1871)
• Taiohae Kingdom of Nuku Hiva (till 1901, sovereignty ceded to France in 1842)
• Kingdom of Tuamotu
• Kingdom of Fiji (1871–1874)
• Dominion of Fiji (1970–1987)
• Kingdom of Hawaii (1795–1893)
• Provisional Government of Hawaii (1893–1894)
• Republic of Hawaii (1894–1898)
• Patu-iki or Kingdom of Niue (c. 1700–1900)
• Kingdom of Rarotonga (1858–1893)
• Saudeleur Dynasty (c. 1100 – c. 1628)
• Kingdom of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) (till 1888)
• Kingdom of Nauru (till 1888)
• People's Provisional Government of Vanuatu (1977–1978)

South America[]

Argentina[]

• United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (1810–1831)
• Argentine Confederation (1831–1861)
• State of Buenos Aires (1852–1861)
• Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (1860-1862)

Bolivia[]

• State of Upper Peru (1825)
• Republic of Bolivar (1825)
• Republic of Alto Perú (1828)
• Bolivian Republic (1836–1839)
• Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)
• Republic of Bolivia (1825–2010)

Brazil[]

• Republic of Acre (1899-1900), (1903)
• Empire of Brazil (1822–1889)
• Confederation of the Equator (1824)
• Riograndense Republic (1836–1845)
• Juliana Republic (1839)
• Republic of Counani (1886–1891)
• First Brazilian Republic (1889–1930)
• Vargas Era (1930–1945)
• Fourth Brazilian Republic (1946–1964)
• Military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985)

Chile[]

• Kingdom of Chile (1810–1814)
• New State of Chile (1819-1826)
• Conservative Republic (1830–1861)
• Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia (1862)
• Liberal Republic (1861–1891)
• Parliamentary Era (1891–1925)
• Presidential Republic (1925–1973)
• Socialist Republic of Chile (4 June 1932 – 2 October 1932)
• Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)

Colombia[]

• Muisca Confederation (1450-1537)
• Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca (1810–1815)
• (1811–1815)
• United Provinces of New Granada (1811–1816)
• Gran Colombia (1819–1831)
• Republic of New Granada (1831–1858)
• Granadine Confederation (1858–1863)
• United States of Colombia (1863–1886)
• Colombian Military Junta (1957–1958)

Paraguay[]

• El Stronato (1954–1989)

Peru[]

• Kingdom of Chimor (c. 900–1470)
• Inca Empire (1438–1533)
• Protectorate of Peru (1821–1822)
• Republic of South Peru (1836–1839)
• Republic of North Peru (1836–1839)
• Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)
• Peruvian Republic (1838–1839)
• Federal State of Loreto (1896)
• Jungle Republic (1899–1900)
• Peruvian Republic (1822–1968)
• Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru (1968–1980)

Uruguay[]

• Liga Federal (1815–1820)
• Government of the Cerrito (1843-1851)
• Government of the Defense (1843–1851)

Venezuela[]

• Supreme Junta (1810)
• First Republic of Venezuela (1811–1812)
• Second Republic of Venezuela (1813–1814)
• Third Republic of Venezuela (1817–1819)
• State of Venezuela (1830–1864)
• United States of Venezuela (1864–1953)
• Republic of Venezuela (1953–1999)

Modern states and territories by type[]

Dismembered countries[]

These states are now dissolved into a number of states, none of which retain the old name.

•  Greater German Reich – Dissolved in 1945, its former territory now consists of the entirety of the countries of Austria and Germany, and parts of what is now Belarus, the Czech Republic, France, Luxembourg, Poland, Russia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Greece, Serbia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine and Slovenia.
•  Korea – Ceased to exist in 1910, its former territory now consists of the entirety of territory controlled by North Korea and South Korea, and a portion of territory claimed by Japan.
• Mali Federation – In 1959 formed by Senegal and French Sudan, both parts of French West Africa, as an independent nation. It collapsed in 1960, and is now Senegal and Mali.
• Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves) created in 1815 when Brazil was upgraded to the rank of kingdom, once the Portuguese royal family was living in Rio de Janeiro since 1809. This country was dissolved in 1822 when Brazil became independent. Now the countries of Portugal, Brazil, Cabo Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Angola, East Timor and Mozambique.
•  Serbia and Montenegro – Dissolved in 2006, now the countries of Montenegro, Serbia, and the partially recognized Kosovo.
•  Soviet Union – Dissolved in 1991, now the countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.
• United Arab Republic – A union formed by Egypt and Syria in 1958. It was dissolved in 1961, though Egypt used the name until 1971. Other Pan-Arab unity agreements with Iraq and Jordan in the 1950s failed.
• United Arab States – A confederation formed by the United Arab Republic and North Yemen in 1958; it was dissolved in 1961.
•  Yugoslavia – Dissolved in 1991 and 1992, now the countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, and the partially recognized Kosovo.
•  Czechoslovakia - Was in power from 1918 to 1992, the country wasn't active in World War II, but the government was active, dissolved in 1992 and broke up into Czechia and Slovakia.
•  Central America - Existed from 1821 to 1841, broke up into Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.
• Somali Republic - Dissolved in 1991, now the countries of Somalia and unrecognized Somaliland.
•  Empire of Brazil - An empire created after Brazil declared its independence in 1822 and dissolved in 1889, now the countries of Brazil and Uruguay (who declared their independence in 1825, and was recognized in 1828).

Nominally-independent homelands of South Africa[]

Four of the homelands, or bantustans, for black South Africans, were granted nominal independence by the apartheid regime of South Africa. Not recognised by other nations, these effectively were puppet states and were re-incorporated in 1994.

• Bophuthatswana – Declared independent in 1977, reincorporated in 1994.
• Ciskei – Declared independent in 1981, reincorporated in 1994.
• Transkei – Declared independent in 1976, reincorporated in 1994.
• Venda – Declared independent in 1979, reincorporated in 1994.

Secessionist states[]

These nations declared themselves independent, but failed to achieve it in fact or did not seek permanent independence and were either re-incorporated into the mother country or incorporated into another country.

• Carpatho-Ukraine – declared independence from Czechoslovakia in 1939, but was occupied and annexed by Hungary in one day.
• Cartagena Canton – the haven city of Cartagena, Spain seceded from the First Spanish Republic in 1873.
• Catalan Republic (April 14–17, 1931).
• Chechnya – Virtually independent from Russia from 1996 as Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, however the country was recognized only by the Taliban. After terrorist attacks in 1999 the republic was returned to Russia's control in the Second Chechen War.
•  Confederate States – Occupied the southeastern United States, stretching from Texas to Virginia. Declared secession from the U.S. in 1861, reintegrated into the U.S. in 1865. Reconstruction ended in 1876 and U.S. troops withdrew as an occupation force in 1877. South Carolina was the first state to declare its secession from the United States, doing so on December 20, 1860. Political factions in the "border states" of Kentucky and Missouri declared themselves parts of the Confederacy and controlled small portions of those regions early in the war. The major Indian tribes in Oklahoma signed an alliance with the Confederacy, and participated in its military efforts against the U.S.
• Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, declared independence from Ukraine in 1992 but soon settled for being an autonomous republic within Ukraine.
• Cruzob, achieved independence from Mexico in 1856, but was reannexed in 1901.
• Green Ukraine – Declared independence from Far Eastern Republic in 1920, dissolved in 1922.
• Herzeg-Bosnia – Separated from Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, reincorporated into the country in 1994.
• Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)
• Katanga – Declared its independence of the newly formed Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1960, was incorporated again into the country in 1963.
• Manitoba – short-lived republic led by Thomas Spence, declared after the Hudson's Bay Company gave up Rupert's Land and before the government of Canada took control (1867).
• Red River Rebellion – provisional government in Rupert's Land, led by Louis Riel in (1869–1870).
• Serbian Krajina – declared independence from Croatia in 1991, reincorporated into the country in 1995.
• South Kasai – declared independence from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in June 1960, reincorporated into the country in December 1961.
• Supreme Administration of Northern Region – Proclaimed independent in 1918, later became the Provisional Government of the Northern Region.
•  Republika Srpska – Separated from Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, reincorporated into the country in 1995.
• Principality of Trinidad – Declared independence in 1893, claimed by United Kingdom in 1895, but incorporated by Brazil.
• Western Bosnia – Declared independence from Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1993 and reincorporated into it in 1995.

Annexed countries[]

These nations, once separate, are now part of another country. Cases of voluntary accession are included.

• Regency of Carnaro in 1919 and Free State of Fiume 1920–1924, two short-lived states in the port city of Fiume/Rijeka proclaimed by Gabriele D'Annunzio. Following World War I, the city was disputed between Italy and Yugoslavia, and eventually captured by Italy in 1921. The city passed to Yugoslavia after World War II and is now in Croatia.
• Couto Misto – Tiny 10th century border territory that was split between Spain and Portugal in 1864–8.
• Crete – Autonomous under Ottoman suzerainty in 1898, unilaterally declared union with Greece in 1908, which was recognized in 1913.
•  East Germany – Annexed by West Germany in 1990 and now part of Germany.
•  England – Merged with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, now part of the United Kingdom.
• Franceville (1889-1890) – Independent in 1889, later governed by France and Britain as part of the New Hebrides; now part of Vanuatu.
• Hatay – Part of the Mandate of Syria that became part of Turkey; independent 1938–1939
•  Hawaii – Annexed by the U.S. in the late 19th century.
• Kalat (1638, 1666–1955) – 1666 to 1955, became part of Pakistan.
• Free States of Menton and Roquebrune – Seceded from Monaco in 1848, under nominal protection of the Kingdom of Sardinia, then annexed by France in 1861.
• Moresnet – 1816–1920, Tiny European territory that endured for a hundred years before definitively becoming part of Belgium.
• Natalia Republic – 1839–1843, Was quickly made into a British colony
• Islands of Refreshment – The islands of Tristan da Cunha were settled in 1810 and declared independence in 1811. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1815.
•  Scotland – Merged with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, now part of the United Kingdom.
•  South Vietnam – Occupied by North Vietnam in 1975 and annexed into it in 1976.
• Islamic Republic of Tatarstan – Existed from 1992 until annexed by Russia in 1994.
•  Transvaal – Now part of South Africa.
•  Texas – Annexed by the U.S. in 1845.

See also[]

• List of Bronze Age states (c. 3300 – c. 1200 BC)
• List of Iron Age states (c. 1200 – c. 600 BC)
• List of Classical Age states (c. 600 BC – c. AD 200)
• List of states during Late Antiquity (c. 200 – c. 700)
• List of states during the Middle Ages (c. 700 – c. 1500)
• List of sovereign states
• List of former national capitals
• List of historic states of Italy
• List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine
• List of historic states of Germany
• Former countries in Europe after 1815
• List of largest empires
• List of micronations
• Timeline of sovereign states in Europe
• Political history of the world
• Princely state

Notes[]

Further reading[]

• Berge, Bjørn. Nowherelands: An Atlas of Vanished Countries 1840–1975. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2017 ISBN 9780500519905 240p.
• Harding, Les. Dead Countries of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Aden to Zululand. Scarecrow Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8108-3445-6