List of sovereign states in the 1900s

Sovereign states by year
List of sovereign states in 1899	Events of 1900	List of sovereign states in 1901

Sovereign states[]

Name and capital city	Information on status and recognition of sovereignty

A[]

→ Acre – Independent State of Acre (to March 15, 1900, from November to December 24, 1900, and from January 27 to November 11, 1903.) Capital: Cidade do Acre	De facto independent state to March 15, 1900, from November 1900 to December 24, 1900, and from January 27, 1903, to November 11, 1903. Claimed by Bolivia.

Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr (to 1900) Capital: Agadez	Widely recognized independent state to 1900.^[1]

Andorra – Principality of Andorra Capital: Andorra la Vella	Widely recognized independent state.^[2]

Angoche – Angoche Sultanate Capital: Angoche	Widely recognized independent state.

Argentina – Argentine Republic Capital: Buenos Aires	Widely recognized independent state.

Aro – Aro Confederacy (to January 1902) Capital: Arochukwu	Widely recognized independent state to January 1902. Annexed by France.

Ashanti – Ashanti Empire (to January 1, 1902) Capital: Kumasi	Widely recognized independent state to January 1, 1902. Anexed by the United Kingdom on January 1, 1902.

→ → Australia – Commonwealth of Australia (from January 1, 1901) Capital: Melbourne	Widely recognized independent state from January 1, 1901.^[3] Australia is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom. Australia has 1 External Territory: Papua (External territory, from March 18, 1902)

Austria-Hungary – Austro-Hungarian Monarchy Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania)	Widely recognized independent state. Austria-Hungary has 1 concession and 1 condominium: Bosnia and Herzegovina (Condominium, from October 7, 1908) Tientsin (Concession, from December 27, 1902)

B[]

Bali – Kingdom of Bali (to April 18, 1908) Capital: Klungkung	Widely recognized independent state to April 18, 1908. Annexed by the Netherlands and became part of the Dutch East Indies.

Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium Capital: Brussels	Widely recognized independent state. Belgium has 1 colony and 1 concession: Belgian Congo (Colony, from November 15, 1908) Tientsin (Concession, from 1902)

Bhutan Capital: Punakha Bhutan (to December 17, 1907) Kingdom of Bhutan (from December 17, 1907)	Widely recognized independent state.

Biu – Biu Kingdom (to 1900) Capital: Biu	Widely recognized independent state to 1900.

Bolivia – Republic of Bolivia Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative)	Widely recognized independent state.

Brakna – Brakna Emirate (to October 18, 1904) Capital: Aleg	Widely recognized independent state to October 18, 1904.

Brazil – Republic of the United States of Brazil Capital: Rio de Janeiro	Widely recognized independent state. Brazil was a federation of 20 states, one territory, and one federal district.^[a]

Bulgaria Capital: Sofia Principality of Bulgaria (de facto independent state, to October 5, 1908) Kingdom of Bulgaria (from October 5, 1908)	De facto independent state until October 5, 1908. Widely recognized independent state from October 5, 1908.^[4]

C[]

Canada – Dominion of Canada Capital: Ottawa	Widely recognized independent state. Canada is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom.

Champasak – Kingdom of Champasak (to November 22, 1904) Capital: Champasak	Widely recognized independent state.

Chile – Republic of Chile Capital: Santiago	Widely recognized independent state.

China – Great Qing Empire Capital: Peking	Widely recognized independent state.

Colombia – Republic of Colombia Capital: Bogotá	Widely recognized independent state.

Congo – Congo Free State (to November 15, 1908) Capital: Boma	Widely recognized independent state. State in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium.

→ Costa Rica – First Costa Rican Republic Capital: San José	Widely recognized independent state.

Cuba – Republic of Cuba (from May 20, 1902 to September 28, 1906 and from February 6, 1909) Capital: Havana	Widely recognized independent state.

D[]

Darfur – Sultanate of Darfur Capital: El Fasher	Widely recognized independent state.

Dendi – Dendi Kingdom (to 1901) Capital: Lulami	Widely recognized independent state until 1901.

Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark Capital: Copenhagen	Widely recognized independent state. Denmark has 2 colonies and 1 dependency and 1 territory: Danish West Indies (Colony) Faroe Islands (Territory) Greenland (Colony) Iceland (Dependency)

Dhala – Emirate of Dhala (to 1904) Capital: Dhala	Widely recognized independent state until 1904.

Dominican Republic – Second Dominican Republic Capital: Santo Domingo	Widely recognized independent state.

E[]

→ Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador Capital: Quito	Widely recognized independent state.

El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador Capital: San Salvador	Widely recognized independent state.

Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire Capital: Addis Ababa	Widely recognized independent state.

F[]

France – French Republic Capital: Paris	Widely recognized state. The following are colonies, concessions and protectorates of France: French Algeria (Colony) French Chad (Colony, merged with Ubangi-Shari on February 11, 1906) French Comoros (Protectorate) French Congo (Colony) French Guiana (Colony) French India (Colony) French Indochina (Federation of colonies) French Madagascar (Colony) French Oceania (Protectorate) French Somaliland (Colony) French Tunisia (Protectorate) French West Africa (Federation of colonies) Guadeloupe (Colony) Guangzhouwan (Leased territory) Martinique (Colony) New Caledonia (Colony) Réunion (Colony) Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Colony) Shanghai (Concession) Tientsin (Concession) Ubangi-Shari (Colony) Wallis and Futuna (Protectorate)

G[]

Geledi – Sultanate of the Geledi (to September 3, 1908) Capital: Afgooye	Widely recognized independent state. Incorporated into Italian Somaliland.

Germany – German Realm Capital: Berlin	Widely recognized independent state. The following are colonies, concessions and protectorates of Germany: German East Africa (Colony) German Kiautschou (Concession) German New Guinea (Protectorate) German Samoa (Protectorate) German South-West Africa (Colony) Kamerun (Colony) Tientsin (Concession) Togoland (Protectorate)

Greece – Kingdom of Greece Capital: Athens	Widely recognized independent state.

Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala Capital: Guatemala City	Widely recognized independent state.

Gumma – Kingdom of Gumma (to 1902) Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized independent state until 1902. Annexed by the Ethiopian Empire in 1902.

H[]

Ha'il – Emirate of Ha'il Capital: Ha'il	Widely recognized independent state.

Haiti – Republic of Haiti Capital: Port-au-Prince	Widely recognized independent state.

Honduras – Republic of Honduras Capital: Tegucigalpa	Widely recognized independent state.

I[]

Igala – Igala Kingdom (to 1901) Capital: Idah	Widely recognized independent state.

Igara – Kingdom of Igara (to 1901) Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized independent state.

Ilé-Ifẹ̀ – Ilé-Ifẹ̀ Kingdom (to 1900) Capital: Ilé-Ifẹ̀	Widely recognized independent state.

Italy – Kingdom of Italy Capital: Rome	Widely recognized state. Italy had two colonies and one concession: Italian Eritrea (Colony) Italian Somaliland (Colony) Tientsin (Concession, from June 7, 1902)

J[]

Japan – Empire of Japan Capital: Tokyo City	Widely recognized state. Japan had sovereignty over the following protectorates, dependencies and concessions: Korea (Protectorate) Karafuto (Dependency, from September 5, 1905) Kwantung (Concession) Taiwan (Dependency) Tientsin (Concession)

K[]

Kajara – Kajara Kingdom (to 1901) Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized independent state to 1901.

Kano – Kano Emirate (to February 3, 1903) Capital: Takai	Widely recognized independent state to February 3, 1903.

Kasanje – Kasanje Kingdom Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized independent state.

Kebbi – Kebbi Emirate (to 1902) Capital: Argungu	Widely recognized independent state to 1902.

Kel Ahaggar (to 1903) Capital: Hoggar Mountains	Widely recognized independent state to 1903.

Korea – Greater Korean Empire (to November 17, 1905) Capital: Hanseong	Widely recognized independent state to November 17, 1905. Became a Japanese protectorate from November 17, 1905.

Kuba – Kuba Kingdom (to 1900) Capital:	Widely recognized independent state to 1900.

L[]

Lafia Beri-Beri – Lafia Beri-Beri Kingdom (to 1900) Capital: Lafia	Widely recognized independent state to 1900.

Liberia – Republic of Liberia Capital: Monrovia	Widely recognized independent state.

Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein Capital: Vaduz	Widely recognized independent state.

Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Capital: Luxembourg City	Widely recognized independent state.

M[]

Mbunda – Mbunda Kingdom (to 1908) Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized independent state.

Mexico – United Mexican States Capital: Mexico City	Widely recognized independent state.

Monaco – Principality of Monaco Capital: Monaco	Widely recognized independent state.

→ Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro Capital: Cetinje	Widely recognized independent state.

Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco Capital: Fes	Widely recognized independent state.

Mutayr – Emirate of Mutayr (to 1908) Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized independent state.

N[]

Netherlands – Kingdom of the Netherlands Capital: Amsterdam	Widely-recognized independent state. The Netherlands had sovereignty over three colonies: Curaçao and Dependencies Dutch East Indies Surinam

Newfoundland – Dominion of Newfoundland (from September 26, 1907) Capital: St. John's	Widely recognized independent state. Newfoundland is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom.

New Zealand – Dominion of New Zealand (from September 26, 1907) Capital: Wellington	Widely recognized state. New Zealand is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom. The following are territories of New Zealand: Cook Islands (Dependent territory) Niue Island (Dependent territory)

→ Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua Capital: Managua	Widely recognized independent state.

Niue – Kingdom of Niue-Fekai (to October 20, 1900) Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized independent state to October 20, 1900.

Norway – Kingdom of Norway Capital: Christiania	Widely recognized independent state. In personal union with Sweden until June 7, 1905. Norway had three uninhabited possessions: Bouvet Island Peter I Island Sverdrup Islands

Nri – Kingdom of Nri Capital: Igbo-Ukwu	Widely recognized independent state.

Nshenyi – Nshenyi Kingdom (to 1901) Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized independent state to 1901.

O[]

Obwera – Obwera Kingdom (to 1901) Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized independent state.

Onitsha – Onitsha Kingdom (to 1900) Capital: Onitsha	Widely recognized independent state.

Orange Free State (to May 31, 1902) Capital: Bloemfontein	Widely recognized independent state.

Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State Capital: Constantinople	Widely recognized independent state. The following are autonomous Khedivate, Sharifate, Kazas and Principality of Ottoman Empire: Cretan State (De jure autonomous state under de facto union with Greece since 1908) Khedivate of Egypt (De jure autonomous Khedivate under de facto British occupation) Sharifate of Mecca (non-sovereign state under Sharifs of Mecca) Qatar (de facto self-ruling Kazak) Principality of Samos (Autonomous state under Ottoman suzerainty)

Ouaddai – Wadai Empire Capital: Abéché	Widely recognized independent state.

P[]

→ Panama – Republic of Panama (from November 3, 1903) Capital: Panama City	Widely recognized independent state from November 3, 1903.^[5]

Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay Capital: Asunción	Widely recognized independent state.

Pattani – Sultanate of Patani (to 1902) Capital: Patani	Widely recognized independent state until 1902.

→ Persia – Sublime State of Persia Capital: Tehran	Widely recognized independent state.

Peru – Peruvian Republic Capital: Lima	Widely recognized independent state.

Philippines – Philippine Republic (de facto independent state, to March 23,1901) Capital: Several temporary capitals	De facto independent state, to March 23, 1901.

Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal Capital: Lisbon	Widely recognized independent state. The following are colonies, vassal state and possession of Portugal: Portuguese Cape Verde (Colony) Kongo (Vassal state) Portuguese East Africa (Colony) Portuguese Guinea (Colony) Portuguese India (Colony) Portuguese Macau (Colony) Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe (Colony) Portuguese Timor (Colony) Portuguese West Africa (Colony) Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá (Possession)

Potiskum – Potiskum Emirate (to 1901) Capital: Potiskum	Widely recognized independent state.

R[]

Riyadh – Emirate of Riyadh (from January 15,1902) Capital: Riyadh	Widely recognized independent state.

Romania – Kingdom of Romania Capital: Bucharest	Widely recognized independent state.

Rujumbura – Rujumbura Kingdom (to 1901) Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized independent state.

Rukiga – Rukiga Kingdom (to 1901) Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized independent state.

Russia – Russian Empire Capital: Saint Petersburg	Widely recognized independent state. Russia had two protectorates, one concession and one autonomous grand duchy: Bukhara (Protectorate) Khiva (Protectorate) Tientsin (Concession) Finland (Autonomous grand duchy)

S[]

San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino Capital: San Marino	Widely recognized independent state.

Serbia – Kingdom of Serbia Capital: Belgrade	Widely recognized independent state.

Siam – Kingdom of Siam Capital: Bangkok	Widely recognized independent state.

Sokoto – Caliphal State in the Bilād as-Sūdān (to July 29th 1903) Capital: Sokoto	Widely recognized independent state.

Spain – Kingdom of Spain Capital: Madrid	Widely recognized independent state. Spain had three colonies, and two possessions: Elobey, Annobón and Corisco (Colony) Fernando Poo (Colony) Río Muni (Colony) Spanish North Africa (Possession) Spanish Sahara (Possession)

Swaziland – Kingdom of Swaziland (to June 1902) Capital: Bremersdorp	Widely recognized independent state.

→ Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden (in personal union with Norway until June 7, 1905)^[b] Capital: Stockholm	Widely recognized independent state.

Switzerland – Swiss Confederation Capital: Bern	Widely recognized independent state.

T[]

Tagant – Emirate of Tagant (to 1905) Capital: Tidjikja	Widely recognized independent state.

Tonga – Kingdom of Tonga (to May 18, 1900) Capital: Nuku'alofa	Widely recognized independent state.

Transvaal – South African Republic (to May 31, 1902) Capital: Pretoria	Widely recognized independent state.

Trarza – Emirate of Trarza (to December 15, 1902) Capital: Rosso	Widely recognized independent state.

U[]

United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Capital: London	Widely recognized independent state. The following are colonies, territories, dependencies and protectorates of the United Kingdom: Aden (Protectorate) Afghanistan (Protectorate under Treaty of Gandamak) Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Condominium of the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Egypt) Ascension Island (Possession) Ashanti (Crown colony, from January 1, 1902) Bahama Islands (Crown colony) Bahrain (Protectorate) Baker Island (Uninhabited possession) Barbados (Crown colony) Barotziland–North-Western Rhodesia (Protectorate) Basutoland (Crown colony) Bechuanaland (Protectorate) Bermuda (Crown colony) British Central Africa (Protectorate, to July 6, 1907) British Ceylon (Crown colony) British Cyprus (Protectorate) British East Africa (Protectorate) British Guiana (Colony) British Honduras (Crown colony) British Hong Kong (Crown colony) British Jamaica (Crown colony) British Leeward Islands (Crown colony) British Mauritius (Crown colony) British Somaliland (Crown colony) British Trinidad and Tobago (Crown colony) British Western Pacific Territories (Crown colony) British Windward Islands (Crown colony) Brunei (Protectorate) Cape Colony (Colony) Colony of Natal (Colony) Falkland Islands (Crown colony) Federated Malay States (Protectorate) Friendly Islands (Tripartite protectorate to 1900, became part of the British Western Pacific Territories) Gambia (Crown colony and protectorate) Gibraltar (Crown colony) Gilbert and Ellice Islands (Protectorate) Gold Coast (Crown colony) Graham Land (Uninhabited possession) Guernsey (Crown dependency) Heard Island and McDonald Islands (Uninhabited possession) India - Indian Empire (Crown colony) Isle of Man (Crown dependency) Jarvis Island (Uninhabited possession) Jersey (Crown dependency) Kuwait (Protectorate) Lagos (Colony to February 1906, incorporated into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate) Maldive Islands (Protectorate) Malta (Crown colony) Muscat and Oman (Protectorate) Nepal (Protectorate) New Hebrides (Anglo-French condominium, from October 20, 1906) New South Wales (Colony to 1900, became a state of Australia) New Zealand (Colony, to September 26, 1907) Niger Districts (Protectorate to 1900, became part of Northern Nigeria) Nigeria (Crown colony and protectorate) North Borneo (Protectorate) Northern Nigeria (Protectorate) North-Eastern Rhodesia (Protectorate, from January 29, 1900) Nyasaland (Protectorate, from July 6, 1907) Orange River Colony (Colony, from May 31, 1902) British New Guinea (Colony to March 18, 1902, transferred to Australia) Phoenix Islands (Colony) Pitcairn Islands (Colony) Rhodesia (Company Rule by British South Africa Company) Queensland (Colony to 1900, became a state of Australia) Saint Helena (Crown colony) Sarawak (Protectorate) Seychelles (Crown colony) → Sierra Leone (Crown colony and protectorate) South Orkney Islands (Uninhabited possession) South Shetland Islands (Uninhabited possession) Southern Nigeria (Protectorate, from January 1, 1900) Straits Settlements (Crown colony) Suez Canal Zone (Crown colony) Swaziland (Protectorate, from 1902) Queensland (Colony to 1900, became a state of Australia) Transvaal Colony (Colony) Tristan da Cunha (Crown colony) Trucial States (Protectorate) Unfederated Malay States Kedah (Protectorate) Kelantan (Protectorate) Perlis (Protectorate) Terengganu (Protectorate) Uganda (Crown colony) Victoria (Colony to 1900, became a state of Australia) Victoria Land (Uninhabited possession) Weihai (Concession) Zanzibar (Protectorate)

→ United States – United States of America Capital: Washington D.C.	Widely recognized independent state. The following are territories of the United States of America: Alaska (District) American Samoa (Territory) Bajo Nuevo Bank (Uninhabited territory) Guam (Territory) Hawaii (Territory) Howland Island (Uninhabited territory) Johnston Atoll (Uninhabited territory) Kingman Reef (Uninhabited territory) Middlebrook Island (Uninhabited territory) Midway Atoll (Uninhabited territory) Navassa Island (Uninhabited territory) Panama Canal Zone (Territory) Philippine Islands (Territory) Puerto Rico (Territory) Quita Sueño Bank (Uninhabited territory) Roncador Bank (Uninhabited territory) Serrana Bank (Uninhabited territory) Serranilla Bank (Uninhabited territory) Swan Islands (Uninhabited territory) Wake Island (Uninhabited territory)

Upper Yafa – Sultanate of Upper Yafa (to 1903) Capital:	Widely recognized independent state.

Uruguay – Oriental Republic of Uruguay Capital: Montevideo	Widely recognized independent state.

V[]

→ Venezuela – United States of Venezuela Capital: Caracas	Widely recognized independent state.

W[]
Wajoq – Kingdom of Wajoq (to 1906) Capital:	Widely recognized independent state.

Wukari – Wukari Federation (to 1900) Capital: Wukari	Widely recognized independent state.

States claiming sovereignty[]
Aceh – Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam (to 1903) Capital: Kutaraja	Protectorate of the Ottoman Empire until 1903.

Chita – Chita Republic (from November 22, 1905 to January 22, 1906) Capital: Chita	Unrecognized state.

Cruzob – Chan Santa Cruz (to May 5, 1901) Capital: Noh Kah Balam Nah Chan Santa Cruz	De facto independent state. Reannexed to Mexico from May 5, 1901.

Dervish State – Dervish State Capital: Taleh	Unrecognized state.

Gurian Republic (from 1902 to 1906) Capital: Ozurgeti	Unrecognized state.

Jungle Nation – Jungle Republic (to February 27, 1900) Capital: Moyobamba	Unrecognized state.

Khiva – Khanate of Khiva Capital: Khiva	Semi-independent state. Under Russian protection.

Kruševo – Republic of Kruševo (from August 3 to August 13, 1903) Capital: Kruševo	De facto independent state.

Negros – Cantonal Republic of Negros (to August 20, 1901) Capital: Bacolod	Unrecognized state.

Shuliavka Republic (from December 12 to December 16, 1905) Capital: Shuliavka	Unrecognized state.

Shuntian Kingdom – Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun (from January 28 to January 31, 1903) Capital: Guangzhou	Unrecognized state from January 28 to January 31, 1903.^[6]

Strandzha Commune (from August 18 to September 8, 1903) Capital: Malko Tarnovo	Unrecognized state.

Tagalog Republic (de facto independent state, from May 6, 1902 to July 14, 1906) Capital: Morong	Unrecognized state.

Notes[]

^ 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Territory: Acre (from April 30, 1904). 1 Federal District: Federal District.
^ Union Badge removed November 1st 1905.

References[]

^ James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
^ "Andorra", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-01-06, retrieved 2022-02-05
^ "Australia", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2021-10-20, retrieved 2021-10-26
^ "Bulgaria at the end of the 19th-century". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-02-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ "Panama", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2021-10-19, retrieved 2021-10-26
^ Rong, Yuan. "洪秀全后裔今何在 [Where are the descendants of Hong Xiuquan]". Zhoumo News. Archived from the original on 2014-06-06. Retrieved October 27, 2021.

[4] 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Territory: Acre (from April 30, 1904). 1 Federal District: Federal District.

[7] Union Badge removed November 1st 1905.

[:1-1] James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.

[2] "Andorra", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-01-06, retrieved 2022-02-05

[3] "Australia", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2021-10-20, retrieved 2021-10-26

[5] "Bulgaria at the end of the 19th-century". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-02-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[6] "Panama", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2021-10-19, retrieved 2021-10-26

[8] Rong, Yuan. "洪秀全后裔今何在 [Where are the descendants of Hong Xiuquan]". Zhoumo News. Archived from the original on 2014-06-06. Retrieved October 27, 2021.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[a]

[4]

[5]

[b]

[6]

List of sovereign states in the 1900s

Sovereign states[]

A[]

B[]

C[]

D[]

E[]

F[]

G[]

H[]

I[]

J[]

K[]

L[]

M[]

N[]

O[]

P[]

R[]

S[]

T[]

U[]

V[]

W[]

States claiming sovereignty[]

Notes[]

References[]