Mandaean cosmology

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Mandaean cosmology is the Gnostic conception of the universe in the religion of Mandaeism.[1]

Mandaean cosmology is strongly influenced by Jewish, Babylonian, Persian, Egyptian, Greek, Manichaean and other Near Eastern religions and philosophies.[2]

Emanations[]

The three major Emanations or "Lives" (Hayyi) in Mandaeism are:

  1. The Second Life: Yushamin, the primal uthra
  2. The Third Life: Abatur, the weigher of souls, and also the father of the uthri (plural of uthra)
  3. The Fourth Life: Ptahil, the creator of the material world

The Second Life, Third Life, and Fourth Life are emanations of the First Life, Hayyi Rabbi (the Supreme God).

Realms[]

Mandaean cosmology divides the universe into three realms:[1]

  1. World of Light or Lightworld (alma ḏ-nhūra)
  2. Tibil, or Earth
  3. World of Darkness or underworld (alma ḏ-hšuka)

According to Book 3 of the Right Ginza, a "fruit (pira) within the fruit" and "ether (ayar) within the ether" had existed before the World of Light came into being. In a sort of "Big Bang," the World of Light comes into being along with the Great Jordan and uthras. Tibil and the World of Darkness are then formed by Ptahil and others after the World of Light came into existence.[1]

World of Light[]

Main article: World of Light

The World of Light is the primeval, transcendent world from which Tibil and the World of Darkness emerged. The Great Life (Hayyi Rabbi or Supreme God/Monad) and his uthras dwell in the World of Light. The World of Light is also the source of Piriawis, the Great Yardena (Classical Mandaic: ࡉࡀࡓࡃࡍࡀ, or (Jordan River)) of Life.[1]

The Mshunia Kushta is a section of the World of Light where spiritual counterparts or images called dmuta are found.[3]

When a Mandaean person dies, priests perform elaborate death rituals or death masses called masiqta in order to help guide the soul (nišimta) towards the World of Light. In order to pass from Tibil (Earth) to the World of Light, the soul must go through multiple maṭarta (watch-stations, toll-stations, or purgatories; see also Arcs of Descent and Ascent and araf (Islam)) before finally being reunited with the dmuta, the soul's heavenly counterpart.[1]

The idea has some parallels with the Gnostic concept of pleroma.

Tibil[]

Main article: Tibil

Tibil, or Earth, is the middle, earthly realm in Mandaean cosmology. It is separated form the World of Light above and the World of Darkness below by ayar (aether).[2] Rituals mediated by priests allow for a laufa (or laupa, meaning 'connection' or 'union') to be made from Tibil to the World of Light.

World of Darkness[]

Main article: World of Darkness (Mandaeism)

The World of Darkness is ruled by its king Ur (Leviathan) and its queen Ruha, mother of the seven planets and twelve constellations. The great dark Ocean of Sup lies in the World of Darkness.[1] The great dividing river of Hiṭfon, analogous to the river Styx in Greek mythology, separates the World of Darkness from the World of Light.[4]

Directions[]

Mandaeism considers North, and hence also the North Pole and Polaris, to be auspicious and associated with the World of Light. Mandaeans face north when praying, and temples are also oriented towards the north. On the contrary, South is associated with the World of Darkness.[5]

Planets[]

See also: Archon (Gnosticism) § Naming and associations, and List of Mesopotamian deities

Overall, the seven planets (Classical Mandaic: ࡔࡅࡁࡀ šuba, "The Seven"; or Classical Mandaic: ࡔࡉࡁࡉࡀࡄࡉࡀ šibiahia, "planets") are generally not viewed favorably in Mandaeism, since they constitute part of the entourage of Ruha, the Queen of the World of Darkness who is also their mother. However, individually, some of the planets can be associated with positive qualities. The names of the seven planets in Mandaic are borrowed from Akkadian.[5] Some of the names are ultimately derived from Sumerian, since Akkadian had borrowed many deity names from Sumerian.

The planets are listed according to the traditional Mandaean order of the planets as mentioned in Masco (2012).[6]: 87 

Planet Mandaic Mandaic script Akkadian Other names Associations
Sun Šamiš ࡔࡀࡌࡉࡔ Šamaš Adunai < Hebrew Adonai light and life-powers Yawar-Ziwa (Dazzling Light) and Simat-Hiia (Treasure of Life)
Venus Libat ࡋࡉࡁࡀࡕ Delebat Amamit (the underworld goddess), Argiuat, Daitia, Kukbat (the diminutive of 'star'), Spindar, ʿstira (i.e., Ishtar or Astarte), and Ruha or Ruha ḏ-qudša (Holy Spirit) success in love and reproduction
Mercury Nbu (ʿNbu) ࡍࡁࡅ
ࡏࡍࡁࡅ 		Nabû Maqurpiil, Mšiha < Messiah; ʿaṭarid < Arabic learning, scribes; Christ and Christianity
Moon Sin ࡎࡉࡍ Sīnu Agzʿil, Ṭaṭmʿil, Ṣaurʿil, and Sira miscarriages and abnormal births
Saturn Kiwan ࡊࡉࡅࡀࡍ Kajamānu Br Šamiš (The Son of the Sun) Jews; Saturday
Jupiter Bil ࡁࡉࡋ Bēlu Angʿil male; "hot and moist"
Mars Nirig ࡍࡉࡓࡉࡂ Nergallu Marik violence; Islam

Each planet is said to be carried in a ship. Drawings of these ships are found in various Mandaean scrolls, such as the Scroll of Abatur.

Calendar and zodiac[]

Main article: Mandaean calendar

Dual counterparts[]

Main article: Dmuta

In Mandaeism, people, spirits, and places are often considered to have both earthly and heavenly counterparts (dmuta), which dwell in the Mshunia Kushta ("Realm of Truth").

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Aldihisi, Sabah (2008). The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba (PhD). University College London.
  2. ^ a b Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515385-5. OCLC 65198443.
  3. ^ Drower, E.S. (1960). The Secret Adam - The Study of Nasoraean Gnosis (PDF). London: Oxford University Press.
  4. ^ Al-Saadi, Qais Mughashghash; Al-Saadi, Hamed Mughashghash (2012). Ginza Rabba: The Great Treasure. An equivalent translation of the Mandaean Holy Book. Drabsha.
  5. ^ a b Bhayro, Siam (2020-02-10). Cosmology in Mandaean Texts. Brill. pp. 572–579. doi:10.1163/9789004400566_046. Retrieved 2021-09-03.
  6. ^ Masco, Maire (2012). The Mandaeans: Gnostic astrology as an artifact of cultural transmission. Tacoma, WA: Fluke Press. ISBN 978-1-938476-00-6. OCLC 864905792.
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