Military career and honours of Francisco Franco

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Main article: Francisco Franco
Coat of Arms of Francisco Franco until 1940
Coat of Arms of Francisco Franco ast Head of the Spanish State, depicting the Castilian Bend, the Pillars of Hercules and the Laureate Cross

The military career of Francisco Franco Bahamonde began on 29 August 1907, when he took the oath as a cadet at the Spanish Toledo Infantry Academy. On 13 July 1910 he graduated from Infantry Academy and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Spanish Army, in the same promotion as Juan Yagüe, Emilio Esteban Infantes, Camilo Alonso Vega, José Asensio, Lisardo Doval Bravo and Eduardo Sáenz de Buruaga. He rose through the ranks over the next twenty years and became one of the most important Spanish commissioned officers of the Rif War. On 31 January 1926 Franco, aged 33, became the youngest general in all of Europe. In January 1928 he was then chosen to direct the newly formed General Military Academy in Zaragoza. From 19 May 1935 to 23 February 1936, Franco was elevated to Chief of Army Staff before the 1936 election moved the leftist Popular Front into power, relegating him to the Canary Islands as Commander of the Archipelago Force. After initial reluctance, he joined the July 1936 military coup which, after failing to take Spain, sparked the Spanish Civil War.

During the war, he commandeered Spain's colonial army in Africa and after the death of much of the rebel leadership became his faction's only leader. On 1 October 1936, in Burgos, Franco was appointed Generalissimo and Head of State. He consolidated all nationalist parties into the FET y de las JONS (creating a one-party state). Three years later the Nationalists declared victory and thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975 assuming the title Caudillo.

Styles[]

  • 3 August[note 1] – 30 September 1936: "The Most Excellent Divisional general Francisco Franco Bahamonde, Member of the National Defence Board."
  • 30 September – 1 October 1936: "His Excellency the Head of the State Government and Generalissimo of the Armies.
  • 1 October – 19 December 1936: "His Excellency the Head of the State and Generalissimo of the Armies.
  • 19 December 1936 – † 20 November 1975 : "His Excellency the Head of the State, Caudillo of Spain and the Crusade, Generalissimo of the Armies.[a][b]

Nicknames[]

The Víctor other personal emblem used by Franco
  • Homo missus a Deo (A man sent from God).
  • Providential man
  • Sentinel of the West
  • Crusader of the West
  • Prince of the armies
  • The cleanest sword of the West/Europe
  • Supreme captain of the Race
  • Undefeated Caesar
  • Saviour of the Fatherland/Spain
  • The only victor against Marxism on the field of battle
  • The youngest general in Europe
  • Little light of El Pardo

Dates of rank[]

List of assignment[]

  • 23 July 1910 – 6 February 1912: Second Lieutenant, 8th Infantry Regiment «Zamora»
  • 19 February 1912 – 15 April 1913: Second and First Lieutenant, 68th Infantry Regiment «África»
  • 15 April 1913 – 26 March 1915: First Lieutenant, 1st Indigenous Regular Forces of Melilla
  • 26 March – 7 April 1915: Captain, Square for Service Eventualities in Ceuta
  • 7 April 1915 – 1 January 1917: Captain, 1st Indigenous Regular Forces of Melilla
  • 1 January – 1 March 1917: Captain, 1st Group of Indigenous Regular Forces of Tétouan
  • 1 March 1917 – 27 September 1920 Commandant, 3rd Infantry Regiment «Príncipe»
  • 27 September 1920 – 8 June 1923: Chief of the 1st Flag of the Foreigners Tercio
  • 8 June 1923 – 11 February 1926: Chief of the Volunteers Tercio
  • 29 April 1926 – 8 January 1928: Chief of the 1st Infantry Brigade, 1st Division
  • 8 January 1928 – 30 June 1931: Director of the General Military Academy
  • 5 February 1932 – 29 March 1934: Chief of the 15th Infantry Brigade
  • 29 March 1934 – 15 February 1935: Balearics General Commander[d]
  • 15 February – 19 May 1935: High Chief of the Military Force in Morocco
  • 19 May 1935 – 23 February 1936: Chief of Army Staff
  • 23 February – 25 July 1936:[e] Canary General Commander
  • 25 July – 27 August 1936: General of the Army in Morocco and the Southern Spain[a]
  • 27 August – 30 September 1936: Chief of the Military Force in Morocco and the Expeditionary Force[a]
  • 30 September 1936 – † 20 November 1975:[a][b] Commander-in-chief of the Armies/Spanish Armed Forces

Awards[]

Laureate Grand Cross of Saint Ferdinand, borne by Francisco Franco
Badge of the Tercio (without bars)
Insignia of the Gentlemen of the Bedchamber, reign of Alfonso XIII
Military Decorations[2][3][4]
ESP Laureada pasador.svg
 Chief and Laureate Grand Cross of the Military Order of Saint Ferdinand[5]
ESP Medalla Militar pasador.svg
 Individual Military Medal Two clasps
ESP Orden Militar de María Cristina pasador.svg
 1st Class Cross (Star) of the Royal and Military Order of María Cristina Two clasps
ESP Cruz de Guerra pasador.svg
 War Grand Cross[6]
ESP Cruz Merito Militar (Distintivo Blanco) pasador.svg
 Grand Cross of Military Merit with white badge[7]
ESP Cruz Merito Aeronautico (Distintivo Blanco) pasador.svg
 Grand Cross of Aeronautical Merit with white badge[8]
Orde del Cardenal Cisneros.gif
 Chief and Grand Cross[9] of the Military Order of Saint Hermenegild
ESP Cruz Merito Militar (Distintivo Rojo) pasador.svg
 3rd Cross Class (Star) of the Military Merit with red badge[f]
ESP Cruz Merito Naval (Distintivo Rojo) pasador.svg
 3rd Cross Class (Star) of the Naval Merit with red badge[g]
ESP Cruz Merito Militar (Distintivo Rojo) pasador.svg
 2nd Class Cross (Star) of the Military Merit with red badge[f] Three times
ESP Medalla del Mutilado (Guerra).svg
 Suffering for the Motherland Medal[note 2]
ESP Orden de San Hermenegildo Cruz pasador.svg
 Commander with Star of the Military Order of Saint Hermenegild
ESP Cruz Merito Militar (Distintivo Rojo) pasador.svg
 1st Class Cross (crowned simple cross with ribbon) of Military Merit with red badge[f] Four times
ESP Orden de San Hermenegildo Cruz pasador.svg
 Cross of the Military Order of Saint Hermenegild
LBA Order of the Great 1st September Revolution ribbon.svg
 (Military) Medal of Melilla Kert, Beur Bu-Gafar and Tétouan clasps
ESP Medalla de la Paz de Marruecos BAR.svg Medal of the Peace of Morocco[10][11]
ESP Medalla de las Campañas (África).svg
 The Tercio Campaigns Medal[note 3]
MedallaconmemorativaIVCentenarioBatalladeLepanto.jpg Gold Medal (1st class) of the 4th Centenary of the Battle of Lepanto[12]
Noribbon.svg Collective Military Medal for the Foreigners Tercio Badge of Distinction[note 4][13]
Other Badges and Military Honours
ESP Ascenso Méritos de Guerra Pasador.svg Promotion Badge of Battlefield Merit or Rank Advance Five times[10]
Noribbon.svg Badge of the Tercio One gold bar and four red[14]
Noribbon.svg Sword of the Civil War Victory 20 May 1939
Civil Decorations
Orde Fletxes Roges.gif Chief and Grand Collar of the Imperial Order of the Yoke and Arrows[h]
Order of Charles III - Sash of Collar.svg Chief of the Distinguished Order of Charles III
Order of Isabella the Catholic - Sash of Collar.svg Chief of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
ESP Order of Civil Merit - Collar.svg Chief of the Order of Civil Merit
ESP Alfonso X Order - Common.svg Chief and Collar of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise
ESP St Raymond of Penyafort Order - Common.svg Chief of the Order of the Cross of Saint Raymond of Peñafort
Orde del Cardenal Cisneros.gif Chief of the Order of Cisneros
Vietnam Civil Actions Medal Second Class.png Chief of the Order of Africa
ESP Isabella Catholic Order CROSS.svg Commander by Number of the Order of Isabella the Catholic[10][15]
TWN Order of Propitious Clouds 9Class BAR.svg
 Sumú-u (Grand Cross) of the Order of the Mehdauia[i][10]
Other Honours[2][3]
Noribbon.svg King's Gentlemen of the Bedchamber Alfonso XIII
Noribbon.svg Badge of the Head of the National Movement[note 5][16]
Foreign Decorations
ARG Order of the Liberator San Martin - Grand Cross BAR.png Collar of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín Argentina
CHL Order of Bernardo O'Higgins - Grand Cross BAR.png Collar of the Order of Bernardo O'Higgins Chile
Order of Boyacá - Extraordinary Grand Cross (Colombia) - ribbon bar.png Grand Cross Extraordinary of the Order of Boyaca Colombia
DOM Order of Trujillo ribbon.svg Grand Cross with Gold Breast Star of the Order of Trujillo Dominican Republic
DOM Order of Christopher Columbus ribbon bar.PNG Grand Cross with Gold Breast Star of the Order of Christopher Columbus
National Order of Merit (Ecuador) - ribbon bar.gif Collar of the National Order of Merit Ecuador
National Order of Merit-Grand Cross (Ecuador) - ribbon bar.gif Grand Cross Extraordinary of the National Order of Merit
ETH Order of Solomon BAR.png Collar of the Order of the Seal of Solomon Ethiopia
Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg Commander of the Legion of Honour France
DEU Deutsche Adlerorden 1 BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle Germany
GRE Order Redeemer 1Class.png Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer Kingdom of Greece
Orden Nacional de Honor y Mérito, Gran Cruz.svg Grand Cross of the National Order of Honour and Merit Haiti
Ordine Supremo del Cristo Rib.png Knight of the Supreme Order of Christ[17] Holy See
Order of the Most Holy Annunciation BAR.svg Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation Italy
Cavaliere di gran Croce Regno SSML BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Cavaliere di Gran Croce OCI Kingdom BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy
JOR Order of the Renaissance GC.SVG Grand Cordon with Brilliants of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance[18] Jordan
National Order of Merit (Paraguay) - ribbon bar.png Collar of the National Order of Merit Paraguay
Military Order of Ayacucho (Peru) - ribbon bar.png Grand Cross of the Military Order of Ayacucho[19] Peru
PHI Legion of Honor 2003 Chief Commander BAR.svg Chief Commander of the Philippine Legion of Honor Philippines
PHI Order of Sikatuna 2003 Grand Collar BAR.svg Grand Collar of the Order of Sikatuna
PRT Three Orders BAR.png Sash of the Three Orders Portugal
PRT Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword - Grand Collar.png Grand Collar of the Order of the Tower and Sword
PRT Military Order of Aviz - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Cross of the Military Order of Aviz
Order of Rama 1st Class ribbon.svg Grand Commander of the Order of Rama Thailand
International Military Orders
SMOM-gcs.svg Bailiff Knight Grand Cross of Knight of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
SWE Order of Vasa - Knight 1st Class BAR.png Knight Grand Cross of Justice with Collar of the Order of Saint Lazarus
Coat of arms of Franco as knight of the Supreme Order of Christ (Holy See)

Local government[]

Private corporations[]

  • Fútbol Club Barcelona:[216]
    • Palau Blagurana Inauguration Commemorative Gold Medal (1971) (HW)
    • Club 75 Anniversary Gold Medal (1974) (HW)

Scholastic[]

Honorary doctorates[]

 Spain:[217]

  • Pontifical University of Salamanca, Canon Law, 1954.
  • University of Santiago de Compostela, Sciences, 1965 (HW).[218]
  • University of Salamanca, Law, 1966.

 Portugal:[217]

  • University of Coimbra, Law, 1949.

Honorific eponyms[]

Localities[]

Institutions and public infrastructures[]

  • Alcobendas, Madrid: «Generalísimo Franco» School (HEW)
  • Alhama de Murcia: «Francisco Franco» School (HEW)
  • Arrecife, Las Palmas: «Generalísimo Franco» Scholar Group (HEW)
  • Barcelona:
  • Beariz, Orense: «Francisco Franco» School (HEW)
  • Benagéber, Valencia: Generalissimo Dam
  • Cádiz: «Generalísimo Franco» Institution of Feminine Labor Teaching (HEW)
  • La Coruña: «Generalísimo Franco» School (HEW)
  • Ciudad Real: «Generalísimo Franco» School (HEW)
  • Getafe, Madrid: «Francisco Franco» Public School (HEW)
  • Jerez, Cádiz: «Generalísimo Franco» School (HEW)
  • Madrid:
  • Málaga: «Francisco Franco» Professional School (HEW)
  • Parla, Madrid: «Francisco Franco» School (HEW)
  • Rosell, Castellón: «Generalísimo Franco» School (HEW)
  • San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia: «Francisco Franco» School (HEW)
  • Santa Cruz de Tenerife: «Generalísimo Franco» Public School (HEW)
  • Seville: «Generalísimo Franco Franco» National School (HEW)
  • Numerous avenues, streets, centers, schools, institutes and squares called "Generalísimo Franco", "Francisco Franco" or "Caudillo" of various cities and towns in the country, most of them renamed since the times of the transition to democracy.

Foundation[]

  • Francisco Franco National Foundation

Awards[]

  • National Literature Prize «Francisco Franco» (1940-1975)
  • Spanish National Research Council (Suppressed)[220]
    • «Francisco Franco» Prizes for Spanish Literature
    • «Francisco Franco» Prize for Sciences
    • «Francisco Franco» Prize for Individual Technical Investigation
    • «Francisco Franco» Prize for Team Technical Research

Other[]

See also[]

Notes[]

  • (HW): Honour posthumously withdrawn
  • (HEW): Honorific eponym withdrawn
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Disputed until 1939 (Civil War).
  2. ^ a b c d e Perpetually at the head of the ranks of the Army, Navy and Air Force, Decree 3269/1975, 5 December. BOE - Spanish Official Journal no. 304, 19 December 1975, p. 26362.
  3. ^ a b c d War merit for promotion.
  4. ^ Destined in a higher level assignment.
  5. ^ Disputed (At Civil War). Ceased by the government on 19 July.
  6. ^ a b c Numbering of the classes was inverse to the usual order until 1939.
  7. ^ Numbering of the classes was inverse to the usual order until 1931.
  8. ^ Civil and military order
  9. ^ Order awarded by the Khalifa of the Spanish protectorate in Morocco.
  1. ^ Officially since 17 September 1936.
  2. ^ Class for Wounded or Injured at War by the Enemy
  3. ^ Campaign Commemorative Medal, Morocco clasp. Created on 17 November 1931 and repealed on 27 November 1937
  4. ^ Embroidered with canutille and silk gold threads, shaped like the Individual Military Medal, on the left sleeve of the uniform. In its central part, on a red background, the emblem of the Third was represented instead of the national personification of Spain.
  5. ^ It consists of the Yoke and arrows upon three four rays stars.
  6. ^ Controversial original meaning of the name 'EFE'.

References[]

  1. ^ a b Provision 18/07/1938, restoring the dignity of Captain General in the Army and Navy, and exalting H.E. the Head of the State on it. Spanish Official Journal.
  2. ^ a b "Historial del General Francisco Franco" [Service summary of General Francisco franco] (PDF). www.boe.es (in Spanish). BOE - Spanish Official Journal. 29 March 1934. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  3. ^ a b Biography of Francisco Franco. Fundación Nacional Francisco Franco. (In Spanish)
  4. ^ Prieto Barrio (2001) Diccionario de cintas de recompensas españolas (desde 1700) [Dictionary of Spanish service ribbon bars (since 1700)]. Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa. ISBN 84-7823-836-0.
  5. ^ Provision given in Madrid, on Victory Day, 19 May 1939, granting the Captain General of the Army and Navy, Generalissimo of the Armies the Grand Laureate Cross of San Fernando. BOE- Spanish Official Journal(In Spanish)
  6. ^ Portrait of Franco with the band of the Grand Cross of War and his Military Medal with two clasps.
  7. ^ Decree granting the Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit, with a white badge, to Divisional General Francisco Franco Bahamonde. Madrid Gazette: no. 345, of 12/11/1934, page 2,052. BOE - Spanish Official Journal
  8. ^ Photograph of Francisco Franco with the sash of the Grand Cross of the Aeronautical Merit.
  9. ^ Disposición de 25 de marzo de 1941 [ Provision of March 25, 1941]. BOE - Spanish Official Journal
  10. ^ a b c d Photograph of Francisco Franco with miniature medals.
  11. ^ Decreto 1947 de 22 de noviembre de 1927 [Decree 1947, 22 November 1927] (PDF) (in Spanish). Gaceta de Madrid, No.326 (22 November 1927) BOE - Spanish Official Journal. 22 November 1927. p. 1067. ISBN 978-84-340-2263-8. Retrieved 10 November 2020. Tendrán derecho a la Medalla de la Paz... Generales, Jefes, Oficiales, Caídos y Tropa del Ejército y de la Armada y de las Fuerzas auxiliares indígenas que hayan tomado parte en operaciones realizadas en Marruecos en cualquiera de los períodos comprendidos desde el 9 de julio de 1909 hasta el 12 de Octubre de 1927
  12. ^ Medal of the 4th Centenary of the Battle of Lepanto. BOE - Spanish Official Journal (1971/02/20). Acceded 24 October 2020.
  13. ^ File:Generaal Franco, Bestanddeelnr 922-6568.jpg Photograph of Franco with the collective military medal distinction shield on the left sleeve.
  14. ^ Portrait of Franco with the Tercio Badge.
  15. ^ Ceballos-Escalera, de, Alfonso (2015). La Real y Americana Orden de Isabel la Católica (1815-2015) [Royal and American Order of Isabella the Catholic (1815-2015)] (PDF) (in Spanish). BOE - Spanish Official Journal. p. 163. ISBN 978-84-340-2263-8. Retrieved 10 November 2020. Encomienda con Placa. Subsecretarios Directores Generales, Ministros Plenipotenciarios, Generales de Brigada, Contralmirantes... [Rules of the Order during the Second Republic]
  16. ^ File:Francisco Franco 1975 (cropped).jpg Photograph of Franco with the badge of the Head of the National Movement.
  17. ^ Ceremony of imposition of the Supreme Order of Christ to Franco (Madrid). Filmoteca Española (In Spanish)
  18. ^ State visit of the monarchs of Jordan to Spain. NO-DO. RTVE. Acceded 3 October 2020.
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Bibliography[]

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