Mongols in China

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"Mongolian Chinese" redirects here. For other uses, see Mongolian Chinese (disambiguation).
Mongols in China
中国蒙古族
Mongol Autonomous Subjects in the PRC.png
Map showing the Mongol autonomous subjects in the Greater China Area
Total population
5,981,840[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
Inner Mongolia · Qinghai · Xinjiang
Languages
Mongolian · Oirat · Buryat
Religion
Mongolian shamanism · Tibetan Buddhism · Islam
Related ethnic groups
Buryats · Oirats
China linguistic map.jpg
Mongol ambassadors to the Chinese court. Nieuhof: L'ambassade de la Compagnie Orientale des Provinces Unies vers l'Empereur de la Chine, 1665

Mongols in China[3][4] or Mongolian Chinese[5][6] (Chinese: 蒙古族; pinyin: Měnggǔ zú; lit. 'the Mongol ethnicity'), are ethnic Mongols who were domesticated and integrated into the nation-building of the Republic of China (1912–1949) after the fall of Qing Empire (1636–1911). Those not integrated broke away in the Mongolian Revolution of 1911 and again in 1921. The Republic of China recognized Mongols to be part of the Five Races Under One Union. Its successor, the People's Republic of China (1949-), recognized Mongols to be one of the 55 ethnic minorities in China.

As of[when?], there are 5.8 million Mongols in China. Most of them live in Inner Mongolia, Northeast China, Xinjiang and Qinghai. The Mongol population in China is nearly twice as much as that of the sovereign state of Mongolia.

Distribution[]

The Mongols in China are divided between autonomous regions and provinces as follows:

  • 68.72%: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
  • 11.52%: Liaoning Province
  • 2.96%: Jilin Province
  • 2.92%: Hebei Province
  • 2.58%: Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
  • 2.43%: Heilongjiang Province
  • 1.48%: Qinghai Province
  • 1.41%: Henan Province
  • 5.98%: Rest of mainland China

Besides the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, there are other Mongol autonomous administrative subdivisions in China.

Prefecture level:

County level:

  • Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County (in Hebei)
  • Harqin Left Mongol Autonomous County (in Liaoning)
  • Fuxin Mongol Autonomous County (in Liaoning)
  • Qian Gorlos Mongol Autonomous County (in Jilin)
  • Dorbod Mongol Autonomous County (in Heilongjiang)
  • Subei Mongol Autonomous County (in Gansu)
  • Henan Mongol Autonomous County (in Qinghai)
  • Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County (in Xinjiang)

Classification[]

Photo by Yvette Borup Andrews in 1920

China classifies different Mongolian groups like Buryats and Oirats into the same single category as Mongol along with Inner Mongols. A non-Mongolic ethnic group, the Tuvans are also classified as Mongols by China.[7] The official language used for all of these Mongols in China is a literary standard based on the Chahar dialect of Mongol.[8]

Some populations officially classified as Mongols by the government of the People's Republic of China do not currently speak any form of Mongolic language. Such populations include the Sichuan Mongols (most of whom speak a form of Naic language), the Yunnan Mongols (most of whom speak a form of Loloish language), and the Mongols of Henan Mongol Autonomous County in Qinghai (most of whom speak Amdo Tibetan and/or Chinese).

Related groups[]

Not all groups of people related to the medieval Mongols are officially classified as Mongols under the current system. Other official ethnic groups in China which speak Mongolic languages include:

  • the Dongxiang of Gansu Province
  • the Monguor of Qinghai and Gansu Provinces
  • the Daur of Inner Mongolia
  • the Bonan of Gansu Province
  • some of the Yugurs of Gansu Province (other Yugurs speak a Turkic language)
  • the Kuangjia Hui of Qinghai Province

Notable people[]

  • Sengge Rinchen, Qing dynasty nobleman and general
  • Ulanhu, politician, former Chairman of Inner Mongolia, former Vice President of the People's Republic
  • Bayanqolu, Communist Party Secretary of Jilin Province, former Party Secretary of Ningbo
  • Uyunqimg, former Vice-Chair of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
  • Fu Ying, Deputy Foreign Minister, former ambassador to the United Kingdom, Australia and the Philippines
  • Li Siguang, geologist, founder of China's geomechanics
  • Yang Shixian, chemist, chancellor of Nankai University
  • Siqin Gaowa, actress
  • Mengke Bateer, CBA and NBA basketball player
  • Bao Xishun, one of the tallest people in the world
  • Tengger, a pop/rock musician
  • Buren Bayaer, singer, composer and a disc jockey
  • Uudam, child singer
  • Huugjilt, man wrongfully executed in 1996
  • Zhang Xiaoping
  • Chinggeltei (1924–2013), linguist, one of the world's few experts on the Khitan language
  • Jalsan, linguist and Buddhist leader
  • Batdorj-in Baasanjab, actor
  • Xiao Qian, academic
  • Bai Xue, lawyer and legal academic
  • Bai Yansong, TV anchor
  • Han Lei, pop singer
  • Wang Lijun, disgraced police chief and political figure
  • Bai Wenqi, lieutenant general of the PLA Air Force
  • Ulan, deputy party chief of Hunan Province
  • Qilu, Director of New Energy Materials and Technology Laboratory of Peking University

Gallery[]

  • An ethnic Mongol Chinese musician performing Inner Mongolian style morin khuur

See also[]

References[]

Citations[]

  1. ^ [http://www.lupm.org/mn/pages/101026mn.htm y (Mongolian): Millions of Han Chinese of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region registered as "Mongol" and "Manchu" according to Chinese policy since the 1980s. There is no enough information about Chinese ethnic minorities due to the government policy.
  2. ^ Өвөр Монголын хүн ам (Mongolian)
  3. ^ Jirimutu, Jerry (1998). "A socio‐demographic profile of the Mongols in China, 1990". Central Asian Survey. 17 (1): 93–108. doi:10.1080/02634939808401025.
  4. ^ Bulag, Uradyn E. (2003). "Mongolian Ethnicity and Linguistic Anxiety in China". American Anthropologist. 105 (4): 753–763. doi:10.1525/aa.2003.105.4.753. Archived from the original on 2004-06-03. The quest for the standardization of Mongolian [language] in Inner Mongolia was a product as much of a domestication of the Mongols in China as a protest against the imposition of Chinese [Standard Beijing Mandarin] as the national standard language to which all minority languages were forced to conform.
  5. ^ Wang, Jian; Teng, Xing (2016). "Teachers' beliefs of behaviors, learning, and teaching related to minority students: a comparison of Han and Mongolian Chinese teachers". Teaching Education. 27 (4): 371–395. doi:10.1080/10476210.2016.1153623. S2CID 147587249.
  6. ^ Deng, Xinmei; Ding; Cheng; Chou (2016). "Feeling Happy and Sad at the Same Time? Subcultural Differences in Experiencing Mixed Emotions between Han Chinese and Mongolian Chinese". Frontiers in Psychology. 7 (1692): 1692. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01692. PMC 5081370. PMID 27833582.
  7. ^ Mongush, M. V. "Tuvans of Mongolia and China." International Journal of Central Asian Studies, 1 (1996), 225-243. Talat Tekin, ed. Seoul: Inst. of Asian Culture & Development.
  8. ^ "Öbür mongγul ayalγu bol dumdadu ulus-un mongγul kelen-ü saγuri ayalγu bolqu büged dumdadu ulus-un mongγul kelen-ü barimǰiy-a abiy-a ni čaqar aman ayalγun-du saγurilaγsan bayidaγ." (Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 85).

Sources[]

  • Mongush, M.V. (1996). "Tuvans of Mongolia and China". International Journal of Central Asian Studies. 1: 225–243.
  • (in Mongolian) Sečenbaγatur, Qasgerel, Tuyaγ-a [Туяa], Bu. Jirannige, Wu Yingzhe, Činggeltei. 2005. Mongγul kelen-ü nutuγ-un ayalγun-u sinǰilel-ün uduridqal [A guide to the regional dialects of Mongolian]. Kökeqota: ÖMAKQ. ISBN 7-204-07621-4.

Further reading[]

External links[]

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