National Police Agency (South Korea)

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Korean National Police Agency
Korean name
Hangul
경찰청
Hanja
Revised RomanizationGyeongchalcheong
McCune–ReischauerKyŏngch'alch'ŏng
Emblem of the Korean National Police Agency
Emblem of the Korean National Police Agency
Seal of the Korean National Police Agency
Seal of the Korean National Police Agency
Badge of a South Korean police officer
Badge of a South Korean police officer
Flag of the Korean National Police Agency
Flag of the Korean National Police Agency
Common nameKorean National Police
AbbreviationKNPA
Agency overview
FormedJuly 24, 1991
Preceding agency
  • National Security Headquarters
Employees118,651 (2018)[1]
Annual budget10 trillion 536.2 billion (in 2018)[2]
Legal personalityGovernmental: Government agency
Jurisdictional structure
National agencySouth Korea
Operations jurisdictionSouth Korea
General nature
  • Local civilian police
Operational structure
Headquarters97, Tongil-ro, Seodaemun, Seoul
Minister responsible
Agency executive
  • Kim Changryong,
Local police agencys
18 agencys
Website
Official website

The Korean National Police Agency (KNPA), also known as the Korean National Police (KNP), is one of the National police organizations in South Korea. It is run under the Ministry of the Interior and Safety.[3] Its headquarter in 97, Tongil-ro, Seodaemun, Seoul.[4] The agency is divided into 18 local police agencies, including the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency. Local police agencies are not independent of the national police.

The spiritual origins of Korean Police organization date to the Police Department of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. After the end of the decades-long Japanese occupation of Korea, United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) created the Police Administration Bureau under the U.S. military government, and established a Police Department in every province. Today’s agency was created in 1991, reshuffling the National Security Headquarters in Ministry of Home Affairs (Korean: 내무부 치안본부) to the National Police Agency.[5]

As of February 2019, the South Korean police have 144,756 officers, including 19,495 conscripted policemen and 4,343 civilian.[6] The current Commissioner General of KNP is Kim ChangRyong (2020.07.24 - ).[7]

History[]

Before 1945[]

Kim Gu, The first Commissioner General of the Police Bureau of Provisional Government.

The origins of Korean Police organization is Police Department (Korean: 경무국) of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. The Bylaws of the Korean Provisional Government promulgated on April 25, 1919, stipulated the roles and responsibilities of the Police Bureau under the Provisional Government.[8] This organization likes the paramilitary forces fight to the Japan Empire. The first Commissioner General of the Police Bureau was Kim Gu. He laid the foundation for the Korean police force. Police of Provisional Government operate guarding key figure in the government and government office building. Also, Police keep the public security in the oversea Koreans society. [9]

In 1923, Kim Gu established the neighborhood patrol force (Korean: 의경대) in the Shanghai group of overseas Koreans. Its mission was to maintain public security in the Korean society of Shanghai. This organization was later renamed to the Korean Patriotic Organization, a secret organization that aimed to assassinate prominent Japanese figures of the Empire of Japan.[9]

1945-1948: Period of Police Administration Department[]

On August 15, 1945, The Japanese Empire surrendered & the U.S. Army landed in South Korea to start the Military occupation. The United States established the United States Army Military Government in Korea after independence in August 15,[10] and Established the Police Administration Bureau (Korean: 경무국) under the U.S. military government, direate the Lawrence E. Schick,[11] and established a Police Department in every province in October 21.[12] This police organization founded the 2,000 officers.[11] The first Korean Director of the National Police Department, his term started in October 21, is Chough Pyung-ok.[13]

In 1946, Promoted the Police Administration Bureau (Korean: 경무부) into the Department of Police Affairs. And, March 5, Police Department Launched the Railway Provincial Police Division. (It abolished in 1949)[12] In this period, Korean Police seems to the paramilitary forces. So police deployed to the conflict many times like the Autumn Uprising of 1946, Jeju uprising.[14] The First Republic of Korea was founded on 15 August 1948 after the transfer from the United States Army Military Government and Syngman Rhee became the first President of Korea following the May 1948 general election.[15] The Bureau of National Security (Korean: 치안국) is established under the Minister of the Internal Affair.[12]

1948-1974: Period of Bureau of National Security[]

November 14, 1948, The Bureau of National Security is established after the transfer from the United States Police Administration Department. And November 18, the police agency is established in every South Korea city and province.[12]

As open the Korean War in 1950, Korean Police engage in the war. The Police Battle Force Headquarters are Established in Taebaek and Jiri Mountain.[12] On June 25, 1950, around 3:00 AM, A police officer of Gangneung city, Jeon Daeuk, is the first combat casualty of the Korean War. In whole period of the war, 10,618 officers is dead and 6,760 is injury.[16] Meanwhile, some of the police force engage the wartime massacre, like Bodo League massacre. Kim Tae Sun, the chief of the Seoul Metropolitan Police, admitted to personally executing at least 12 "communists and suspected communists" after the outbreak of the war.[17]

After the Korean War, on December 14, 1953, policeman's duties execution law is Established and announced that regulate the duty of Korean police officers.[12]

In 1955, The National Institute of Scientific Inspection Service is Established.(Today this renamed to National Forensic Service)[18] In 1967, The Combat Police Squads is launched in every cities and provinces.[12]

In 1972, the Police Special Academy upgraded into the National Police College.(It is not Korean National Police University)[12]

On the December 24, 1974, Due to the new Government Organization Act, Commissioner General of the Headquarter of National Security(Korean: 치안본부) upgraded into the status of privileged government position and elevated the head of department into the position of the government official.

1974-1991: Period of the National Security Headquarters[]

In 1975, Police Inspect the ID crad in checkpoint.

December 24, 1974, The Bureau of National Security was upgraded to Headquarter of National Security, indepednet to the Minister of the Internal Affair. At the same time, part of the Reformed the organizations of the National Security Headquarter, police Abolished the Director General for Public Peace and Defense and installed the first, the second, the third Department.[12] In this period, South Korea president Park Chung-hee assumed dictatorial power to October Restoration and take emergency measures.[19] Korean police clashed to the leading opposition and protester like the YH incident.[20]

On October 26, 1979, Park Chung-hee, the third President of South Korea, was assassinated.[21] and December 12, Republic of Korea Army Major General Chun Doo-hwan, commander of the Security Command acted the Coup d'état.[22] Next year, military power forced the Cabinet to extend martial law to the whole nation. In Gwangju, people popular uprising opposition to Coup d'état. Initialy, Korean police head off the protest. An, Boeng-ha, Commissioner General of the Jeonnam Provincial Police Agency, was rejected the order of the military regime, shooting the citizen.[23] He was removal from his position by this decision, and tortured by the Army Counterintelligence Corps.(today Defense Security Command)[24]

In 1982, police increased the number of security personnel by 3,292 due to the dismissal of curfews Abolished National Police College Vice President system, and replaced nDeputy Dean of the National Police College with Director General of the Faculty, Superintendent General.[12]

On January 21, 1984, first 12 Combat Police Corps are recruited. Same day, 88 Olympic Expressway (today Gwangju–Daegu Expressway) police personnel is recruited. In 1987, this combat squard are increased to 5 special mobile police forces, 2 mobile police forces, 1 airport defense company.[12]

In 1987, Park Jong-chol, the president of the student council in the linguistics department of Seoul National University, was detained during an investigation into against Chun Doo-hwan's dictatorship and the aftermath of the 1980 Gwangju Massacre activities. Park refused to confess the whereabouts of one of his fellow activists. During the interrogation, authorities used waterboarding techniques to torture him,[25] eventually leading to his death on 14 January 1987. Information surrounding the events of Park Jong-chol's death was initially suppressed. However, the Catholic Priests Association for Justice (CPAJ), revealed the truth to the public on May 18, further inflaming public sentiment. CPAJ planned a June 10th demonstration in his honor.[24] As this movement, the military regime of President Chun Doo-hwan and Roh Tae-woo acceded to the key demands of direct presidential elections and restoration of civil liberties.

In 1990, in order to Presidential Decree No. 12931, recruitment of police officers was increased by 2,133 including 1,256 C3 patrol officers.[12]

After 1991: Organized the National Police Agency[]

July 24, 1991, in order to Presidential Decree No. 13431, the National Police Agency and the Affiliated Organizations is organized. And July 26, in order to revised the Government Organization Act (Law No. 4268), legislated the Police Law (Law No. 4369), organized the National Police Agency and other affiliated organizations (Presidential Decree No. 13431), and regulated operation of Police Committee (Presidential Decree No. 13432) the capacity of police organizations was adjusted. In July 31, Korea Coast Guard was organized by Presidential Decree No. 13431.[26] The headquarter of National Security renamed into the National Police Agency in August 1.[12]

In 1995, police substation and police box names integrated into police office. Also the National Police Agency & the affiliated organizations was recognized by Presidential Decree No. 14823.[12]

August 8, 1996, the National Police Agency & the affiliated organizations was reorganized (Presidential Decree No. 15136) in accordance with the transference of the position of the National Maritime Police Agency to the Ministry of the Maritime Affairs & Fisheries.[26]

September 29, 2000, Korean Natioanl Police Agency established Anti Cyber Terrorism Center divided by 4 Team, Co-operative Operation Team, Report and Warning Team, Inspection Service Team, Skill-Development Team.[12]

March 27, 2001, in order to enforcement Regulation on the National Police Agency and affiliated organization, Administration Order No. 128, Incheon International Airport Police Squad under the Incheon Metropolitan Police Agency was established.[27] Also, the Gimpo International Airport Police Squad renamed into the Gimpo Airport Police Squad of Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency.[28]

In 2006, Jeju Province was made to Self-Governing Province.[29] For this reason, Korean National Police Agency & the affiliated organizations (Presidential Decree No. 19588) was recognized. Also operation regulations (Ministry of Government Affairs and Home Affairs Decree No. 338) was amended. So Jeju Local Police Agency was changed to Jeju Special Self-Governed Local Police Agency according to Jeju Special Self-Governing Law.[12]

In 2013, Korean Government organized the National Police Agency and the affiliated organizations by the Presidential Decree No. 24972. As this, The Government Officials Act was enforced (No. 11530, enforced on December 12, 2012) that abolished contracted public officials, etc. from the occupational categories of public officials and reduced the scope of public officials in special services. This change was reflected in the Organization of the National Police Agency and the affiliated organizations.[12]

Organization[]

Korean National Police Agency Building in Seodaemun-gu, Seoul.

Korean National Police Agency consists of 1 Deputy Commissioner General, 8 Bureaus, 9 Offices, and 32 Divisions. The Spokesperson (Director for Public Relations Division) is directly attached to Commissioner General of the police. 9 Offices divided to Spokesperson's Office, Planning and Coordination Office, Police Administration and Human Resources Office, Audit and Inspection Office, ICT and Equipment Policy Office, Scientific Investigation Office, Police Situation Control Center. 8 Bureaus divided to Community Safety, Investigation Bureau, Traffica and Foreign Affairs Bureau, Public Security, Intelligence and National Security Bureaus.[30]

Also, Korean Police have a Affiliated institutions include the Korean National Police University, Police Training Institute, Central Police Academy, Korean Police Investigation Academy and the National Police Hospital.[30]

hideKorean National Police Aagency organizational chart[30]
Commissioner
General
Spokeman
Deputy
Commissioner
General
Police Situation
Control Center		Big Data
Policing Division
Public Safty
Bureau		Criminal
Investigation
Bureau		Cyber
Bureau		Traffic
Bureau		Public Security
Bureau		Intelligence
Bureau		National
Security
Bureau		Foreign Affairs
Bureau
Director General
for Planning		Director General
for Police
Administration		Director General
for Audit and
Inspection		Director General
for ICT Management
& Equipment		Director General
for Scientific
Investigation Management

Korean National Police is regionally divided over the 18 metropolitan cities and provinces, placing 255 stations, 518 precincts and 1,433 police boxes under metropolitan and provincial police agencies.[30]

The regional headquarters are as follows:

  • Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency
  • Busan Metropolitan Police Agency
  • Daegu Metropolitan Police Agency
  • Incheon Metropolitan Police Agency
  • Gwangju Metropolitan Police Agency
  • Daejeon Metropolitan Police Agency
  • Ulsan Metropolitan Police Agency
  • Gyeonggi Bukbu Provincial Police Agency
  • Gyeonggi Nambu Provincial Police Agency
  • Gangwon Provincial Police Agency
  • Chungbuk Provincial Police Agency
  • Chungnam Provincial Police Agency
  • Sejong Provincial Police Agency
  • Jeonbuk Provincial Police Agency
  • Jeonnam Provincial Police Agency
  • Gyeongbuk Provincial Police Agency
  • Gyeongnam Provincial Police Agency
  • Jeju Special Self-Governing Provincial Police Agency

Academic organization[]

Central Police Academy is one of the freshmen police academic organization.

Korea Police Agency have an academic organization for law enforcement education, Korean National Police University. Before enrolling in the school, the National Police University provides freshmen with a two-week orientation program to help them understand the organization of the university and the police. Freshmen are given insights on the police and the police university by participating in introductory programs such as the university curriculum, campus life, and lectures titled 'History of the Police and the Police University' and 'Future-oriented Ways as a Police Officer.' Four majors of police law, criminal investigation, police administration, and 30 credits need to be taken for each course.[31]

Also, There is and taking a role of the training police officer.[32] Central Police Academy is specialist academic organization for new police officer. Enrolling in the school, new police officer complete the 34-weeks program in all gender.[33] Police Human Resources Development Institute, in past name Police Comprehensive Academy, is split organization the Police University in 1984. In 2018, Police Comprehensive Academy renamed to Police Human Resources Development Institute.[34]

is academic organization for police officer to investigation bureau.[35] When freshman police officer belong to investigation bureau, they need complete the course in Investigation Academy 63-task.[36]

Special Operations Unit (SOU)[]

KNP SOU.
KNP SOU in exercise.

The KNP SOU, formerly known as KNP SWAT before it changed its name, is a specialized unit to perform dangerous operations.[37] The unit's main mission is counter-terrorism, but it also can include serving high-risk arrest warrants, performing hostage rescue and/or armed intervention, and engaging heavily armed criminals.

  • Seoul Police Agency (Unit 868) : 4 squadrons
  • Busan Police Agency (Unit 431) : 1 squadron
  • Daegu Police Agency : 1 squadron
  • Incheon Police Agency (Unit 313) : 1 squadron
  • Gwangju Police Agency : 1 squadron
  • Gyeonggi Bukbu Police Agency : 1 squadron
  • Gyeonggi Nambu Police Agency : 1 squadron
  • Chungnam (South Chungcheong) Police Agency : 1 squadron
  • Jeonnam (South Jeolla) Police Agency : 1 squadron
  • Gyeongnam (South Gyeongsang) Police Agency : 1 squadron
  • Jeju Police Agency : 1 squadron

Tourist Police[]

Tourist Police Center in Seoul Itaewon.

The Korea Tourist Police of Seoul was launched in October 2013 followed to the introduction and discuss during the first Tourism Pormotion and Expansion Metting. Tourist Police offers diverse public order and security service for Korea Tourist.[38] Korea Tourist Polices are affiliated with the Metropolitan Police Agencies in Seoul, Busan, and Incheon. As of 2019, Tourist Police centers were set up in the Seoul Myeongdong, Dongdaemun, and Itaewon, Busan Nampo-dong, Incheon International Airport.[39]

Combat police (existed)[]

Riot Police of the SMPA stand ready with riot shields
Combat Police officers deployed in the streets of Seoul with their anti-riot shields.

The Combat Police division of the National Police Agency is an anti-riot paramilitary unit, of military conscripts. Its members deal with counterintelligence and riot policing. It was established in 1967, during the Third Republic. Each battalion is assigned to a municipal police agency in the country. In their riot gear, they were once identified by their signature metal riot shields which are numbered such as "1001" or "1011", and on their helmets with the NPA emblem. Now the police use modern tactical clear plastic shields and now deploy high-powered water cannons to minimize civilian injuries. Two weeks of training are taken by each draftee.

Instances of police brutality have in the past been raised against the South Korean anti-riot units in particular, by the Asian Human Rights Commission, citing police actions of a "brutal and violent manner" that cause deaths among protesters, including Jeon Young-Cheol on November 24, 2005.[40] The South Korean President, Roh Moo Hyun, later apologised for this violence. The police force themselves reported that 117 officers were injured against 70 protesters, after being hit "with shards of broken bottles and flower vases".[41] Injuries to the riot police officers have themselves become reason for protest, with one in every 53 officers being injured in 2005, the number of injuries having raised to 893 from 331 in 2000. Then, on December 26, 2011, 3,211 riot police were finally evacuated and abolished on September 25, 2013. Relevant tasks, including the suppression of protests by the combat police, were transferred to the Republic of Korea Auxiliary Police.[42]

Symbol[]

Symbol of the Korean National Police Agency.
Badge Emblem of the Korean National Police Agency.

The symbol of the Korean National Police (KNP), which was newly created on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of their founding in 2006, takes the shape of Steller's sea eagle flying up to the sky with holding the rose of Sharon. Steller's sea eagle, the scales on the neck, and the rose of Sharon represents "police", "balance" and "the state and the people" respectively.[43]

On the shoulders of the eagle, there are a scale and a balance beam to configure the shape of balance, and stress "fairness." The taegeuk sign in the middle of the rose of Sharon is the origin of all things and signifies "the Republic of Korea and its people"[43]

The badge consists of two overlapping circles. The lower circle with a Taegeuk surrounded by other five Taegeuks engraved represents Mugunghwa. Each part of the badge represent as follows;The front circle represents "the sun or light." The Mugunghwa represents "the nation and people." The back circle represents "the moon or shade."[44]

Ranks[]

Korean National Police ranks[45]
Rank 치안총감 치안정감 치안감 경무관 총경 경정
Translation Commissioner General Chief Superintendent General Senior Superintendent General Superintendent General Senior Superintendent Superintendent
Insignia
치안총감.svg
치안정감.svg
치안감.svg
경무관.svg
총경.svg
경정.svg
Rank 경감 경위 경사 경장 순경
Translation Senior Inspector Inspector Assistant Inspector Senior police officer Police officer
Insignia
경감.svg
경위.svg
경사.svg
경장.svg
순경.svg

Commissioner General is Chief of the Korean Police at most one may be appointed at a time. Chief Superintendent General are Deputy Chief of National Police Agency, Chief of local police agencies in Seoul, Busan, Gyeonggi and Incheon Province, Equivalent to dean of National Police College.[45]

Newly commissioned officers are appointed as Policeman Assistant(순경시보) for a one-year probationary period. The uniform and insignia of an assistant is identical to those of a Policeman.[45]

In Jeju Special Self-Governing Provincial Police Agency, prefix of all rank is 'Self-Governing' such as "Self-Governing Police Officer".[46]

Equipment[]

Vehicles[]

South Korean mid-size police car Hyundai Sonata.
South Korean new generation Hydrogen Bus, Hyundai Elec-city Hydrogen version.

South Korean police use various police cars. They are using semi-mid-size class car Hyundai Elantra, mid-size car Hyundai Sonata, SUV SsangYong Korando C. On average, 1-5 police cars in each police station, and maximum of 7 cars in insecurity place[clarification needed] station.[47] Also, Korean police use the 1,170-1,690cc motorcycle for high mobility in traffic operation.[48]

South Korean police also use the bus for the safety duty[clarification needed]. Police use the Hyundai Universe, Hyundai Super Aero City, but all bus models will change to hydrogen vehicle like a Hydrogen electric vehicle.[49]

Aerially, South Korean police use various helicopters such as Bell 412, Bell 206L-3, AgustaWestland AW119 Koala, AgustaWestland AW109C, Bell 212, KAI KUH-1 Surion, Mil Mi-172.[48]

Weapon[]

South Korean police use some firearms. Typically, a patrolman will carry a Smith & Wesson .38 Special as their service weapon. Additionally, South Korean policemen utilize less-lethal weapons like a police batons and 5kV Tasers.[50]

Reform and Debate in police system[]

Autonomous Police System[]

The Autonomous Police System is one in which local governments are responsible for the installation, maintenance, and operation of police. In this system, The autonomous police mainly carry out life safaty and crime prevention tasks, while the national police carry out the work on a national scale. This system is based on some legislation. Paragraph 1 of Article 117 of the South Korean constitution clarifies that the local governments are based on constitutional values, by stating local governments shall deal with administrative matters pertaining to the welfare of local residents, manage properties, and may enact provisions relating to local autonomy, within the limit of Acts and subordinate statutes.[51]

On 2006 June, Jeju Island started the autonomous police, but this police doesn't have authority to investigate.[52] In 2018, It was discussed that introduction of the autonomous police would become nationwide.[53] The autonomous police system has already been in effect on Jeju Island since 2006, and starting this year, it will be piloted in five cities and provinces, including Seoul and Sejong, and will gradually expand nationwide and go into full operation in 2020.

Investigation Authority[]

In history, Korean criminal procedure system is concentrated to prosecutor authority. Warrant is only issued by request of prosecutor. Many criticisms of this system have been raised. One of the alternative systems is reform of the criminal investigation authority.[54]

In 1990, first debate of revision of investigation authority was started, but adjustment failed by gap of the Police and Prosecutors' Office. In 2011, revision of criminal procedure law recognized the authority of start and processing investigation to Police office, but executive order of investigation authority range of prosecutor reinforced power to prosecutor office.[55] In 2019, collaboration relation adjustment of police office and prosecutor in investigation was sent to legislation commission.

Co-operation to Other Country[]

Korean Police Agency co-opertate to other Country's Law enforcement organization. In 2015, Korean Police Agency create the 'K-police Wave Center'(Korean: 치안한류센터) for exchange of police experience to other country.[56] Start to 2016, Korean Police export the police experience and equipment to abroad police agency.[57] In 2019, this dispatch work increase the 8-times to In 2012. UAE, Chile, Vietnam, Guatemala is typical country to dispatched other agency.[58] Also, 2019 Seoul International National Commissioner General Conference is opened in police's day 74-year anniversary. In this conference, 29-Nation Commissioner General and Minister of Home Affairs are participate with China, Russia, Vietnam, etc.[59][60]

In addition, Korean National Police is exchange to Europe and North America law enforcement agency. In 2015, KNP concluded the cyber crime investigation cooperation MOU with America Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).[61] In 2019, KNP is dispatch to Croatia Policija(Police in Croatian) for the tourist safety. In the 'Croatia-South Korea Tourism safety cooperation MOU', 6 South Korean police officer patrol the Zagreb, and Dubrovnik with Croatian Police.[62]

Public Safety[]

Main article: Crime in South Korea

South Korea has a lower crime rate than other industrialized countries.[63] South Korea is considered one of the world's safest tourist destinations, with low crime rates and essentially no history of terrorist activity other than by the North.[64] By this system, South Korean successful and safety open the international event like the 2018 Winter Olympics.[65]

See also[]

Reference[]

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Further reading[]

  • 경우장학회 (1995). 국립경찰 50년사 (in Korean). 예림인쇄. p. 816.
  • 정상현 (1972). 한국경찰사 1권 (in Korean). 내무부 치안국.
  • 정상현 (1973). 한국경찰사 2권 (in Korean). 내무부 치안국.

External Links[]

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