Ministry of Public Security (China)

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Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China

中华人民共和国公安部 Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Gōng'ānbù
Emblem of the People's Republic of China (in the centre of each ministry's seal)
Badge of the People's Police of China (since 1983)
Flag of the People's Police of China (since 2020)
Agency overview
Formed	1954
Preceding agency	Ministry of Public Security of the Central People's Government (1949–1954)
Type	Constituent Department of the State Council (cabinet-level)
Jurisdiction	Mainland China
Headquarters	Beijing
Employees	1.9 million police officers
Ministers responsible	Zhao Kezhi, Minister Wang Xiaohong Du Hangwei Xu Ganlu Liu Zhao, Vice-Ministers Sun Xinyang, Leader of the Discipline Inspection & Supervision Team Dispatched from the CCDI & the NSC Feng Yan, Politics Supervisor Chen Siyuan, the Assistant to the Minister
Parent agency	State Council
Child agencies	National Immigration Administration (NIA) China National Central Bureau of Interpol China Immigration Inspection (CII)
Website	www.mps.gov.cn

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The Ministry of Public Security (MPS) (Chinese: 公安部; pinyin: Gōng'ānbù ^[a]) is the government ministry of the People's Republic of China responsible for public security. It oversees more than 1.9 million of the country's law enforcement officers and as such the vast majority of the People's Police (Chinese: 人民警察; pinyin: Rénmín jǐngchá) While the MPS is generally concerned with regular policing, the Ministry of State Security (MSS) is charged with domestic and foreign intelligence-gathering as well as combating espionage and subversion.

The ministry was established in 1949 (after the Chinese Communist Party's victory in the Chinese Civil War) and was known as "Ministry of Public Security of the Central People's Government" until 1954. Grand General Luo Ruiqing of the People's Liberation Army was its first minister. As the ministry's organization was based on Soviet and Eastern Bloc models, it was responsible for all aspects of national security; ranging from regular police work to intelligence, counter-intelligence and the suppression of anti-communist political and societal sentiments.^[1] Military intelligence affairs remained with the General Staff Department, while the International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party was active in fomenting revolutionary tendencies worldwide by funneling weapons, money and resources to various pro-Chinese movements.^[2] With the creation of the MSS in 1983, the MPS lost the majority of its non-regular law enforcement responsibilities.

The MPS is generally comparable with a nationwide police force, such as the Japanese National Police Agency or the German Federal Police. The ministry employs a system of Public Security Bureaus throughout all provinces, cities, municipalities and towns of China; equivalent to local police forces or stations in most other countries. The special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau maintain their own, autonomous bureaus, agencies and police forces. The ministry is headed by the Minister of Public Security, who is nominated by the Premier of the People's Republic of China and confirmed by the National People's Congress (NPC). Zhao Kezhi has been the current minister since November 2017.

History[]

The Ministry of Public Security was among the first government organs of the PRC. It superseded the Ministry of Public Security of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s Central Military Commission (CMC), a transitional body created in July 1949 by removing the security service remit from the CCP Central Department of Social Affairs (CDSA). The ministry began operations on 1 November 1949, at the end of a two-week-long National Conference of Senior Public Security Cadres. Most of its initial staff of less than 500 cadres came from the (former) regional CCP North China Department of Social Affairs (CDSA). At the national level, its creation signaled the formal abolition of the CDSA. The ministry moved to its present location, in the heart of the one-time foreign legation quarters in Beijing, in the spring of 1950.^[3] In August 2020, the Chinese police were handed their first professional flag by CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping in a flag presentation ceremony.^[4]

List of Ministers[]

No.	Name	From	To	Premier
1	Luo Ruiqing	October 1949	September 1959	Zhou Enlai
2	Xie Fuzhi	September 1959	March 1972	Zhou Enlai
3	Li Zhen	March 1972	1973	Zhou Enlai
4	Hua Guofeng	1973	March 1977	Zhou Enlai Hua Guofeng
5	Zhao Cangbi	March 1977	April 1983	Hua Guofeng Zhao Ziyang
6	Liu Fuzhi	May 1983	August 1985	Zhao Ziyang
7	Ruan Chongwu	September 1985	March 1987	Zhao Ziyang
8	Wang Fang	April 1987	November 1990	Zhao Ziyang Li Peng
9	Tao Siju	December 1990	March 1998	Li Peng
10	Jia Chunwang	March 1998	December 2002	Li Peng Zhu Rongji
11	Zhou Yongkang	December 2002	October 2007	Zhu Rongji Wen Jiabao
12	Meng Jianzhu	October 2007	December 2012	Wen Jiabao
13	Guo Shengkun	December 2012	November 2017	Wen Jiabao Li Keqiang
14	Zhao Kezhi	November 2017	Incumbent	Li Keqiang

Organization[]

The MPS is organized into functional departments (see below). Subordinate to the MPS are the provincial- and municipal-level PSB's (Public Security Bureau) and sub-bureaus at the county and urban district levels. At the grassroots level, finally, there are police stations (Chinese: 派出所; pinyin: Pàichūsuǒ) which serve as the direct point of contact between police and ordinary citizens. While public security considerations have weighed heavily at all levels of administration since the founding of the PRC, the police are perceived by some outside observers to wield progressively greater influence at lower levels of government. Provincial public security bureaus are subject to dual supervision by both local provincial governments and the central government.^[5] The ministry is also closely associated with the development of surveillance technologies used by police in China through the Third Research Institute (Chinese: 第三号研究所; pinyin: Dì sān hào yánjiū suǒ; lit. 'No. 3 Research Institute') focused on the development of AI based “smart surveillance,” and censorship technologies.^[6]

The organization of local public security stations may be inferred from the tasks with which the police are charged. Generally, each police station has sections assigned to cover census and household registration (Hukou) matters, pretrial investigations, welfare, traffic control, cybersecurity and other activities. Each also has a detention center and respective SWAT team.^{[citation needed]}

Departmental structure[]

At the time of its creation, the Ministry of Public Security had a simple departmental structure comprising one general office and six functional directorates, numbered sequentially and responsible for political security, economic security, public order and administration, border security, armed security, and personnel. Today the ministry is organized into the following departments:

• Central Office,
• Supervision,
• Personnel & Training,
• Public Relations,
• Economic Crime Investigation,
• Public Order Administration,
• Border Control (see: China Immigration Inspection (CII))
• Criminal Investigation,
• Exit & Entry Administration (see: National Immigration Administration (NIA)),
• Fire Control,
• State Protection,
• Public Information Network Security Supervision (Cybersecurity or 11th Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security),
• Penitentiary Administration,
• Traffic Control,
• Legal Affairs,
• International Cooperation,
• Equipment and Finance,
• Drug Control,
• Science & Technology,
• Counter-terrorism, and
• Info-communications.
• Third Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security

Railway, navigation, civil aviation, forestry and anti-smuggling public security departments are under the dual leadership of their superior administration and the MPS.^[7]

Responsibilities and operations[]

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In the 1980s the public security station—the police element in closest contact with the people—was supervised by the public security subbureau as well as by local governments and procuratorates. The procuratorate could assume direct responsibility for any case that it chose, and it supervised investigations in those cases in which the public security station was allowed to conduct investigations. A great deal of coordination occurred among the public security organs, the procuratorates, and the courts, so that a trial was unlikely to produce a surprise outcome.

The public security station generally had considerably broader responsibilities than a police station in the West, involving itself in every aspect of the district people's lives. In a rural area a station typically has a chief, a deputy chief, a small administrative staff, and a small police force. In an urban area it usually has a greater number of administrative staff members and seven to eighteen patrolmen. Its criminal law activities included investigation, apprehension, interrogation, and temporary detention. The station's household section maintained a registry of all persons living in the area. Births, deaths, marriages, and divorces were recorded and confirmed through random household checks. The station regulated all hotels and required visitors who remained beyond a certain number of days to register. All theaters, cinemas, radio equipment, and printing presses also were registered with the local public security station, permitting it to regulate gatherings and censor information effectively. It also regulated the possession, transportation, and use of all explosives, guns, ammunition, and poisons.

Another important police function was controlling change of residence under the Hukou system. Since large numbers of people move to larger cities every year search of better living standards, work, or education, the Hukou system acts as a form of population control and restricts freedom of movement so as to prevent the overburdening on social security and city services. In April 1984 the State Council issued the , this became the identification card of the People's Republic of China. The regulations, implemented over a period of years, required all residents over sixteen years of age, except active-duty members of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and the People's Armed Police (PAP) and inmates serving prison sentences, to be issued resident identity cards by the MPS. The identification card indicates the name, sex, nationality, ethnicity, date of birth, and address of the bearer. Cards for persons sixteen to twenty-five years of age were valid for ten years; those for persons between twenty-five and forty-five were valid for twenty years; and persons over forty-five were issued permanent cards. As of early 1987, only 70 million people had been issued identity cards, well below the national goal. Also, even those with resident identity cards preferred to use other forms of identification.

Criminal procedure powers[]

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Public security officials also made extensive use of their authority to impose administrative sanctions through two sets of documents. These were the 1957 Regulations on re-education through labor, which were reissued in 1979 with amendments (abolished 2013), and the 1957 , which were rescinded and replaced in 1986 by regulations of the same name. Offenders under the Regulations on Reeducation Through Labor might include "vagabonds, people who have no proper occupation, and people who repeatedly breach public order." The police could apprehend such individuals and sentence them to reeducation through labor with the approval of local labor-training administration committees. The 1957 regulations placed no limit on the length of sentences, but beginning in the early 1960s sentences of three or four years were the norm. The 1979 amended Regulations, however, limited the length of reeducation through labor to three years with the possibility of extensions in extraordinary cases. The Regulations Governing Offenses Against Public Order empowered the police to admonish, fine, or detain people for up to fifteen days. Goods illegally in the possession of an offender were to be confiscated, and payment was imposed for damages or hospital fees in the event that injury had been caused.

The criminal laws in force after January 1, 1980, restricted police powers regarding arrests, investigations, and searches. A public security official or a citizen could apprehend a suspect under emergency conditions, but a court or procuratorate was required to approve the arrest. The accused had to be questioned within twenty-four hours and his or her family or work unit notified of the detention "except in circumstances where notification would hinder the investigation or there was no way to notify them." Any premeditated arrest required a warrant from a court or procuratorate. The time that an accused could be held pending investigation was limited to three to seven days, and incarceration without due process was made illegal.

Two officials were needed to conduct a criminal investigation. They were required to show identification and, apparently, to inform the accused of the crime allegedly committed before he or she was questioned. The suspect could refuse to answer only those questions irrelevant to the case. Torture was rendered illegal.

The 1980 laws also provided that in conjunction with an arrest the police could conduct an emergency search; otherwise, a warrant was required. They had the right to search the person, property, and residence of an accused and the person of any injured party. They could intercept mail belonging to the accused and order an autopsy whenever cause of death was unclear.

In July 1980 the government approved new regulations governing police use of weapons and force. Police personnel could use their batons only in self-defense or when necessary to subdue or prevent the escape of violent criminals or rioters. Lethal weapons, such as pistols, could be used if necessary to stop violent riots, to lessen the overall loss of life, or to subdue surrounded but still resisting criminals. The regulations even governed use of sirens, police lights, and whistles.

Public relations[]

External[]

The relationship between the police officers assigned to neighborhood patrols and the people was close. Police officers lived in a neighborhood on a long-term assignment and were expected to know all the residents on a personal basis. Their task was not only to prevent and punish crime but to promote desirable behavior by counseling and acting as role models. These socially responsible aspects of the police officer's duties were constant responsibilities, and the bond between the public security units and the people was strengthened annually by means of "cherish-the-people" months, during which the police officer made a special effort to help the local people, especially the aged and infirm.

Internal[]

The Public Security Construction (公安建设) was a classified serial publication for internal purposes.^[8] During the disastrous Great Leap Forward between 1958 and 1961, the Public Security Work Bulletin (公安工作简报) was a top-secret serial which often described China's serious food shortages, directly contradicting Mao Zedong's promises of "bountiful economic fruit".^[9][10] Another periodical People’s Public Security (人民公安)^[b] was also produced and classified as "for official use only".^[11][12]

Recruitment[]

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Police are officially drawn from every segment of the population without restriction as to sex or ethnic origin. Selection is based on political loyalty, intelligence, and health, as it is for the PLA. There is at least one police school in every provincial-level unit, and others are operated by municipalities. Usually those police designated for leadership positions attend the police schools, and patrolmen are trained at the unit and on the job. Legal training is emphasized as a method of improving the quality of the police forces. In 1985 three institutions of higher learning for police personnel were established—the Chinese People's Public Security University, the University of Police Officers, and the Institute of Criminal Police—offering more than twenty specialized courses. Students are recruited from the pool of senior middle-school graduates under twenty-two years of age, with a waiver to twenty-five years of age for those who have a minimum of two years' experience in public security or law enforcement work.

Firearms[]

Local municipal police under the MPS formally were usually unarmed with firearms routinely in contrast to the soldiers of the People's Armed Police (PAP), however they are armed with expandable batons and incapacitant sprays. Sometimes, multiple use tactical knives are issued to the policemen.

A decision has been taken to train in the use of sidearms to all frontline MPS personnel since 2006. The 9×19mm double-action revolver manufactured by the China North Industries Corporation^[13] are issued to frontline personnel, and officers armed them routinely

For more firepower, detectives and special units are routinely armed with NP 22 and QSZ-92 semi-automatic pistols. Sub-machine guns, rifles and light machine guns are deployed when more firepower is required.

Handguns

Product list and details

Make/Model	Type	Origin	Usage since	Main users
Norinco	Type 54	People's Republic of China	1954–1988	Frontline officers (obsolete, mostly phased out by QSZ-92)
Norinco	Type 64	People's Republic of China	1980–2008	Detectives & frontline officers(obsolete, mostly phased out by QSW-06)
Norinco	9mm Revolver	People's Republic of China	2006–Present	Patrol police
Norinco	Type 77	People's Republic of China	1981–Present	Detectives
Norinco	QSZ-92	People's Republic of China	1996–Present	Frontline officers
Norinco	QSW-06	People's Republic of China	2006–Present	Special forces
Norinco	NP 22	People's Republic of China	2015–Present	Special forces & detectives
Taurus	PT109	Brazil	2014–Present	Limited use in guard details

Submachine guns

Product list and details

Make/Model	Type	Origin	Usage since	Main users
Norinco	Type 79[14]	People's Republic of China	1979–Present	Special units
Norinco	NR-08	People's Republic of China	2008–Present	Special units
Norinco	JS 9 mm	People's Republic of China	2006–Present	Special units

Rifles

Product list and details

Make/Model	Type	Origin	Usage since	Main users
Norinco	QBZ-95	People's Republic of China	1997–Present	Special units
Norinco	QBZ-03	People's Republic of China	2002–Present	Special units
Norinco	Type 81	People's Republic of China	1983–Present	Reserve units
Norinco	Norinco CQ	People's Republic of China	1980–Present	Some police units, notably Sichuan Police Department and Chongqing SWAT

Shotguns

Product list and details

Make/Model	Type	Origin	Usage since	Main users
Norinco	Norinco HP9-1	People's Republic of China	2001–Present	Patrol Units

See also[]

• People's Police of the People's Republic of China
• Public security bureau (China)

Notes[]

References[]

Citations[]

Sources[]

External links[]

• Official website