Ninoy Aquino International Airport

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Ninoy Aquino International Airport

Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino
Ninoy Aquino International Airport logo.svg
Ninoy Aquino International Airport aerial view.jpg
Summary
Airport typePublic/military
OwnerGovernment of the Philippines
OperatorManila International Airport Authority
ServesGreater Manila Area
LocationParañaque and Pasay, Metro Manila, Philippines
Opened1948
Hub for
Focus city for
  • Philippines AirAsia
Time zonePHT (UTC+08:00)
Elevation AMSL23 m / 75 ft
Coordinates14°30′30″N 121°01′11″E / 14.50833°N 121.01972°E / 14.50833; 121.01972Coordinates: 14°30′30″N 121°01′11″E / 14.50833°N 121.01972°E / 14.50833; 121.01972
Websitewww.miaa.gov.ph
Maps
Map of Ninoy Aquino International Airport Complex
Map of Ninoy Aquino International Airport Complex
MNL/RPLL is located in Manila
MNL/RPLL
MNL/RPLL
Location in Manila, Philippines
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
06/24 3,737 12,261 Asphalt
13/31 2,258 7,408 Asphalt
Statistics (2019)
Passengers (2019)47,898,046
Increase 6.3%
Total international flights (2019)122,902
Increase 8.0%
Total domestic flights (2019)154,628
Increase 6.0%
Cargo (2015) (in metric tons)460,135.15
Increase 12.1%

Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA /ˈnaɪə/, locally /nɑː.ˈiː.jə/; Filipino: Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino; IATA: MNL, ICAO: RPLL), formerly known and still commonly referred to as Manila International Airport, is the airport serving Manila and its surrounding metropolitan area. Located along the border between the cities of Pasay and Parañaque, about 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) south of Manila proper and southwest of Makati. NAIA is the main international gateway for travellers to the Philippines and serves as a hub for Cebgo, Cebu Pacific, PAL Express, and Philippine Airlines, as well as a base for Philippines AirAsia. It is managed by the Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA), an attached agency of the Department of Transportation (DOTr).[4]

Officially, NAIA is the only airport serving the Manila area. However, in practice, both NAIA and Clark International Airport, located in the Clark Freeport Zone in Pampanga, serve the Manila area, with Clark catering mostly to low-cost carriers because of its lower landing fees compared to those charged at NAIA. In the recent past, there have been calls for Clark to replace NAIA eventually as the primary airport of the Philippines.[5]

The airport is named after Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr., who was assassinated at the airport in 1983.

In 2018, all terminals at NAIA handled a record-breaking annual passenger traffic of 45,082,544, an increase of 6.79% from the previous year.[3] It will be complemented by two new airports, the New Manila International Airport, which is located in Bulacan, to serve both Metro Manila and Central Luzon, and Sangley Point Airport, which is located on a reclaimed land in Cavite City. After the completion of the two new airports that will serve Metro Manila and its surrounding regions, NAIA will be made into a domestic airport also catering to general aviation, maintenance, cargo, air taxis, business flight, and state/diplomatic visits.[citation needed]

History[]

Old Nielson Field Terminal Tower.

The original airport that served Manila, Grace Park Airfield, also known as Manila North, was opened in 1935 in Grace Park, Caloocan. It was the city's first commercial airport, and was used by Philippine Aerial Taxi Company (later Philippine Airlines) for its first domestic routes.[6] In July 1937, Manila International Air Terminal located in the 45-hectare (4,800,000 sq ft) Nielson Airport was inaugurated and had served as the gateway to Manila. Its runways of which now form Ayala Avenue and Paseo de Roxas in Makati.[7] In 1948, following Philippine independence from United States, the airport was moved to its current site adjacent to the Villamor Airbase, which was then called Nichols Field due to the reasons of less terrain slope, expansive land area in the new site, and the USAF base runway (Runway 13/31) which can be used for the airport.[8] The original structure was built on what is now the site of Terminal 2. In 1954, the airport's international runway and associated taxiway were built, and in 1956, construction was started on a control tower and a terminal building for international passengers. The new terminal was inaugurated on September 22, 1961.[9] On January 22, 1972, a fire caused substantial damage to the original terminal building, which also resulted in six casualties,[10] and a slightly smaller terminal was rebuilt in its place the following year. This second terminal would serve as the country's international terminal until 1981 when it was converted to a domestic airport upon the completion and opening of a new, higher-capacity terminal, known today as Terminal 1.[11] The old international terminal was later damaged by another fire in May 1985.

One year after its opening, the present-day Terminal 1 became a scene of a controversial event in Philippine history on August 21, 1983. Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. was assassinated at the terminal's Gate 8 (now Gate 11) after returning to the Philippines from his self-imposed exile in the United States. Ironically, his flight number, China Airlines 811, was the same flight number that was involved in an accident three years ago at the same airport, albeit that the aircraft involved in the 1983 assassination was a Boeing 767-200. Four years after the incident, during the presidency of Ninoy's wife Corazon Aquino in 1987, Republic Act No. 6639 was enacted without executive approval,[12] renaming the airport in Ninoy's honor.[13]

Plans for a new terminal were conceived in 1989, when the Department of Transportation and Communications commissioned Aéroports de Paris to do a feasibility study to expand capacity. The recommendation was to build two new terminals, and in 1998 Terminal 2 was completed. Terminal 2 was nicknamed the Centennial Terminal as its completion coincided with the 100th anniversary of the Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain. In 1997 the government approved the construction of Terminal 3, which was originally scheduled to be completed in 2002. After many delays caused by technical and legal issues, the terminal became partially operational in mid-2008 and fully operational in August 2014.[14] The government aims to return services from many of the airlines which cancelled services to Manila as a result of Terminal 1's problems.

1990s[]

Departure hall of NAIA Terminal 3

The original proposal for the construction of a third terminal was proposed by Asia's Emerging Dragon Corporation (AEDP).[15] AEDP eventually lost the bid to PairCargo and its partner Fraport AG of Germany, who went on to begin construction of the terminal under the administration of Joseph Estrada. In August 1997, President Fidel V. Ramos led the groundbreaking ceremony of Terminal 3.[15] The structure was mostly completed several years ago and was originally scheduled to open in 2002. The ultra-modern US$640 million, 189,000-square-metre (2,030,000 sq ft) facility was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) to have a capacity of 13 million passengers per year.[16] However, a legal dispute between the government of the Philippines and the project's main contractor, Philippine International Air Terminals Co. Inc. (Piatco), over the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) contract, delayed the final completion and opening of the terminal.[17]

While the original agreement was one in which PairCargo and Fraport AG would operate the airport for several years after its construction, followed by a handing over of the terminal to the Philippine government, the government offered to buy out Fraport AG for $400 million, to which Fraport agreed. However, before the terminal could be fully completed, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, called the contract "onerous" and therefore formed a committee to evaluate the agreement to buy out Fraport AG. It is this action that sparked the most controversy. The Philippine Supreme Court eventually found the Piatco contract "null and void" citing a variety of anomalies.[18]

The administration of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo eventually abrogated Piatco's BOT Contract for allegedly having been anomalous in certain important respects. In a subsequent decision, the Philippine Supreme Court upheld the Philippine Government's position on the matter and declared the BOT contract "null and void" for, among other things, violations of certain provisions of the BOT law. More specifically, the Court found that the original contract was revised to allow for a Philippine government guarantee of Piatco's obligations to its creditors, contractors and suppliers. The BOT law disallows the granting of such sovereign guarantees. Piatco disagrees and continues to maintain that the provisions cited by the Supreme Court do not amount to a prohibited sovereign guarantee by the Philippine Government.[19]

2000s[]

In December 2004, the Philippine government expropriated the terminal project from Piatco through an order of the Pasay Regional Trial Court. However, the court only allowed the Philippine government to take over the terminal upon payment of an initial amount of ₱3 billion (approximately US$64 million) to Piatco. The Philippine government paid Piatco this amount during the second week of September 2006. According to the Philippine government, NAIA-3 was 98% complete (prior in 2006) and required at least an additional US$6 million to complete. The government was then in the process of negotiating a contract with the builder of the terminal, Takenaka Corporation, because another factor that delayed the terminal's opening was the ongoing investigation into the collapse of an 100-square-metre (1,100 sq ft) area of the terminal's ceiling.[20]

Piatco (and its German partner, Fraport) have instituted arbitration proceedings before different international bodies to recover a fair settlement. Piatco sued the government before the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in Singapore. Fraport separately sued the Philippine government at the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) in Washington.[21] In 2007, the ICSID case was decided in favor of the Philippine government because of a violation of Philippine law by Fraport. However, this decision was annulled in 2010 due to a violation of Fraport's right to be heard.[22] A new proceeding before the ICSID is ongoing.[23] Piatco formally withdrew its second application to set aside the earlier ICC ruling that dismissed its claims against the Philippine government in December 2011. The ICC ruling in favor of the Philippine government became final and executory in 2012.[24]

Through Executive Order No. 732, the NAIA Terminal 3 Task Force was made[25] and Michael Defensor was appointed on June 19, 2008, as head, creating the Presidential Task Force on NAIA-3 that was "mandated to ensure the immediate opening and operation of Terminal 3." The order provides for the NAIA-3 opening based on decisions of the Supreme Court and applicable laws.[26]

Terminal 3 began partial operations at 05:15am on July 22, 2008, with 16 inbound and outbound domestic flights from Cebu Pacific. Philippine Airlines' subsidiary PAL Express (then known as Air Philippines and AirPhil Express) moved their operations to this terminal two days later.[27] Cebu Pacific moved all of its domestic and international operations to the terminal on August 1, 2008.

2010s[]

On August 1, 2010, then-president Benigno Aquino III announced plans to utilize Terminal 3 to its maximum capacity by the Christmas season, which may mean moving international carriers to Terminal 3, but the goal was never reached.[28]

The Philippine government has made a new plan where Terminal 3 would be fully operational by the end of 2011, but lowered their goal to 55% operational after further study.[29] The move of international carriers began in February 2011 with All Nippon Airways (ANA) starting a new service to Manila from Terminal 3, rather than Terminal 1 with other international carriers.[30] On July 31, 2014, Terminal 3 became fully operational.[31] ANA was the only foreign carrier at Terminal 3 until October 1, 2014, when nine international airlines, namely Delta Air Lines, KLM, Emirates, Singapore Airlines, and Cathay Pacific, Qantas, United Airlines, Qatar Airways and Turkish Airlines, transferred operations from Terminal 1.

In October 2015, reports of an extortion scam concerning bullets planted by airport security officials in airline passengers' luggages (dubbed in the local media as the "tanim-bala scam") spread, creating a scare among travelers.[32] former Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte, then a presumptive presidential candidate in the 2016 Philippine presidential election, further alleged that a syndicate is behind the series of incidents. Duterte said the operation had been going on for more than two years.[33] The Malacañang Palace and the Philippine Senate has since conducted an investigation on the incidents. Jose Angel Aquino Honrado, the chairman of MIAA, which manages the airport, is President Benigno Aquino III's first cousin.[34][35] In April 2016, yet another laglag-bala incident occurred.[36]

On February 12, 2018, a consortium of seven conglomerates consisting of Aboitiz InfraCapital Incorporated, AC Infrastructure Holdings Corporation, Alliance Global Group Incorporated, Asia's Emerging Dragon Corporation, Filinvest Development Corporation, JG Summit Holdings, and Metro Pacific Investments Corporation, submitted a ₱350 billion, or US$6.75 billion, 35-year unsolicited proposal to rehabilitate, expand, operate, and maintain the Ninoy Aquino International Airport.[37][38] The consortium's airport rehabilitation and expansion proposal will be divided into two phases which are the improvement and expansion of terminals in the current NAIA land area, and the development of an additional runway, taxiways, passenger terminals, and associated support infrastructure. Changi Airport Consultants Pte. Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of Changi Airports International Pte. Ltd., will provide technical support in relation to their unsolicited proposal.[39] Singapore's Changi Airport Group is also eyeing a 30-percent stake in this venture.[40] DOTr is expected to finish its evaluation of the proposal by April 2017.[37] On February 28, 2018, Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez from the House of Representatives on Wednesday announced the extension from forty-five days to six months of the deadline for airlines to transfer some of their flights to Clark International Airport to decongest the airport.[41][42]

On March 1, 2018, Megawide Construction Corporation and its India-based consortium partner GMR Infrastructure, the consortium which revamped the Mactan–Cebu International Airport, have submitted a ₱150 billion, or US$3 billion, proposal to decongest and redevelop the airport as well.[43][44] GMR-Megawide, unlike the aforementioned consortium, is not pushing for the construction of a new runway. According to GMR Megawide Mactan–Cebu International Airport Corp. chief executive adviser Andrew Harrison, such a structure would not significantly boost capacity.[44]

On March 3, 2018, the Manila International Airport Authority announced the termination of MIASCOR's extended lease and concession contract on April 21, 2018, to be taken over by five ground-handling service providers.[45]

The NAIA consortium pulled out of the rehabilitation project due to some undisclosed issues, and thus Megawide-GMR took over as the original proponent status of the project. Megawide-GMR also operates the Mactan–Cebu International Airport.[46] On December 15, 2020, the Manila International Airport Authority revoked the original proponent status (OPS) of Megawide-GMR and they filed a motion for reconsideration on December 21, 2020.[47] The Manila International Airport Authority denied the motion for reconsideration filed by Megawide-GMR on January 25, 2021. The rehabilitation project is now currently on hold.[48]

Statistics[]

Volume of passengers[]

Passengers at the arrivals area.

This table of passenger movements at MNL is based on the data from Airports Council International (ACI).[49] 2010 NAIA passenger traffic was based on Manila International Airport Authority's website for the full year of 2010.


See source Wikidata query and sources.

Calendar Year Passenger movement % Change Rank
2003 12,955,809 Increase 81
2004 15,186,521 Increase17.2% 75 (Increase6)
2005 16,216,031 Increase6.8% 77 (Decrease2)
2006 17,660,697 Increase8.9% 73 (Increase4)
2007 20,467,627 Increase15.9% 64 (Increase9)
2008 22,253,158 Increase8.7% 57 (Increase7)
2009 24,108,825 Increase8.3% 51 (Increase6)
2010 27,119,899 Increase12.5% 49 (Increase2)
2011 29,552,264 Increase9.0% 46 (Increase3)
2012 31,878,935 Increase7.9% 45 (Increase1)
2013 32,865,000 Increase3.1% 45 (Steady)
2014 34,015,169 Increase3.5% 49 (Decrease4)
2015 36,681,601 Increase7.84% 49 (Steady)
2016 39,516,782 Increase7.73% 47 (Increase2)
2017 42,022,484 Increase6.34% 44 (Increase3)
2018 45,082,544 Increase7.28% 42 (Increase2)
2019 47,898,046 Increase6.25%
2020 7,275,786 Decrease84.81%

Cargo volume[]

This table of Cargo Statistics at MNL is based on data from its Official Website[permanent dead link][50]

Calendar Year International Domestic
Incoming Outgoing Total Incoming Outgoing Total
2009 114,510.68 137,454.13 251,964.81 50,694.88 46,334.56 97,029.44
2010 143,476.06 164,439.40 307,915.46 62,762.91 54,704.34 117,467.25
2011 139,901.34 150,603.97 290,505.31 57,862.02 62,009.72 119,871.74
2012 148,822.59 162,232.63 311,055.22 71,402.63 77,677.30 149,079.93
2013 93,159.95A 99,684.77A 192,844.72 39,244.25B 47,407.90B 86,652.15
Notes:
  • ^A : Data recorded is from January to August 2013
  • ^B : Data recorded is from January to July 2013

Busiest international routes[]

Rank City Carriers
1 Hong Kong Cathay Pacific, Cebu Pacific, Hong Kong Airlines, Philippine Airlines, Philippines AirAsia
2 Singapore Cebu Pacific, Jetstar Asia Airways, Philippine Airlines, Philippines AirAsia, Scoot, Singapore Airlines
3 Taipei–Taoyuan Cebu Pacific, China Airlines, EVA Air, Philippine Airlines, Philippines AirAsia, Starlux Airlines
4 Seoul–Incheon Asiana Airlines, Cebu Pacific, Jeju Air, Korean Air, Philippine Airlines, Philippines AirAsia
5 Tokyo–Narita All Nippon Airways, Cebu Pacific, Japan Airlines, Jetstar Japan, Philippine Airlines
6 Kuala Lumpur–International Philippine Airlines, Cebu Pacific, Philippines AirAsia, AirAsia, Malaysia Airlines
7 Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi Philippine Airlines, Cebu Pacific, Thai Airways
7 Bangkok–Don Mueang Philippines AirAsia
8 Dubai–International Emirates, Cebu Pacific, Philippine Airlines
9 Osaka–Kansai Cebu Pacific, Philippine Airlines, Philippines AirAsia, Jetstar Japan
10 Sydney Cebu Pacific, Philippine Airlines, Qantas

Airport lounges[]

Terminal 1 (intl. flights)

  • Royal Silk Lounge by Thai Airways
  • Sakura Lounge by Japan Airlines
  • PAGSS Premium Lounge
  • Marhaba Lounge by dnata[51]

Terminal 2 (domestic & intl. flights of Philippine Airlines)

  • Mabuhay Lounge by Philippine Airlines

Terminal 3 (domestic & intl. flights of all other airlines)

  • SilverKris Lounge by Singapore Airlines
  • Business Lounge by Cathay Pacific
  • Skyview Lounge
  • Pacific Club Lounge
  • Wings Transit Lounge
  • PAGSS Lounge

Terminal 4 (domestic flights of all other airlines)

  • does not offer any airport lounges

Terminals[]

Main article: Terminals of Ninoy Aquino International Airport

Terminal 1[]

NAIA Terminal 1 – January 2018
Terminal 1 check-in hall in 2015, post-renovation
Main article: Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 1

Terminal 1 or NAIA 1, has an area of 73,000 square metres (790,000 sq ft) and having been completed in 1981 is the second oldest terminal at NAIA (after the Old Domestic Terminal, now called Terminal 4) with a design capacity of 4.5 million passengers per year[11] but was further expanded to accommodate 6 million passengers. The terminal currently serves foreign carriers operating in Manila, except for those in Terminal 3 include All Nippon Airways, Cathay Pacific, Delta Air Lines, Emirates, Etihad Airways, KLM, Qantas, Qatar Airways, Singapore Airlines, Turkish Airlines and United Airlines. It also serves Philippine Airlines flights to and from Canada (Toronto and Vancouver) and the Middle East, except Dubai flights.[52] The detailed designs were adopted by the Philippine Government in 1974 and was subsequently approved by the Asian Development Bank on September 18, 1975. Actual work on the terminal began during the second quarter of 1978. In 1989, a Master Plan Review recommended the construction of two new terminals (NAIA 2 and NAIA 3), as well as many other facility improvements.[53]

The development of the Manila International Airport was finally approved through the promulgation of Executive Order No. 381, which authorized the airport's development. In 1973, a feasibility study/airport master plan was done by Airways Engineering Corporation through a US$29.6 million loan from the Asian Development Bank.[54] The Detailed Engineering Design of the New Manila International Airport Development Project was done by Renardet-Sauti/Transplan/F.F. Cruz Consultant while the terminal's Detailed Architectural Design was prepared by Leandro Locsin's L.V. Locsin and Associates.[53]

The terminal reached capacity in 1991, when it registered a total passenger volume of 4.53 million. Since 1991, the terminal has been over capacity and has been recording an annual average growth rate of 11%,[53] but improvements to the airport increased its capacity to 6 million passengers yearly.[55] Compared to international terminals in other Asian countries, Terminal 1 has consistently ranked at the bottom due to limited and outdated facilities, poor passenger comfort, and crowding (the Terminal has been operating above designed capacity for decades now).[56] From 2011 to 2013, Terminal 1 was on the list of worst airports in Asia and the world by the travel website "The Guide to Sleeping In Airports", ranking on number one.[57] In this regard, transport authorities plan to give Terminal 1 a makeover; the plans were approved by President Benigno Aquino III. The makeover and upgrade includes the expansion of the arrival area, addition of parking spaces, and improvement of other terminal facilities.[58]

The Transportation and Communications Department previously announced that as soon as Terminal 3 becomes fully operational, Terminal 1 was eyed by Cebu Pacific with the intention rehabilitating the terminal into an "Airport City" and serve as an exclusive terminal for their aircraft.[59]

Terminal 1 started renovation on January 23, 2014, to upgrade and modernize the 32-year-old passenger terminal building and to be finalized and operational by May 2015.[60][61] Divided into six phases with 40% completion on December 16, 2014,[62] renovations include the installation of buckling restrained braces to strengthen the structural integrity of the building, and a much-needed facelift in the interior design of the terminal.[63] Five international airlines, which are Delta Air Lines, KLM, Emirates, Singapore Airlines, and Cathay Pacific, have transferred to Terminal 3 from August 1 to October 1, 2014, and four international airlines, which are Qantas, Qatar Airways, United Airlines, and Turkish Airlines have transferred to Terminal 3 from October 28, 2018, to January 1, 2019, in an effort to decongest the terminal.[64]

Terminal 2[]

The departure concourse of the South Wing (domestic/regional flights) section of Terminal 2
The airport's control tower in front of Terminal 2.
Main article: Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 2

Terminal 2 (NAIA-2), also known as the Centennial Terminal, has an area of 75,000 square metres (810,000 sq ft), and is located at the Old MIA Road. It began construction in December 1995 and was inaugurated on May 1, 1999[65] and began operations in 1999. It has been named the Centennial Terminal in commemoration of the centennial year of the declaration of Philippine independence. The terminal was originally designed by Aéroports de Paris to be a domestic terminal, but the design was later modified to accommodate international flights.[66] It has a capacity of 2.5 million passengers per year in its international wing and five million in its domestic wing. It is able to be modified to accommodate nine million passengers per year if needed.[66]

Terminal 2 is exclusively used by Philippine Airlines and PAL Express for both its domestic and international flights. It is divided into two wings: the North Wing, for international flights, and the South Wing, which handles domestic operations. It currently has 12 jet bridges. There are several cafes and restaurants in the Terminal post-security. There is also a small duty-free section in the north wing. The need for two more terminals was proposed by a Master Plan Review of the Airport that was undertaken in 1989 by Aéroports de Paris (ADP). The study was facilitated by means of a grant from the French Government. The review cost 2.9 million French francs and was submitted to the Philippine Government for evaluation in 1990.[53]

In 1991, the French government granted a 30-million-franc soft loan to the Philippine government, which was to be used to cover the Detailed Architectural and Engineering Design of the NAIA Terminal 2. ADP completed the design in 1992 and in 1994, the Japanese Government granted an 18.12-billion-yen soft loan to the Philippine Government to finance 75% of the terminal's construction costs and 100% of the supervision costs. Construction of the Centennial Terminal began on December 11, 1995, and was formally turned over to the government of the Philippines on December 28, 1998. The terminal became fully operational by 1999.[67]

In August 2014, DOTC formally announced the plan of expanding of Terminal 2. The plan also considers to build a structure interconnecting Terminals 1 and 2.[68] It also includes the demolition of the unused Philippine Village Hotel complex beside the terminal awaiting the fixing of certain issues.[69] A fuel depot located between the terminals will be transferred to the demolished area to give way for the expansion.[70] The 26 comfort rooms are being renovated, in which 16 are located in a passenger movement area.[71] Four of the 7 air-handling units are being repaired and 21 additional units are expected to be installed to improve the temperature in the terminal.[72]

On February 16, 2021, Terminal 2 was inaugurated after expansion works were made to the passenger terminal. The area used for the expansion was 2,800 square metres (30,000 sq ft). The newly expanded terminal, along with an extended and improved runway were inaugurated on the same day.[73]

Terminal 3[]

NAIA Terminal 3's check-in counters
Main article: Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 3

Terminal 3 (NAIA-3) is the newest and largest terminal in the NAIA complex. Construction started on it in 1997. Since construction, the terminal has been at the center with legal battles, red tape, and arbitration cases in both the United States and Singapore, as well as technical and safety concerns which delayed its opening several times.[17] Terminal 3 is built on a 63.5-hectare (157-acre) lot that sits on Villamor Air Base. The terminal building has a total floor area of 182,500 square metres (1,964,000 sq ft) and has a total length of 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi). A four-level shopping mall connects the terminal and parking buildings. The parking building has a capacity of 2,000 cars and the outdoor parking area has a capacity of 1,200 cars. The terminal is capable of servicing 33,000 passengers daily at peak or 6,000 passengers per hour.[74] A 220-metre-long (720 ft) footbridge that opened in April 2017, known as Runway Manila, connects the terminal with Newport City. The bridge contains moving walkways and can accommodate about 2,000 persons at any given time.[75]

Its apron area has a size of 147,400 square metres (1,587,000 sq ft). The terminal has 34 jet bridges and 20 contact gates with the ability of servicing 28 planes at a time. The terminal has 70 flight information terminals, 314 display monitors, and 300 kilometres (190 mi) of fiber-optic I.T. cabling. It also has 29 restroom blocks. The departure area has five entrances all equipped with X-ray machines with the final security check having 18 X-ray machines. Its baggage claim has 7 large baggage carousels, each with its own flight display monitor.[66]

The terminal officially opened to selected domestic flights from July 22, 2008 (initially Cebu Pacific only, then Philippine Airlines' subsidiaries Air Philippines and PAL Express), with Cebu Pacific international flights using it from August 1, 2008.[76] All international operations, except for those from PAL, are intended to operate from Terminal 3 in the future, originally proposed to move in fourth quarter of 2010;[77] however, domestic carriers Cebu Pacific and PAL Express (then Air Philippines and became Airphil Express) remained the only tenants for the first two years of its operation. The vast majority of international flights still operate from Terminal 1, but All Nippon Airways became the first foreign-based carrier to operate out of Terminal 3 starting February 27, 2011.[78]

Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 3

The terminal underwent a rehabilitation under the contractor Takenaka Corp. of Japan to improve its facilities and utilize the whole terminal. Previously, it only operated at half of its capacity awaiting the completion of the remaining system works.[79] The terminal became fully operational on August 1, 2014, leading to the transfer of five international airlines to Terminal 3 to ease congestion at Terminal 1 starting with Delta Air Lines on that day,[64] followed by KLM on August 4,[80] Emirates on August 15,[64] Singapore Airlines on September 1,[80] and Cathay Pacific on October 1.[80][81] Both United Airlines and Qantas are relocated to Terminal 3 from Terminal 1 on October 28, 2018.[82] Middle Eastern carriers Qatar Airways and Turkish Airlines transferred to Terminal 3 on December 1, 2018, and January 1, 2019, respectively.[83] Etihad Airways was also transferred to Terminal 3 on October 25, 2020.

Terminal 4[]

Exterior of NAIA Terminal 4

Terminal 4[84] named as Manila Domestic Passenger Terminal, and still known as the Old Domestic Terminal, is the oldest of the four existing terminals, having been built in 1948.[citation needed] It is host to all domestic flights within the Philippines that are operated by Cebgo, among others. There are no jet bridges and passengers walk to and from the aircraft or are occasionally bussed. Twenty-six check-in counters are located in the terminal. The departure hall has the seating capacity for 969 people at a time. Several food stores and a book and magazine stall are also available. Five baggage carousels are located in the terminal while domestic airline offices, banks, restaurants and a grocery store are also located right beside the domestic passenger terminal.[85] The Domestic Terminal is on the old Airport Road near the north end of Runway 13/31. An old hangar has since been annexed to the terminal.

Airlines and destinations[]

Passenger[]

On March 15, 2020, all domestic flights were suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[86] On March 20, 2020, almost all international flights were suspended also due to the pandemic.[87][88] Due to cancellation of flights following the COVID-19 pandemic, this list is no longer current and destinations are subject to change without prior notice.[89][90][91]

AirlinesDestinations
Air ChinaBeijing–Capital
Air JuanBusuanga
Air NiuginiPort Moresby
AirAsiaKuala Lumpur–International
AirSWIFTBasco, El Nido, Sicogon
All Nippon AirwaysTokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita
Asiana AirlinesSeoul–Incheon
Cathay PacificHong Kong
CebgoBasco, Busuanga, Caticlan, Cebu, Kalibo, Legazpi, Marinduque,[92] Masbate, Naga, Siargao, Tablas
Cebu PacificBacolod, Bandar Seri Begawan, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Beijing–Capital, Butuan, Cagayan de Oro, Caticlan, Cauayan, Cebu, Cotabato, Davao, Denpasar/Bali, Dipolog, Dubai–International, Dumaguete, Fukuoka, General Santos, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Iloilo, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Kalibo, Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur–International, Legazpi, Macau, Melbourne, Nagoya–Centrair, Osaka–Kansai, Ozamiz, Pagadian, Puerto Princesa, Roxas, San Jose (Mindoro), Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Shenzhen, Singapore,[93] Sydney, Tacloban, Tagbilaran, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Narita, Tuguegarao, Virac, Xiamen, Zamboanga
China AirlinesKaohsiung, Taipei–Taoyuan
China Eastern AirlinesShanghai–Pudong
China Southern AirlinesGuangzhou, Shenzhen[94]
EmiratesDubai–International
Ethiopian AirlinesAddis Ababa,[a] Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi
Etihad AirwaysAbu Dhabi
EVA AirTaipei–Taoyuan
Gulf AirBahrain
Hong Kong AirlinesHong Kong
Japan AirlinesTokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita
Jeju AirSeoul–Incheon
Jetstar Asia AirwaysOsaka–Kansai, Singapore[96]
Jetstar JapanNagoya–Centrair, Osaka–Kansai, Tokyo–Narita
KLMAmsterdam[b]
Korean AirSeoul–Incheon
Kuwait AirwaysKuwait City
Lanmei AirlinesPhnom Penh[98]
Malaysia AirlinesKuala Lumpur–International
Oman AirMuscat
PAL ExpressBacolod, Basco,[99] Busuanga,[99] Butuan, Cagayan de Oro, Calbayog, Catarman, Caticlan, Cebu, Cotabato, Davao, Dipolog, Dumaguete, Iloilo, Kalibo, Laoag, Legazpi, Nanjing,[100] Ozamiz, Puerto Princesa, Pagadian, Roxas, San Jose, Siargao,[99] Tacloban, Tagbilaran, Zamboanga
Philippine AirlinesAuckland, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Beijing–Capital, Brisbane, Busan, Cebu, Dammam, Davao, Denpasar/Bali, Doha, Dubai–International, Fukuoka, General Santos, Guam, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Kalibo, Kuala Lumpur–International, London–Heathrow,[101] Los Angeles, Macau, Melbourne, Nagoya–Centrair, New York–JFK, Osaka–Kansai, Phnom Penh, Port Moresby, Puerto Princesa, Quanzhou, Riyadh, San Francisco, Sapporo–Chitose, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore, Sydney, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tel Aviv (resumes 2 October 2021),[102][103] Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita, Toronto–Pearson, Vancouver, Xiamen, Zamboanga
Philippines AirAsiaBacolod, Bangkok–Don Mueang, Cagayan de Oro, Caticlan, Cebu, Davao, Denpasar/Bali, General Santos, Guangzhou, Ho Chi Minh City,[104] Hong Kong, Iloilo, Kalibo, Kaohsiung, Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur–International, Macau, Osaka–Kansai,[105] Puerto Princesa, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Shenzhen, Tacloban, Tagbilaran, Zamboanga[106]
Platinum SkiesVigan
QantasSydney
Qatar AirwaysDoha
Royal Air PhilippinesCharter: Nanning,[107] Sihanoukville
Royal Brunei AirlinesBandar Seri Begawan
SaudiaJeddah, Riyadh
ScootSingapore[93]
Singapore AirlinesSingapore[93]
SkyJet AirlinesBasco, Busuanga, Camiguin, San Vicente
Starlux AirlinesTaipei–Taoyuan[108]
Sunlight AirBacolod,[109] Busuanga,[109] Cagayan de Oro,[109] Cebu,[109] Puerto Princesa[109]
Thai AirwaysBangkok–Suvarnabhumi
Turkish AirlinesIstanbul
United AirlinesGuam, Koror
XiamenAirQuanzhou, Xiamen
Notes
  1. ^ This flight makes a stop in Hong Kong between Manila and Addis Ababa. However, the airline does not have rights to transport passengers solely between Manila and Hong Kong.[95]
  2. ^ This flight makes a stop in Taipei between Manila and Amsterdam. However, the airline does not have rights to transport passengers solely between Manila and Taipei.[97]

Cargo[]

AirlinesDestinations
Air Hong KongHong Kong
Asiana CargoSeoul–Incheon
China Airlines CargoHong Kong, Penang, Taipei–Taoyuan
Donghai AirlinesShenzhen
FedEx ExpressGuangzhou, Hong Kong, Shanghai–Pudong, Shenzhen
Korean Air Cargo Penang, Seoul–Incheon
MASkargoHong Kong, Kuala Lumpur–International, Kuching, Taipei–Taoyuan
My Indo Airlines Singapore
SF AirlinesShenzhen[110]
ULS Airlines CargoHong Kong, Istanbul–Atatürk
YTO Cargo AirlinesHangzhou[111]

Notes:

  • Philippine Airlines also maintains integrated airport ground handling services, cargo operations and a full catering service for it and other airlines.[112] This is composed of PAL Airport Services, Philippine Airlines Cargo and the PAL Inflight Center.
  • Based at both the Centennial Terminal (Terminal 2) and International Cargo Terminal of Ninoy Aquino International Airport, PAL Airport Services offers ground handling for seven international airlines calling at Manila, while Philippine Airlines Cargo processes and ships an average of 200 tons of Manila publications and 2 tons of mail daily throughout the country and 368 tons of cargo abroad daily.

Structure[]

Runways[]

NAIA has a primary runway that is 3,737 metres (12,260 ft) long running at 061°/241° (designated as Runway 06/24), and a secondary runway that is 2,367 metres (7,766 ft) long, running at 136°/316° (designated as Runway 13/31). The primary runway was oriented at 06/24 in order to harness the southeast and southwest winds. Runway 13/31 is the runway of a former USAF base, Nichols Field known today as Villamor Air Base. On May 26, 2012, Runway 06/24 was partially closed for the replacement of the threshold lightning system on the end of Runway 06.[113] Runway 13/31 was closed to give way for its renovation/expansion and reopened on May 29, 2013. The runway upgraded its length from 1,900 metres (6,200 ft) to 2,367 metres (7,766 ft).[114] Out of the 550 planes that fly on NAIA daily, 100 of them take the secondary runway. It mostly caters small private planes as well as Airbus A320 aircraft and acts as the main runway of the NAIA Terminal 4.[115] On February 16, 2021, Runway 13/31 reopened after repair, extension and overlay works were made in the runway, along with a newly constructed taxiway that opened on the same day.[116]

Third runway plan[]

There is a proposal according to Transportation Secretary Joseph Abaya that there will be a new runway adjacent to the existing Runway 06/24.[117] The proposed runway has a length of 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) that could allow the landing of an Airbus A320 and increase the numbers of aircraft that the airport can handle from 40 planes per hour to about 60–70.[118] However, according to the consultant hired by the government, building the runway may affect the current operations in the main runway and considering building another terminal to be less disruptive.[119] Previously, the Japan International Cooperation Agency proposed Sangley Point in Cavite as the site of the new international airport serving Greater Manila Area meaning Sangley could serve as NAIA's third runway until the long-term expansion is planned.[120]

Airbus A380 capability[]

An Airbus A380 parked on its test flight in 2007.

NAIA is one of two airports in the Philippines that meet the infrastructure requirements for the Airbus A380, the other being Clark International Airport. The airport provides MRO services conducted by Lufthansa Technik Philippines. On October 11, 2007, NAIA hosted the debut of the Airbus A380 in the Philippines, after test aircraft MSN009 (registered as F-WWEA) landed on Runway 24. The test flight demonstrated that the A380 could land on existing runways in Asia and that the primary international airport of the Philippines can support aircraft as large as the A380.[121]

However, according to Jose Angel Honrado, who served as MIAA General Manager from 2010 to 2016, NAIA is currently not capable of handling regular commercial flights on the A380, as it would "cause a lot of inconvenience and delay for other scheduled flights" due to the airport's runway's and taxiway's centerline not reaching the "wing-tip-to-wing-tip clearance" safety requirement for the aircraft to operate at the airport on a regular basis.[122] Therefore, no airlines have regular commercial flights that operate using this aircraft, although some airlines who have Airbus A380 flies to NAIA for maintenance at Lufthansa Technik Philippines. On October 7, 2014, Emirates flew their A380 to NAIA in a one-off commercial flight from and to Dubai to commemorate the transfer of the airline's operations to Terminal 3.[123] In command of the flight was Capt. Franklyn Desiderio, the first Filipino pilot certified to fly the Airbus A380.[124]

Facilities[]

Lufthansa Technik Philippines[]

Lufthansa Technik Philippines (LTP) (formerly PAL Technical Center) was founded in 2000 as a joint venture of German firm Lufthansa Technik (51%) and Philippine aviation service provider MacroAsia Corporation (49%). Lufthansa Technik Philippines offers aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) services to customers.

The company focuses on maintenance checks for the Airbus A320 family and A330/A340 aircraft. Seven hangar bays and workshops have been upgraded to the latest industry standards to support aircraft maintenance, major modifications, cabin reconfigurations, engine maintenance and painting for the Airbus A320 family, A330/A340, as well as the Boeing 747-400 and 777 aircraft. A new widebody hangar was recently added to meet the increasing demand for A330/A340 base maintenance checks.

The company also opened an Airbus A380 maintenance hangar to allow the aircraft to be repaired at the airport facility.[125] Lufthansa Technik Philippines opens A380 maintenance hangar. In July 2012, A Qantas Airbus A380 completed its passenger cabin reconfiguration. It is one of the 12 Airbus A380 that was cabin reconfigured in the LTP Manila's facility.[126] It also provides total technical and engineering support for the entire Philippine Airlines, PAL Express fleet and other international airline fleets as well.[127]

Aviation Partnership (Philippines) Corporation[]

Aviation Partnership (Philippines) Corporation is SIA Engineering's third line maintenance joint venture outside Singapore. The joint venture of SIA Engineering Company (51%) and Cebu Pacific Air (49%) provides line maintenance, light aircraft checks and technical ramp handling as well as other services to Cebu Pacific Air and third-party airline customers.

DHL[]

The airport also serves as a gateway facility of the logistics company DHL. On March 12, 2006, the company opened its first quality control center at NAIA Terminal 3 to show support in its local market.[128]

Philippine Airlines Facility[]

Philippine Airlines operates several aviation facilities in the Philippines. These include various training facilities for pilots and cabin crew, catering services, as well as a data center and an A320 flight simulator.[129]

Philippine Airlines also maintains training facilities both for its pilots and other crew, composed of the PAL Aviation School, the PAL Technical Center, and the PAL Learning Center. The PAL Aviation School, located within the premises of Clark Civil Aviation Complex, provides flight training for its own operations and as well as for other airlines, the Philippine government and individual students. It currently operates ten Cessna 172Rs, five of which is fitted with a Glass Cockpit Garmin G1000 for student pilots' training with complete training facilities including simulators for the Airbus A320 and for turboprop aircraft (FRASCA 142). More than 5,000 students graduated from the PAL Aviation School, eventually joining the ranks of pilots at PAL and other airlines.

PAL Learning Center, located in Manila, serves as the integrated center for Philippine Airlines flight deck crew, cabin crew, catering, technical, ticketing and ground personnel. Located at the PAL Maintenance Base Complex in Pasay, the PAL flight simulator, designed to simulate an Airbus A320, can duplicate all flight conditions complete with sound and visual system capability for day, dusk and night operations.

Ground transportation[]

Inter-terminal transportation[]

The Manila International Airport Authority runs a shuttle bus system which connects all four terminals for passengers who have onward connections on flights departing from another terminal.[130] Shuttle buses run every fifteen minutes during daytime hours, but passengers are required to clear immigration and customs to use the system.

Philippine Airlines operates an airside shuttle service between Terminals 1, 2 and 3 for passengers connecting to onward PAL Express flights and vice versa.

External connections[]

Bus[]

See also: Premium Point-to-Point Bus Service

Nine city bus routes serve the airport from various points in Metro Manila, eight which go via Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), and one via Circumferential Road 5 (C-5). Route 18 or the PITX-NAIA Loop route of the Metro Manila Rationalized Bus Transit also stops at all four airport terminals and connects the airport to the Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange.

Ultimate Bus Experience (UBE Express) operates a Premium Airport Bus Service that serves on all NAIA Terminals and hotels and commercial areas located in the cities of Manila, Makati, Mandaluyong, Muntinlupa, Quezon City, Pasay, Pasig and Parañaque, all in Metro Manila and in the city of Santa Rosa in Laguna. It also has stops at JAM Liner, Philtranco and Victory Liner terminals in Pasay for passengers going to/coming from the provinces of Northern and Southern Luzon.

HM Transport provides an Airport loop shuttle bus and Premium Point-to-point bus service from Taft Avenue MRT Station and Alabang in Muntinlupa to NAIA Terminal 3. Genesis Transport also provides Premium Point-to-point bus service to Clark International Airport from NAIA Terminal 3.

Jeepney[]

All four terminals are also served by local jeepney routes serving Parañaque and Pasay.

Rail[]

The Nichols railway station with the elevated roads above leading to the airport

The airport is connected, albeit indirectly, by rail: Baclaran station of the Manila LRT Line 1 and Nichols station of the Philippine National Railways both serve the airport complex.

In the future, with the extension of the existing LRT Line 1, a new station, Manila International Airport station, is set to connect the airport, albeit still indirectly, to the LRT-1. A four-station spur extension of the LRT Line 1, directly connecting Terminal 3 to Baclaran, is also proposed.

Under the new LRT Line 6 proposal, a station will be built near Terminal 1. Once approved, it will directly connect Cavite province with NAIA.[131]

A station of the Metro Manila Subway line will connect the airport directly by rail.[132]

Road[]

Main article: NAIA Expressway
The NAIA Expressway is the first airport expressway in the Philippines.

The NAIA Expressway or NAIA Skyway is the first airport expressway and second elevated tollway in the Philippines. It starts from Sales Interchange of Skyway at the boundary of Pasay and Taguig and ends in Entertainment City, Parañaque. The access ramps of the expressway connects with Terminals 1, 2 and 3 of the airport and also connects with Macapagal Boulevard for motorists and commuters going to/coming from Manila and Manila-Cavite Expressway or CAVITEx for motorists and commuters travelling to/from the province of Cavite.

Accidents and incidents[]

  • On July 25, 1971, a Pan American World Airways Boeing 707-321C named "Clipper Rising Sun" was on a cargo flight from San Francisco via Honolulu, Guam and Manila to Saigon. While on a VOR/DME approach to Manila runway 24, the aircraft struck Mount Kamunay at an altitude of 770 metres (2,525 ft). All 4 occupants were killed.[133]
  • On November 15, 1974, an Orient Air System and Integrated Services Douglas C-47A registered RP-C570 was damaged beyond economical repair when a forced landing was made in a paddy field shortly after take-off from Manila International Airport following failure of the starboard engine. One of the eight people on board was killed.[134]
  • On February 7, 1980, a China Airlines Boeing 707 originating from Taipei Chiang Kai-Shek International Airport with the flight number CI 811 undershot the runway on landing and caught fire. Of all the 135 on board, there were only 2 fatalities.[135]
  • On September 15, 1981, a Korean Airlines Boeing 747 originating from Seoul, South Korea and bound for Zürich, Switzerland overshot the runway during takeoff and hit the airport perimeter fence, with its nose blocking traffic on the service road of South Luzon Expressway. The plane had a one-hour layover in Manila when the accident happened. Forty out of the 332 passengers and 20 crew were injured.[136][137]
  • On December 13, 1983, a Philair Douglas C-47B registered RP-C287 crashed shortly after takeoff following an engine failure. The aircraft was on a non-scheduled passenger flight. All ten people on board survived.[138]
  • On April 28, 1989, a MATS Douglas C-47A registered RP-C81 crashed shortly after takeoff on a non-scheduled domestic passenger flight to Roxas Airport following an engine failure. MATS did not have a licence to fly passengers. Seven of the 22 passengers were killed. The aircraft had earlier made a forced landing on a taxiway at the airport.[139]
  • On May 6, 1989, a Manila Aero Transport System (MATS) Douglas C-47A registered RP-C82 crashed on takeoff following an engine failure. The aircraft was being used on a domestic non-scheduled passenger flight although it was not licensed to carry passengers. All 18 people on board survived.[140]
  • On July 21, 1989, a Philippine Airlines BAC One-Eleven operating Flight 124 overran a runway in poor visibility and heavy rain. No passengers or crew on board were killed but eight people on the ground were killed when the jet crossed a road.[141]
  • On May 11, 1990, a Philippine Airlines Boeing 737-300 operating Flight 143 suffered an explosion in the center fuel tank near the terminal of the airport while preparing for takeoff. The fire and smoke engulfed the aircraft before it could be completely evacuated. The explosion was similar to what happened to TWA Flight 800 six years later. Eight people died.[142]
  • On May 18, 1990, an Aerolift Philippines Beechcraft 1900C-1 operating a domestic scheduled passenger flight bound for Surigao Airport crashed into a residential area following takeoff. The aircraft reportedly suffered an engine failure. All 21 occupants and 4 people on the ground were killed.[143]
  • On September 4, 2002, an Asian Spirit de Havilland Canada Dash 7-102 operating Flight 897, carrying 49 occupants, was the last flight of the day to Caticlan and departed the Manila domestic airport at 15:36 for a one-hour flight. On approach to Caticlan Airport, the right main gear failed to deploy. The approach was abandoned and the crew decided to return to Manila for an emergency landing. The plane circled for about 35 minutes over Las Piñas to burn off fuel. The crew then carried out an emergency landing with the right gear retracted on Manila's international airport runway 24. After touchdown, the aircraft swerved off the runway onto a grassy area. There were no reported injuries or fatalities, but the aircraft was written off.[144]
  • On November 11, 2002, a Laoag International Airlines Fokker F27 operating Flight 585 took off from Manila runway 31 just after 6 o'clock for a flight to Laoag International Airport. Shortly after takeoff, engine trouble developed in the aircraft's left engine. The pilot declared an emergency and he tried to land the plane but decided at the last minute to ditch it into the sea. The aircraft broke up and sank in the water to a depth of about 18 metres (60 ft). 19 of the 34 occupants were killed.[145]
  • On August 23, 2009, a South East Asian Airlines Dornier 328 registered RP-C6328 operating flight DG-0624 was hit by strong crosswinds when decelerating after landing on runway 13. The aircraft veered off the runway and came to a stop in the grass. None of the 32 passengers and 3 crews was injured. The airport had to be temporarily closed to tow the aircraft away.[146]
  • On October 17, 2009, a Victoria Air Douglas DC-3, registered RP-C550, crashed shortly after takeoff on a flight to Puerto Princesa International Airport after an engine malfunctioned. The plane crashed near a factory in Las Piñas. All on board died.[147]
  • On December 10, 2011, a Beechcraft 65–80 Queen Air cargo plane en route to San Jose crashed into the Felixberto Serrano Elementary School in Parañaque, Metro Manila. The plane crashed after takeoff straight into the school. The cause of the crash was pilot error. At least 14 people including 3 crew members on board the aircraft died, and over 20 people were injured. Approximately 50 houses in the residential area were set ablaze by the subsequent fire.[148]
  • On August 16, 2018, Xiamen Airlines Flight 8667 crash-landed amidst heavy monsoon rains. The 737-800 skidded off the end of the runway. All 157 passengers and crew were unharmed, however, the aircraft was written off.[149] According to Flightradar24 data, the flight aborted its first landing attempt.[150]
  • On March 29, 2020, a Lionair IAI Westwind registered RP-C5880 burst into flames on the airport's runway 24 as it was taking off. The plane was conducting a medical evacuation mission bound for Haneda Airport, Japan. All 3 aircraft crew, 3 medical crew, and 2 passengers on board the aircraft, a total of 8 people, died. There were no survivors among the 8 on board. The cause is still being investigated.[151]

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Further reading[]

External links[]

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