One-party state
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2 Several states constitutionally deemed to be multiparty republics are broadly described by outsiders as authoritarian states. This map presents only the de jure form of government, and not the de facto degree of democracy.
A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system, or single-party system is a type of unitary state in which only one political party has the right to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution.[1] All other parties are either outlawed or allowed to take only a limited and controlled participation in elections. Sometimes the term de facto one-party state is used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike the one-party state, allows (at least nominally) democratic multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power.
The rule of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) in the Ottoman Empire following the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état is considered the first one-party state.[2]
Concept[]

One-party states explain themselves through various methods. Most often, proponents of a one-party state argue that the existence of separate parties runs counter to national unity. Others argue that the one party is the vanguard of the people, and therefore its right to rule cannot be legitimately questioned. The Soviet government argued that multiple parties represented the class struggle and because of this the Soviet Union legally authorized and recognized a single party leading the proletariat, namely the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Some one-party states only outlaw opposition parties, while allowing allied parties to exist as part of a permanent coalition such as a popular front. However, these parties are largely or completely subservient to the ruling party and must accept the ruling party's monopoly of power as a condition of their existence. Examples of this are the People's Republic of China under the United Front, the National Front in former East Germany and the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea in North Korea. Others may outlaw all other parties yet allow non-party members to run for legislative seats as independent, as was the case with Taiwan's Tangwai movement in the 1970s and 1980s, as well as the elections in the former Soviet Union. Still others may both outlaw all other parties and include party membership as a prerequisite for holding public office, such as in Turkmenistan under the rule of Saparmurat Niyazov or Zaire under Mobutu Sese Seko.
Within their own countries, dominant parties ruling over one-party states are often referred to simply as the Party. For example, in reference to the Soviet Union, the Party meant the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; in reference to the pre-1991 Republic of Zambia, it referred to the United National Independence Party.
Most one-party states have been ruled by parties forming in one of the following three circumstances:
- An ideology of Marxism–Leninism and international solidarity (such as the Soviet Union for most of its existence);
- Some type of nationalist or fascist ideology (such as the Kingdom of Italy under the National Fascist Party or Germany under the Nazi Party);
- Parties that came to power in the wake of independence from colonial rule. One-party systems often arise from decolonization because a single party gains an overwhelmingly dominant role in liberation or in independence struggles.
One-party states are usually considered to be authoritarian, to the extent that they are occasionally totalitarian. On the other hand, not all authoritarian or totalitarian states operate upon one-party rule. Some, especially amongst absolute monarchies and military dictatorships, have no need for a ruling party, and therefore make all political parties illegal.
The term "communist state" is sometimes used in the West to describe states in which the ruling party subscribes to a form of Marxism–Leninism. However, such states may not use that term themselves, seeing communism as a phase to develop after the full maturation of socialism, and instead use descriptions such as "people's republic", "socialist republic", or "democratic republic". One peculiar example is Cuba where, despite the role of the Communist Party being enshrined in the constitution, no party, including the Communist Party, is permitted to campaign or run candidates for elections. Candidates are elected on an individual referendum basis without formal party involvement, although elected assemblies predominantly consist of members of the Communist Party alongside non-affiliated candidates.[3]
Current one-party states[]
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As of 2021 the following countries are legally constituted as one-party states:
Country | Head of party | Party | Ideology | Date of establishment | Duration |
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Socialism with Chinese characteristics | October 1, 1949 | 71 years, 334 days |
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Marxism–Leninism, Castroism | January 1, 1959 | 62 years, 242 days |
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Eritrean nationalism, socialism | May 24, 1993 | 28 years, 99 days |
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Kaysone Phomvihane Thought | December 2, 1975 | 45 years, 272 days |
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Juche | October 10, 1945 | 75 years, 325 days |
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Sahrawi nationalism, social democracy | February 27, 1976 | 45 years, 185 days |
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Ho Chi Minh Thought | September 2, 1945 | 75 years, 363 days |
Former one-party states[]
Country | Party | Ideology | Date of establishment | Date of dissolution | Continent |
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Union and Progress Party[4] | İttihadism | June 11, 1913 | 1918 | Asia/Europe |
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Peliquista Party | Liberalism | 1917 | 1919 | North America |
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Kemalism | 1923 | 1945 | Asia/Europe |
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Sangkum | Khmer nationalism, Social conservatism, Royalism | 1955 | 1970 | Asia |
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Cameroon People's Democratic Movement | Big tent, Nationalism, Francophilia | 1975 | 1990 | Africa |
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Neo Destour | Tunisian nationalism, Bourguibism | 1963 | 1964 | Africa |
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Socialist Destourian Party | Tunisian nationalism, Secularism, Bourguibism | 1964 | 1981 | Africa |
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Democratic Party of Turkmenistan | Turkmen nationalism, Secularism, Social conservatism, Catch-all party | 1992 | 2008 | Asia |
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Tridemism | July 1, 1925 | July 15, 1987 | Asia |
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Arab Liberation Movement | Pan-Arabism, Modernization, Pro-Western | 1953 | 1954 | Asia |
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National Revolutionary Party | Pashtun nationalism, Pashtunization, Anti-communism, Republicanism, Secularism | February 14, 1977[5][6] | April 28, 1978 | Asia |
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National Liberation Front | Arab socialism, Algerian nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Anti-imperialism | 1962 | 1989 | Africa |
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Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League | Bengali nationalism, Socialism, One Party State, Libertarian Socialism | 1974 | 1975 | Asia |
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Burmese Way to Socialism | 1962 | 1988 | Asia |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1975 | 1980 | Africa |
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African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1980 | 1990 | Africa |
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Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa | African nationalism, Anti-colonialism, Progressivism, Anti-imperialism | 1962 | 1980 | Africa |
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People's Rally for Progress | Afar interests, Third Way, Liberal socialism | 1977 | 1992 | Africa |
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United National Workers' Party | African nationalism, Socialism, Personalism, Anti-imperialism, Anti-colonialism, Anti-racism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-intellectualism | 1970 | 1979 | Africa |
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Arab Socialist Union | Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism | 1962 | 1976 | Africa |
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Left-wing nationalism | 1991 (Provisional government)
1993 (Recognized state) |
1994 | Africa |
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Convention People's Party | Nkrumaism, African socialism, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism | 1964 | 1966 | Africa |
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Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally | African nationalism, African socialism, Pan-Africanism | 1958 | 1984 | Africa |
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African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1974 | 1991 | Africa |
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Indonesian National Party | Nationalism, Marhaenism | August 17, 1945 | November 3, 1945 | Asia |
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Iraqi Arab Socialist Union | Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism | 1964 | 1968 | Asia |
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Saddamist Ba'athism | 1968 | 2003 | Asia |
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Libyan Arab Socialist Union | Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism, Nationalism | 1971 | 1977 | Africa |
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National Front for the Defense of the Revolution | Left-wing nationalism, Scientific socialism | 1976 | 1989 | Africa |
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Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally | African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, African socialism | 1960 | 1968 | Africa |
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Democratic Union of the Malian People | Socialism, Democratic centralism | 1976 | 1991 | Africa |
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Mauritanian People's Party | Nationalism, Centralism, Islamic socialism | 1961 | 1978 | Africa |
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Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe/Social Democratic Party | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1975 | 1990 | Africa |
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Socialist Party of Senegal | African nationalism, African socialism | 1966 | 1974 | Africa |
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Seychelles People's Progressive Front | Communism, Marxism-Leninism | 1977 | 1991 | Africa |
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All People's Congress | African nationalism, Democratic socialism | 1978 | 1991 | Africa |
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Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Anti-communism | 1971 | 1985 | Africa |
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Neo-Ba'athism | 1963 | February 27, 2012[7][8] | Asia |
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Chama Cha Mapinduzi | Ujamaa, African socialism | 1977 | 1992 | Africa |
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African nationalism, African socialism, Ujamaa | 1961 | 1977 | Africa |
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Social democracy, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism | 1969 | 1971 | Africa |
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Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism | 1958 | 1961 | Africa | |
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People's Anti-Imperialist Association | Six Great Policies | 1935 | 1942 | Asia |
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United National Independence Party | African socialism, African nationalism | 1972 | 1990 | Africa |
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Afro-Shirazi Party | African nationalism, Marxism–Leninism | 1964 | 1977 | Africa |
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Communism (until 1990), Marxism–Leninism (until 1990), Afghan nationalism, Anti-imperialism | December 24, 1980 | July 27, 1990 | Asia |
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Party of Labour of Albania (National Liberation Movement) | Communism, Marxism-Leninism, Hoxhaism, Anti-revisionism | October 20, 1944 | August 5, 1945 | Europe |
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Party of Labour of Albania (Democratic Front) | Communism, Marxism-Leninism, Hoxhaism, Anti-revisionism | August 5, 1945 | January 11, 1946 | Europe |
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Party of Labour of Albania (Democratic Front) | Communism, Marxism-Leninism, Hoxhaism, Anti-revisionism | January 11, 1946 | December 11, 1990 | Europe |
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Communism, Left-wing nationalism, Marxism–Leninism | November 11, 1975 | May 30, 1991 | Africa |
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Communist Party of Armenia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | December 2, 1920 | December 30, 1922 | Asia |
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Communist Party of Azerbaijan | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | April 30, 1920 | December 30, 1922 | Asia |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism | November 30, 1975 | March 1, 1990 | Africa |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism | September 15, 1946 | January 15, 1990 | Europe |
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Communist Party of Byelorussia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | July 31, 1920 | December 30, 1922 | Europe |
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Communist Party of China | Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism | 1930 | 1937 | Asia |
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Marxism–Leninism | February 25, 1948 | November 30, 1989 | Europe |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism | October 7, 1949 | March 30, 1950 | Europe |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism | March 30, 1950 | December 1, 1989 | Europe |
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Russian Communist Party(Central Committee of the Estonian Sections) | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | November 29, 1918 | June 5, 1919 | Europe |
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Communist Party of Estonia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | July 21, 1940 | August 9, 1940 | Europe |
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Workers' Party of Ethiopia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | September 12, 1984 | February 22, 1987 | Africa |
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Workers' Party of Ethiopia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | February 22, 1987 | April 28, 1991 | Africa |
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Communist Party of Georgia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | February 25, 1921 | December 30, 1922 | Asia |
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New Jewel Movement | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | March 13, 1979 | October 25, 1983 | Central America |
Guangzhou | Communist Party of China | Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism | 1927 | 1927 | Asia |
Hunan | Communist Party of China | Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism | 1927 | 1927 | Asia |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism | August 20, 1949 | October 30, 1956 | Europe |
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Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | November 4, 1956 | October 7, 1989 | Europe |
Jinggang | Communist Party of China | Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism | 1927 | 1928 | Asia |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Agrarianism, Autarky, Khmer nationalism, Ultranationalism | April 17, 1975 | June 22, 1982 | Asia |
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Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party | Communism, Socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Revisionism, Left-wing nationalism | January 7, 1979 | October 23, 1991 | Asia |
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Communist Party of Latvia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | December 17, 1918 | January 13, 1920 | Europe |
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Communist Party of Latvia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | July 21, 1940 | August 5, 1940 | Europe |
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Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1921 | July 29, 1990 | Asia |
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Marxism–Leninism | June 25, 1975 | December 1, 1990 | Africa |
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Workers' Party of North Vietnam (League for the Independence of Vietnam) | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | September 2, 1945 | 1946[citation needed] | Asia |
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Workers' Party of North Vietnam (Vietnamese Fatherland Front) | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1955 | July 2, 1976 | Asia |
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Communist Party of Lithuania | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | July 21, 1940 | August 3, 1940 | Europe |
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Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | February 17, 1919 | July 17, 1919 | Europe |
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Congolese Party of Labour | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | January 31, 1969 | 1991 | Africa |
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Communist Party of Persia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1920 | 1921 | Asia |
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Marxism–Leninism | February 5, 1947 | July 1982 | Europe |
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Marxism–Leninism | July 1982 | August 24, 1989 | Europe |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism | February 5, 1948 | 1968 | Europe |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism | 1968 | 1980 | Europe |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism | 1980 | December 29, 1989 | Europe |
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Russian Social Democratic Labour Party | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | January 19, 1918 | March 8, 1918[9] | Europe/Asia |
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Russian Communist Party | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | March 8, 1918[9] | December 30, 1922 | Europe/Asia |
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Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party | Islamic socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Pan-Somalism
Scientific socialism, Somali nationalism |
July 1976 | January 26, 1991 | Africa |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism | October 31, 1978 | May 22, 1990 | Asia |
Southwest Jiangxi | Communist Party of China | Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism | 1930 | 1931 | Asia |
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Russian Communist Party | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | December 30, 1922 | December 31, 1925[9] | Europe/Asia |
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All-Union Communist Party | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | December 31, 1925[9] | October 13, 1952[9] | Europe/Asia |
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Communist Party of the Soviet Union | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | October 13, 1952[9] | October 9, 1990[10] | Europe/Asia |
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Communist Part of Armenia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | March 12, 1922 | December 30, 1922 | Asia |
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Communist Party of Azerbaijan | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | March 12, 1922 | December 30, 1922 | Asia |
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Communist Party of Georgia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | March 12, 1922 | December 30, 1922 | Asia |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism | August 14, 1921 | October 11, 1944 | Asia |
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Communist Party of Ukraine | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | March 10, 1919 | December 30, 1922 | Europe |
Yan'an | Communist Party of China | Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism | 1937 | 1949 | Asia |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism | May 21, 1994 | July 7, 1994 | Asia |
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Marxism–Leninism, Titoism, Yugoslavism | November 29, 1945 | January 22, 1990 | Europe |
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Reform Party | Americanisation, Annexationism | 1894 | 1898 | North America |
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Militarism, Social conservatism, National conservatism, Brazilian nationalism, Anti-communism, National security | 1964 | 1979 | South America |
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Gabonese Democratic Party | Conservatism | 1968 | 1990 | Africa |
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Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire – African Democratic Rally | African nationalism, Conservatism, Populism, Houphouëtism, Pan-Africanism | 1960 | 1990 | Africa |
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Spanish Patriotic Union | Spanish nationalism, Political Catholicism, Monarchism, Conservatism | 1924 | 1930 | Europe |
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Malawi Congress Party | Ubuntu, Conservatism, African nationalism, Anti-colonialism | 1964 | 1993 | Africa |
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Islamic Republican Party | Velyât-e Faqih, Anti-imperialism, Iranian nationalism, Shi'ite Islamism, Anti-Monarchism, Anti-Americanism, Anti-communism, Anti-Sovietism, Anti-Zionism, Islamic fundamentalism, Homophobia, Anti-Western sentiment | 1981 | 1987 | Asia |
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National Movement for the Development of Society | Conservatism | 1989 | 1991 | Africa |
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Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Fascism, Italophilia, Serbophobia, Hellenophobia | June 2, 1939 | July 27, 1943 | Europe |
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Guard of Greater Albania | Albanian nationalism, Fascism | July 27, 1943 | September 8, 1943 | Europe |
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National Front | Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Anti-communism, Republicanism, Big tent, Agrarian socialism | September 14, 1943 | November 29, 1943 | Europe |
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Clerical fascism | May 1, 1934 | March 13, 1938 | Europe |
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Burundian nationalism, Tutsi interests | July 11, 1974 | March 13, 1992 | Africa |
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Cameroonian National Union | Big tent | September 1, 1966[11] | March 24, 1985 | Africa |
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Central African Democratic Union | African nationalism, Republicanism | March 1, 1980 | September 2, 1981 | Africa |
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Central African Democratic Rally | African nationalism, Democratic socialism, Social democracy, Republicanism | February 6, 1987 | April 22, 1991[12] | Africa |
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Chadian Progressive Party | African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism | April 16, 1962 | April 6, 1973 | Africa |
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National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution | African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism | April 6, 1973 | April 13, 1975 | Africa |
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National Union for Independence and Revolution | Nationalism | 1984 | 1990 | Africa |
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Comorian Union for Progress | Nationalism | 1982 | 1990 | Africa |
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Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement | Croatian irredentism, Croatian ultranationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Clerical fascism, Fascist corporatism, Political Catholicism, Anti-communism | April 10, 1941 | May 8, 1945 | Europe |
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Dahomeyan Unity Party | African nationalism, Republicanism | 1961 | 1963 | Africa |
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Dahomeyan Democratic Party | African nationalism | 1963 | 1965 | Africa |
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Dominican Party | Trujillism, National conservatism, Right-wing populism | 1931 | 1961 | Central America |
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National Democratic Party | Egyptian nationalism, Centrism, Big tent | 1956 | 1958 | Africa |
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National Democratic Party | Egyptian nationalism, Centrism, Big tent | 1961 | 1962 | Africa |
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National Pro Patria Party | Fascism, Anti-communism, Conservatism, Agrarian oligarchy | 1931 | 1944 | South America |
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Imperial Rule Assistance Association | Shōwa statism | 1940 | 1945 | Asia |
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Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea | African nationalism, Militarism | 1987 | 1991 | Africa |
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Patriotic League (National Front for the Implementation of the Constitution) | Estonian nationalism, Personalism | March 9, 1935 | July 21, 1940 | Europe |
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Nazism | July 14, 1933 | May 23, 1945 | Europe |
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National Partnership | Nazism | March 21, 1939 | May 9, 1945 | Europe |
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Progressive Liberal Party | Ubicoism, Liberalism, Nationalism, Anti-communism | 1931 | 1944 | South America |
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National Unity Party | Black nationalism, Haitian nationalism, Right-wing populism, Anti-communism, Anti-Americanism | 1957 | 1985 | Central America |
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Hungarism | October 16, 1944 | May 7, 1945 | Europe |
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Rastakhiz Party | Monarchism, Fascism, Populism, Secularism, Democratic centralism, Third Position | 1975 | 1978 | Asia |
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Fascism | May 17, 1928[13]
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July 27, 1943 | Europe
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Fascism | September 13, 1943 | April 28, 1945 | Europe |
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Kenya African National Union | Kenyan nationalism, Conservatism | 1982 | 1991 | Africa |
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Lithuanian Nationalist Union | Lithuanian nationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Fascist corporatism, Right-wing populism, Anti-communism, Antisemitism | 1927 | 1940 | Europe |
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Fascism, Monarchism, Manchurian nationalism, Pan-Asianism, Anti-communism, Personalism | April 1, 1932[14] | May 1, 1945[14] | Asia |
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Nazism | December 14, 1941 | May 6, 1945 | Europe |
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Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally | African nationalism, Pan-Africanism | 1960 | 1974 | Africa |
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Yemeni nationalism, Arab nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Big tent | 1982 | 1988 | Asia |
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Fascism, Nazism, Fascist corporatism, Anti-communism, Collaborationism | September 25, 1940 | May 8, 1945 | Europe |
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Conservatism, national conservatism | 1947 | 1962 | South America |
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Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Pro-Japan | December 8, 1942 | October 14, 1943 | Asia |
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Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Pro-Japan | October 14, 1943 | August 17, 1945 | Asia |
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Salazarism, corporatism | July 30, 1930[15] | October 8, 1945[15] | Europe |
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Salazarism, corporatism | January 31, 1948[16] | September 1969[17] | Europe |
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Salazarism, corporatism | 1970 | April 25, 1974 | Europe |
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Big tent, Romanian nationalism, Monarchism | December 16, 1938 | September 6, 1940 | Europe |
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Legionarism, clerical fascism | September 6, 1940 | January 23, 1941 | Europe |
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Parmehutu | Hutu Power | 1965 | 1973 | Africa |
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Hutu Power, Ultranationalism, Social conservatism, Anti-communism | 1978 | 1991 | Africa |
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Sammarinese Fascist Party | Italian Fascism, Corporatism | 1926 | 1943 | Europe |
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Republican Fascist Party of San Marino | Italian Fascism | 1943 | 1944 | Europe |
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Clerical fascism | March 14, 1939 | May 8, 1945 | Europe |
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Francoism, Falangism | April 19, 1937 | July 6, 1976[18] | Europe |
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National Congress Party | Islamism, Arab nationalism, Salafism, Social conservatism | 1989 | 2005 | Africa |
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Party of Togolese Unity | African nationalism | 1962 | 1963 | Africa |
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Rally of the Togolese People | African nationalism, Right-wing populism | 1969 | 1991 | Africa |
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Voltaic Democratic Union-African Democratic Rally | African nationalism, Pan-Africanism | 1960 | 1966 | Africa |
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Yugoslav Radical Peasants' Democracy | Royalism, Yugoslav nationalism, Agrarianism, Centralism, Anti-liberalism | 1929 | 1931 | Europe |
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Popular Movement of the Revolution | Mobutism | 1970 | 1990 | Africa |
See also[]
- Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- Political organisation
- Dominant-party system
- Political factionalism
- Outline of democracy
- Multi-party system
- Two-party system
- List of political party songs
Notes[]
- ^ The Republic of China controlled the mainland from 1912 to 1949 and the island of Taiwan since 1945, in which the ROC currently administers the Free area. This government served China in the United Nations from 1945 to 1971. See Political status of Taiwan and the One-China policy for various viewpoints.
- ^ Although there was an official democratic opposition, the MDB, ARENA was de facto the only governing party.
References[]
- ^ Clark, William Roberts; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona Nadenichek (2012-03-23). Principles of Comparative Politics. SAGE. ISBN 9781608716791.
- ^ Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat's Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time". End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8.
- ^ Cuba: Elections and Events 1991–2001 Archived 2007-03-01 at the Wayback Machine Latin American Election Statistics Home
- ^ Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat's Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time". End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8.
- ^ Afghanistan: A Country Study
- ^ Afghanistan 1977
- ^ "Presidential Decree on Syria's New Constitution". Syrian Arab News Agency. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ^ Chulov, Martin (27 February 2012). "Syrian regime rockets bombard Homs". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f The Constitution of the Russian Federation: A Contextual Analysis By Jane Henderson
- ^ Ideology And Political System By Kundan Kumar
- ^ The Search for a Cameroonian Model of Democracy or the Search for the Domination of the State Party: 1966-2006
- ^ Central African Republic Unions Strike for Democracy 1990-1993
- ^ Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945
- ^ Jump up to: a b China at War: Regions of China, 1937-1945
- ^ Jump up to: a b 12th Period - Second Republic of Portugal
- ^ Fascism and Resistance in Portugal: Communists, Liberals and Military
- ^ Following the appointment of Marcelo Caetano as Prime Minister in 1968, the opposition was allowed to run to the 1969 Portuguese legislative election, before being banned
- ^ Law 21/1976, of June 14, on the Right of Political Association.
External links[]
- Authoritarianism
- One-party states
- Political systems
- Political party systems
- Unitary state