Provisional government

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A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, or a transitional government,[1] is an emergency governmental authority set up to manage a political transition generally in the cases of new nations or following the collapse of the previous governing administration. Provisional governments are generally appointed, and frequently arise, either during or after civil or foreign wars.

Provisional governments maintain power until a new government can be appointed by a regular political process, which is generally an election.[2] They may be involved with defining the legal structure of subsequent regimes, guidelines related to human rights and political freedoms, the structure of the economy, government institutions, and international alignment.[3] Provisional governments differ from caretaker governments, which are responsible for governing within an established parliamentary system and serve as placeholders following a motion of no confidence, or following the dissolution of the ruling coalition.[3]

In opinion of Yossi Shain and Juan J. Linz, provisional governments can be classified to four groups:[4]

  1. Revolutionary provisional governments (when the former regime is overthrown and the power belongs to the people who have overthrown it).
  2. Power sharing provisional governments (when the power is shared between former regime and the ones who are trying to change it).
  3. Incumbent provisional governments (when the power during transitional period belongs to the former regime).
  4. International provisional governments (when the power during the transitional period belongs to the international community).

The establishment of provisional governments is frequently tied to the implementation of transitional justice.[5] Decisions related to transitional justice can determine who is allowed to participate in a provisional government.[citation needed]

The early provisional governments were created to prepare for the return of royal rule. Irregularly convened assemblies during the English Revolution, such as Confederate Ireland (1641–49), were described as "provisional". The Continental Congress, a convention of delegates from 13 British colonies on the east coast of North America became the provisional government of the United States in 1776, during the American Revolutionary War. The government shed its provisional status in 1781, following ratification of the Articles of Confederation, and continued in existence as the Congress of the Confederation until it was supplanted by the United States Congress in 1789.

The practice of using "provisional government" as part of a formal name can be traced to Talleyrand's government in France in 1814. In 1843, American pioneers in the Oregon Country, in the Pacific Northwest region of North America established the Provisional Government of Oregon—as the U.S. federal government had not yet extended its jurisdiction over the region—which existed until March 1849. The numerous provisional governments during the Revolutions of 1848 gave the word its modern meaning: A liberal government established to prepare for elections.

List of provisional governments[]

Numerous provisional governments have been established since the 1850s.

Africa[]

As of 2021 in Africa, only Libya, Sudan, and Chad currently have provisional governments.

Americas[]

As of 2021 in the Americas, Venezuela is the only country currently hosting a provisional government, which is established by the oppositions in parallel with the government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Asia[]

World War I and Interbellum[]

World War II[]

  • Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–40), established by the Empire of Japan when invading Eastern China.
  • Azad Hind Provisional Government of Free India (1943–1945), commonly known as Azad Hind, established by Indian nationalists in southeast Asia, had nominal sovereignty over Axis controlled Indian territories, and had diplomatic relationships with eleven countries including Germany, Italy, Japan, Philippines, and the Soviet Union.[citation needed] It was headed by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, who was the Head of the State and Prime Minister, who was also the Supreme Commander of the Indian National Army.[citation needed] The government had its own cabinet and banks. It was also the first government to recruit women for combat roles.[citation needed]

Cold War and aftermath[]

21st century[]

As of 2020 in Asia, only Syria and Yemen currently have provisional governments. However the Syrian provisional governments were established as umbrella governments of the oppositions, in parallel with a pre-existent internationally recognized government; both provisional governments are not recognized internationally.

Europe[]

  • Provisional Government of Spain (1868–1871), established after the Spanish Glorious Revolution pending the election of a new Constitutional Monarch.

World War I and Interbellum[]

World War II[]

Provisional governments were also established throughout Europe as occupied nations were liberated from Nazi occupation by the Allies.

Cold War[]

  • Provisional Cypriot Turkish Administration[11] (1967-1971)

Collapse of the USSR and aftermath[]

21st century[]

As of 2021 in Europe, Belarus is the only country currently with a provisional government, established by the opposition in parallel with the government of the Republic of Belarus.

  • / Belarusian Coordination Council (2020–present), established in the aftermath of the 2020 Belarusian presidential election and during subsequent protests. The transitional government is only supported and recognized by Lithuania.

Oceania[]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Google Ngram Viewer
  2. ^ "caretaker government". Credo Reference. Dictionary of politics and government. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Shain(1) Linz(2), Yossi(1) Linz(2) (January 1992). "The Role of Interim Governments". Journal of Democracy. 3: 73–79. doi:10.1353/jod.1992.0012. S2CID 153562287.
  4. ^ Yossi Shain, Juan J. Linz, "Between States: Interim Governments in Democratic Transitions", 1995, ISBN 9780521484985 [1], p. 5
  5. ^ McAuliffe, Padraig (09/01/2010). "Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law". Ague Journal of the Rule of Law. doi:10.1017/S1876404510200015. S2CID 154281455. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Sayigh, Yezid (1999). Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993 (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 624. ISBN 9780198296430. "The Palestinian National Council also empowered the central council to form a government-in-exile when appropriate, and the executive committee to perform the functions of government until such time as a government-in-exile was established."
  7. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 67 Resolution 19. A/RES/67/19 Retrieved 2013-01-07.
  8. ^ "The Palestinian Authority".
  9. ^ "Syria: Who's in control of Idlib?". BBC News. 2020-02-18. Retrieved 2021-02-22.
  10. ^ "The Provisional National Government (1945)". The Orange Files: Notes on Illiberal Democracy in Hungary. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  11. ^ [2]
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