Provisional Government of Western Thrace
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Independent Government of Western Thrace Garbi Trakya Hükûmet-i Müstakilesi Prosorini Kyvernisi Dytikis Thrakis Προσωρινή Κυβέρνηση Δυτικής Θράκης | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1913–1913 | |||||||||
 Flag | |||||||||
 Independent Government of Western Thrace | |||||||||
| Status | Provisional, later Independent | ||||||||
| Capital | Komotini | ||||||||
| Common languages | Greek, Ottoman Turkish, Bulgarian | ||||||||
| Government | Provisional Government under a Republic system | ||||||||
• 1913 | Hoca Salih Efendi | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | August 31 1913 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | October 25 1913 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
| 1913 | 8,578 km2 (3,312 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Currency | Ottoman lira | ||||||||
| |||||||||
1 Renamed from "Provisional Government of Western Thrace" and some researchers used term of "Republic of Gumuljina" and the "Turkish Republic of Western Thrace". | |||||||||
The Provisional Government of Western Thrace[a][3][4][5] later Independent Government of Western Thrace,[b][3][6] was a small, short-lived unrecognized republic established in Western Thrace from August 31 to October 25, 1913. It encompassed the area surrounded by the rivers Maritsa (Evros) in the east, Mesta (Nestos) in the west, the Rhodope Mountains in the north and the Aegean Sea in the south. Its total territory was c. 8600 – c. km2.[7]
By August 31, 1913, the Turks of Western Thrace had formed the first independent 'Turkish republic', the Provisional Government of Western Thrace. However, it was taken over by the Kingdom of Bulgaria on October 25, 1913, which had been victorious in the First Balkan War.[8]
The whole of Western Thrace was captured by Bulgaria during the First Balkan war and awarded to the country by the Treaty of London. During the Second Balkan War the Greek Army captured most of the area between Xanthi and the Maritsa river south of Soufli without encountering resistance by the weak Bulgarian army which retreated to the southern slopes of the Rhodope mountains (several kilometers to the north of Skecha and Komotini while the Ottoman forces occupied the regions of Sufli, Didymoteicho and Ortakyoy. After the Second Balkan War the treaty of Bucharest was signed which returned the area to Bulgaria and the Greek army withdrew from Western Thrace. Thereupon local Muslims and Greeks petitioned, with the encouragement of the Greek authorities refused to recognize the Bulgarian control of the area and petitioned the Ottoman army to occupy Western Thrace. On their invitation, the region was then occupied by small Ottoman forces, largely irregulars. While the area had been returned to Bulgaria by the Bucharest treaty, the Bulgarian army wished to conflict with the Ottomans and retreated to a line coinciding with the pre-Balkan war border up to Aydomush and from there along a ridge of the Rhodope mountains running west of Daridere and east of Madan up to the Bulgarian-Greek border.[9]
After the retreat of both the Bulgarian and Greek armies, an autonomous state was declared with Ottoman support, in order to avoid Bulgarian rule after the Treaty of Bucharest, in which the Ottomans had not taken part. Under British pressure, the Bulgaria and the Ottomans signed the Treaty of Constantinople, which satisfied the Turkish claims to recognition of Eastern Thrace and recognized Western Thrace as part of Bulgaria. The Ottomans withdrew their forces and by 25 October, and the area was returned by Bulgaria.[10] The southern part of the former Provisional government was occupied in 1918 by French forces. This area was finally annexed by Greece in 1920 and has been part of that country ever since, except for the Bulgarian occupation between 1941 and 1944. The northern part of the former Provisional Government remained part of Bulgaria after 1919.
The capital of Provisional Government of Western Thrace capital was Gümülcine, now Komotini, in Greece.
Overview[]
President: Hoca Salih Efendi.
Army: Standing force of 29,170, largely infantry. Commander of the Armed Forces [11][page needed] was Süleyman Askerî Bey.
Steering Committee: Reshid Bey, Raif Effendi, Hafous Salih Effendi, Nicodimos (commissioner of the Diocese of Maroneia, representing the Greeks), Mikirditch Tabakian (Armenian), Yaka Cassavi (Jew), Hafous Galip and Eshref Bey Kushchubasi.[12]
As soon as independence was declared the Provisional Government of Western Thrace determined the borders of the country, put up the new flags on the official buildings, commissioned a national anthem, raised an army, published its own stamps [13] and passports[11][page needed], and prepared the budget of the new country.
A Jewish citizen, Samuel Karaso, was tasked by the government with establishing an official press agency and to publish a newspaper named Müstakil ("Independent") in Turkish and French. The Ottoman Laws and Regulations were adopted without any change and the cases started to be heard by the Court of Western Thrace.
Currency 40 Paras = 1 Piaster [13]
See also[]
References[]
- ^ Belgeselin bu bölümünde Batı Trakya Geçici Hükümeti konu ediliyor (Metin Edirneli Rodop Hükumetleri ile ilgili olarak, TRT)
- ^ Türkkaya Ataöv, Çatışmaların kaynağı olarak ayrımcılık, A.Ü. S.B.F. İnsan Hakları Merkezi Yayınları, Ankara, 1996
- ^ a b International Affairs Agency Turkish Dossier Program, The Western Thrace Turks issue in Turkish-Greek relations, International Affairs Agency, 1992, p. 105.
- ^ Philip Hendrick Stoddard, The Ottoman government and the Arabs, 1911 to 1918: a preliminary study of the Teskilât-ı Mahsusa, Princeton University, 1963, pp. 52-53.
- ^ Andrew Mango, Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey, Overlook Press, 2002, ISBN 978-1-58567-334-6, p. 102.
- ^ Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, A military history of the Ottomans: from Osman to Atatürk, ABC-CLIO, 2009, ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0, p. 259.
- ^ "Panayotis D. Cangelaris – The Western Thrace Autonomous Government "Muhtariyet" Issue (1913) Philatelic Exhibit". Cangelaris.com. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
- ^ Türkkaya, Ataöv. The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations (PDF).
- ^ The Destruction of Thracian Bulgarians in 1913, Lybomir Miletich, 1918, p. 205
- ^ Constantinos Vacalopoulos (2004). Ιστορία της Μείζονος Θράκης, από την πρώιμη Οθωμανοκρατία μέχρι τις μέρες μας, History of Greater Thrace, from early Ottoman rule until nowadays. Thessaloniki: Publisher Antonios Stamoulis. p. 282. ISBN 960-8353-45-9.
- ^ a b Çeçen, Anıl, Tarihte Türk Devletleri, Milliyet Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 1986
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-27.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b "Western Thrace, Autonomous Government (1913) » Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes". Dcstamps.com. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
Notes[]
- ^ Ottoman Turkish: غربی تراقیا حكومت موقتهسی, romanized: Garbi Trakya Hükûmet-i Muvakkatesi; Greek: Προσωρινή Κυβέρνηση Δυτικής Θράκης, romanized: Prosoriní Kyvérnisi Dytikís Thrákis; Turkish: Batı Trakya Geçici Hükümeti[1][2]
- ^ Ottoman Turkish: غربی تراقیا حكومت مستقلهسی, romanized: Garbi Trakya Hükûmet-i Müstakilesi; Greek: Αυτόνομη Κυβέρνηση Δυτικής Θράκης, romanized: Aftónomi Kyvérnisi Dytikís Thrákis
External links[]
- States and territories disestablished in 1913
- Pomaks
- 1913 in the Ottoman Empire
- 1913 in Greece
- Former countries in the Balkans
- States and territories established in 1913
- History of Western Thrace
- 1913 in Bulgaria
- Political history of Greece
- Provisional governments
- Former client states
- Historical Turkic states