Overseas Filipino Worker

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This article is about Filipino migrant workers. For the Filipino diaspora in general, see Overseas Filipinos.
Overseas Filipino Workers
Filipino Men at Work in Brunei.jpg
OFWs in Brunei
Total population
2.3 million[1] (2017)
Regions with significant populations
 Saudi Arabia584,200
 United Arab Emirates351,900
 Kuwait154,100
 Hong Kong149,500
 Qatar126,500
 Singapore121,900
Languages
Filipino (national), English (co-official)
Philippine languages, Arabic
Religion
Christianity (majority), Islam
Related ethnic groups
Filipinos (Overseas Filipinos)

Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) is a term often used to refer to Filipino migrant workers, people with Filipino citizenship who reside in another country for a limited period of employment. There are over 10 million Filipinos working abroad, making the Philippines "one of the biggest export countries of labour".[2]

Etymology[]

The term "Overseas Filipino Worker" (OFW) was used as early as the 1990s to refer to Filipino migrant workers, when Republic Act 8042, also known as the Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 was enacted. The term was officially adopted by the Philippine government when the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) adopted the 2002 POEA Rules and Regulations Governing the Recruitment and Employment of Land-based Overseas Workers. Historically, particularly during the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos, the term "Overseas Contract Worker" (OCW) was used.[3]

For statistical and probability purposes, the term "Overseas Contract Worker" refers to OFWs with an active employment contract, while OFWs who are not OCWs are migrant workers currently without a contract who had one within a given period of time.[1]

History[]

Early 1900s[]

Filipino migrant workers were working outside the Philippine islands as early as the 1900s, when Filipino agricultural workers were deployed to Hawaii to satisfy temporary labor needs in the then-U.S. territory's agricultural sector. Filipino workers then went on to the Mainland United States to work in hotels, restaurants, and sawmills, as well as getting involved in railroad construction. They also worked in plantations in California and the canning industry of the then-American territory of Alaska. Some Filipinos also served in the U.S. Army during World War II.[3]

After World War II[]

Following the end of World War II, some Filipinos who served in the U.S. Army became American citizens. The United States also saw increased immigration of Filipino medical professionals, accountants, engineers, and other technical workers after the war. From the 1950s to the 1960s, non-professional contract workers began migrating to other Asian countries; artists, barbers, and musicians worked in East Asia, and loggers worked in Kalimantan, the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo.[3]

Start of systemic migration[]

According to the Philippine Department of Labor and Employment, "active and systemic migration" of Filipinos for temporary employment began by the 1960s, when the United States Government, contractors of the United States Armed Forces, and civilian agencies began recruiting Filipinos to work in jobs in the construction and service sector. Filipinos also worked in select areas in the Pacific and Southeast Asia, namely Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and the U.S. territories of Guam and Wake Island.[3]

More Filipino medical workers also began to search for work in Australia, Canada, and the United States, which caused the Philippine government to come up with a new labor code in 1974, which included Filipino migrant workers in its scope. This labor code, also known as Presidential Decree 442, was issued by then-President Ferdinand Marcos shortly after the declaration of martial law in the Philippines. The decree formally established a recruitment and placement program "to ensure the careful selection of Filipino workers for the overseas labor market to protect the good name of the Philippines abroad". Three government agencies were created to tend to the needs of Filipino migrant workers: the National Seamen Board, Overseas Employment Development Board, and the Bureau of Employment Services, which were later merged in 1978 to create the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration. Marcos' labor policy was meant to be a short-term employment program and decrease the country's need for foreign exchange.[3]

Construction workers and engineers also began to be recruited by multinational companies in oil-rich nations in the Middle East, which were then experiencing an economic boom.[3]

Post–People Power Revolution[]

After Ferdinand Marcos was removed from office following the People Power Revolution of February 1986, his successor Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order No. 126, which renamed the Welfare Fund as the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA). In 1995, the Republic Act 8042, or Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act, became law.[3]

700,000 of the world's mariners come from the Philippines, being the world's largest origin of seafarers;[4] In 2018, Filipino seafarers sent home the equivalent of US$6.14 billion.[5]

President Rodrigo Duterte announced that in 2021 the Philippines would limit the annual number of health professionals (including nurses) it sends abroad to 5,000, from about 13,000 that currently leave every year.[6]

Government policy[]

An official sample of an Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) ID Card.

The Philippine government has stated officially for decades that it doesn't maintain a labor export policy, and has continued to claim so as of 2012.

Agencies[]

During the Presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, three government agencies were created to tend to the needs of Filipino migrant workers, namely:[3]

  1. National Seamen Board (NSB) : To “develop and maintain a comprehensive program for Filipino seamen employed overseas"
  2. Overseas Employment Development Board (OEDB) – To “promote the overseas employment of Filipino workers through a comprehensive market and development program"
  3. Bureau of Employment Services (BES) - responsible for the regulation of “private sector participation in the recruitment of (local and overseas) workers."

In 1982, these three agencies were consolidated to create the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), which later became an attached agency to the Department of Labor and Employment.[3]

Reception[]

The Migrante Partylist has cited two reasons that the Philippine government created a more systemic labor export policy during the administration of Ferdinand Marcos: To quell dissent brought about by massive domestic unemployment and the political crisis, and to consolidate foreign exchange from remittances.[3]

Recruitment[]

The Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) is a government agency tasked with supervising labor recruitment agencies in the Philippines. Recruitment and deployment agencies are mandated by the POEA to monitor the situation of Overseas Filipino Workers, including if they are with their supposed employers and if employers provide assistance to the Filipino worker in case of emergency.[7]

Taxation[]

Remittances sent by Overseas Filipino Workers to the Philippines from abroad are not themselves subject to taxation by the Philippine government, which has no jurisdiction over foreign remittance. However, a value-added tax is imposed on transfer fees charged by the remittance companies.[8] Under Presidential Decree No. 1183 and Republic Act No.8042, or the Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipino Act of 1995, Overseas Filipino Workers are exempt from travel tax and airport terminal fees when traveling out of the Philippines from within the country.[9]

Female overseas Filipino workers[]

Despite many Filipina migrant workers having received higher education and working as skilled nurses,[2] 58 out of 100 overseas Filipino women workers are categorized as laborers and unskilled workers compared to 13 out of 100 overseas Filipino male workers in a 2007 survey.[10] Filipino women often fill "the demand for unskilled, low-paid domestic work in high-income countries".[2] They are encouraged to take these overseas jobs due to high unemployment rates in the Philippines and the economy benefiting from remittances.[11][12]

Impact on mental health[]

Despite financial benefits from working overseas, separation from family and cultural ties have proved detrimental to the health of Filipino migrant workers.[13] Many Filipino women working abroad have experienced worsening mental health, reporting symptoms of depression from a loss of belonging, loneliness, and guilt.[14]

Unsafe workplaces and abuse are another big problem, with "more than 40% of labour Filipino migrants in the USA report[ing] high levels of workplace discrimination".[14] Filipino women are often associated with stereotypes such as being mail-order brides and having submissive attributes, which further adds to their discrimination in and out of the workplace.[15]

Impact on governance[]

Empirical research has demonstrated that Filipino migrants and the remittances they send back to families are correlated with better governance. Exposure to the democratic politics and efficient bureaucracies in host countries allows migrants to use their remittances to urge relatives back home to demand better governance, at least in the context of enhancing the efficient provision of public goods at the provincial level.[16]

Countries[]

See also: List of deployment bans on Overseas Filipino Workers

Overseas Filipino Workers can only be legally deployed to countries certified by the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs to be compliant with Republic Act 10022, also known as the Amended Migrant Workers Act.[17]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b "2017 Survey on Overseas Filipinos (Results from the 2017 Survey on Overseas Filipinos)". 18 May 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  2. ^ a b c Straiton, Melanie L., et al. "A qualitative study of Filipina immigrants' stress, distress and coping: the impact of their multiple, transnational roles as women." BMC Women's Health, vol. 17, no. 1, 2017. Gale Academic OneFile, . Accessed 4 Mar. 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Medina, Andrei; Pulumbarit, Veronica (21 September 2012). "How Martial Law helped create the OFW phenomenon". GMA News. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  4. ^ VVP (19 January 2013). "Pinoy seafarers' concerns taken up with US Coast Guard head". GMA News. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  5. ^ "Filipino seafarers send home a record amount of $6.14 Billion in 2018". Crew Center. Drupal. 3 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  6. ^ "World's Supplier of Nurses to Limit Sending New Hires Abroad". BloombergQuint. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
  7. ^ Macasero, Ryan (13 August 2015). "'Recruiter's responsibility doesn't end after deployment' – POEA". Rappler. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  8. ^ "OFW remittances not covered by tax reform". Department of Finance (Philippines). 21 June 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  9. ^ "Bello reminds airlines of travel tax, terminal fee exemption for OFWs". ABS-CBN News. 3 March 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  10. ^ Philippine Statistics Authority. "Overseas Filipino Women". National Statistics Office. Manila, Philippines, 11 June 2009, psa.gov.ph/content/overseas-filipino-women.
  11. ^ UN Women. "Filipino Women Migrant Workers". Fact Sheet. New York, United States. N.d. Web.
  12. ^ O'Neil, Kevin. “Labor Export as Government Policy: The Case of the Philippines.” Migration Policy Institute, 2 Mar. 2017, www.migrationpolicy.org/article/labor-export-government-policy-case-philippines.
  13. ^ Grandea, Nona, and Joanna Kerr. “'Frustrated and Displaced': Filipina Domestic Workers in Canada.” Gender and Development, vol. 6, no. 1, Mar. 1998, pp. 7–7., www.jstor.org/stable/4030329?seq=1.
  14. ^ a b Straiton, Melanie L., et al. "A qualitative study of Filipina immigrants' stress, distress and coping: the impact of their multiple, transnational roles as women." BMC Women's Health, vol. 17, no. 1, 2017. Gale Academic OneFile, . Accessed 4 Mar. 2021.
  15. ^ Limpangog, Cirila P. “Racialised and Gendered Workplace Discrimination: The Case of Skilled Filipina Immigrants in Melbourne, Australia.” Journal of Workplace Rights, vol. 17, no. 2, 2013, pp. 191–218., doi:10.2190/wr.17.2.e.
  16. ^ Tusalem, Rollin F. "Do Migrant remittances Improve the Quality of Government? Evidence from the Philippines." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, vol. 3, no.4, pp. 336-366., doi: 10.1177/2057891118757694.
  17. ^ Medenilla, Samuel (1 January 2018). "POEA lists 24 countries off-limits to OFWs". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 14 May 2018.

External links[]

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