Pacific Highway (Australia)
Pacific Highway New South Wales | |||||
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General information | |||||
Type | Highway | ||||
Length | 780 km (485 mi)[1] | ||||
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Former route number | See Former route numbers | ||||
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NE end | ![]() | ||||
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North end |
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Location(s) | |||||
Major settlements | Ballina, Grafton, Coffs Harbour, Kempsey, Taree, Newcastle, Gosford, Wahroonga | ||||
Highway system | |||||
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The Pacific Highway is a 780-kilometre-long (485 mi)[1] national highway and major transport route along the central east coast of Australia, with the majority of it being part of Australia's Highway 1. It no longer includes former sections of the highway between Brunswick Heads and Brisbane that have been legally renamed Pacific Motorway or Gold Coast Highway. As such, the highway stops short of the Queensland border near the Gold Coast.
The highway and its adjoining Pacific Motorway between Brisbane and Brunswick Heads and Pacific Motorway between Sydney and Newcastle links the state capitals of Sydney in New South Wales with Brisbane in Queensland, approximately paralleling the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean coast, via Gosford, Newcastle, Taree, Port Macquarie, Kempsey, Coffs Harbour, Grafton, and Ballina.
The Pacific Highway is one of the busiest highways in Australia[4][5] and was upgraded to a dual carriageway (minimum four-lane) divided road between Hexham and the Queensland border between 1996 and December 2020.[6][7]
Route description[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PacificHwy-StripMap.png/270px-PacificHwy-StripMap.png)
A map of the Pacific Highway between Nambucca Heads to its northern terminus, northwest of Byron Bay. Thereafter the Pacific Motorway continues north to Brisbane.
KEY
The Pacific Highway is a 780-kilometre-long (485 mi)[1] national highway and major transport route along the central east coast of Australia, with the majority of it being part of Australia's Highway 1.
The route can be broken into the following sections:
- Brisbane to New South Wales / Queensland border: completely replaced by the Pacific Motorway
- New South Wales / Queensland border to Brunswick Heads: upgraded to motorway-standard as part of the 1996 Upgrade Masterplan and renamed Pacific Motorway in 2013
- Brunswick Heads to Hexham: conversion to dual carriageway or freeway standards completed in 2020, as part of the 1996 Upgrade Masterplan.
- Hexham to Wahroonga: replaced by the Pacific Motorway (also known as the Sydney–Newcastle Freeway and formerly the F3 Freeway) as the national route between Wahroonga and Beresfield in sections between 1965 and 1993.
- Wahroonga to Sydney CBD: divided metropolitan road, formerly a Metroad route; the route via M2 (Lane Cove Tunnel and M2 Hills Motorway) and NorthConnex as a motorway alternative.
The Pacific Highway passes through some of Australia's fastest growing regions, the NSW's Central Coast and North Coast and also the Brisbane-Gold Coast corridor, with tourism and leisure being the primary economic activity. Hence the traffic is heavy, particularly during holiday seasons, resulting in major congestion. For direct Sydney–Brisbane travel, the New England Highway is an alternative that passes through fewer major towns and carries less local traffic. Another alternate route is via the scenic Bucketts Way and Thunderbolts Way to the Northern Tablelands at Walcha before rejoining the New England Highway at Uralla. This route reduces the distance of the Sydney to Brisbane trip by about 70 kilometres (43 mi).
Major cities and towns along the Pacific Highway include: Gosford, Wyong, Newcastle, Taree, Port Macquarie, Kempsey, Coffs Harbour, Grafton, Ballina and Byron Bay, all in New South Wales; and Gold Coast in Queensland.
Major river crossings include the Hawkesbury, Hunter, Myall (just to the east of Bulahdelah), Manning (south of Coopernook), Hastings (west of Port Macquarie), Macleay (just to the east of Frederickton), Nambucca (near Macksville), Bellinger (near Raleigh), Clarence (via the Harwood Bridge near Maclean), Richmond (at Ballina), Brunswick, and Tweed rivers.
Sydney to Kariong[]
From Sydney the Pacific Highway starts as the continuation of the Bradfield Highway at the northern end of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, immediately north of the Sydney central business district and is the main route as far as the suburb of Wahroonga. From the Harbour Bridge to the Gore Hill Freeway at Artarmon it has no route number and from the Gore Hill Freeway to Wahroonga it is designated as A1. When the Warringah Freeway was built in the late 1960s, southbound traffic was diverted through North Sydney via Mount Street. In October 1985 it was again diverted via Berry Street.[8]
From Wahroonga, the Pacific Highway is mostly parallel to the freeway until Kariong (at which point it diverts into the Central Coast through Gosford and Wyong). The section of the highway from Cowan to Kariong follows a scenic winding route with varying speed limits, typically 60 or 80 km/h (37 or 50 mph).
Somersby to Hexham[]
The section of what was formerly the Pacific Highway from the Wiseman's Ferry Road junction at Somersby, through to the Pacific Highway exit at Gosford (adjacent to Brian McGowan Bridge), has been rebadged as the Central Coast Highway with the route number A49. Then the highway continues north without a route number through the Central Coast suburbs of Ourimbah and Wyong as a regional route before meeting with a spur of the Pacific Motorway near Doyalson numbered as "A43". At this point the Pacific Highway becomes "A43" for most of its length, and is a four-lane regional highway passing Lake Macquarie and on through the suburbs of the cities of Lake Macquarie and Newcastle before rejoining national route 1 at Hexham.
From Bennetts Green to Sandgate it is supplemented by the Newcastle Inner City Bypass, through New Lambton and Jesmond. Two sections of the bypass, Bennetts Green-Rankin Park and Jesmond-Sandgate, are of motorway standard.
North of Hexham[]
From Hexham, the Pacific Highway (A1) passes up the NSW north coast to Brunswick Heads[3] where it becomes the Pacific Motorway (M1) through to Brisbane.
Gazette definition[]
The Pacific Highway used to be an undivided road from Sydney to Brisbane when it was first proclaimed. Since the most recent declaration of the highway in the April 2010 gazette, the New South Wales section of the highway is officially made up of four separate sections within New South Wales: Warringah Freeway, North Sydney to Gosford Interchange near Kariong; Henry Parry Drive, Wyoming to Sydney-Newcastle Freeway at Ourimbah Interchange; Wyong Road, Tuggerah to Hunter Street, Wickham; and Maitland Road, Warrabrook to the Queensland Border.[9] Since February 2013, the freeway section of the highway north of Brunswick Heads is also concurrently gazetted and is named and signposted Pacific Motorway. South of here, the section between Brunswick Heads and Bruxner Highway near Ballina is also signposted Pacific Motorway, however it is not declared as so in the gazette as of February 2019, therefore it remains as only Pacific Highway in the gazette. Former sections of the highway that were removed from the gazette, such as between Gosford and Tuggerah, also continue to be signposted Pacific Highway.
Former sections[]
Former sections of Pacific Highway were created when the sections were removed from the gazette definition, or were bypassed by new sections of Pacific Highway. However, as mentioned, some former sections of Pacific Highway that were removed from gazette definition continue to be referred and signposted as Pacific Highway.
Removed from gazette definition[]
Between Sydney and Hexham or Newcastle, some sections of the highway were re-gazetted as other roads and/or not gazetted as part of Pacific Highway anymore. However, as of January 2019 many of these are still referred to and signposted as Pacific Highway.
The first two sections of the highway to be removed from the gazette was the Calga to Kariong section and a section in Gosford between Racecourse Road/Etna Street and Brian McGowan Bridge in November 1996. The remaining section within Gosford, between Kariong and Brian McGowan Bridge, was re-gazetted and renamed Central Coast Highway in August 2006.[10][11][12] These changes resulted in the previously undivided section between Ourimbah and Sydney to be split into two: Kariong to Sydney, and Ourimbah to Wyoming.
The April 2010 gazette removed the sections between Racecourse Road/Etta Street and Henry Parry Drive/Pemmel Street in Gosford, between Ourimbah and Tuggerah, and between Hunter Street and Industrial Drive in Newcastle from the existing declaration of the highway, but redeclared the section between Calga and Kariong.[13][14] As of January 2019, this is the most recent gazette to redefine the declaration of Pacific Highway. Even though these three removed sections are not gazetted as part of Pacific Highway any more, street signage continues to show "Pacific Highway" and maps often show both the current road name and "Pacific Highway" together.
In Queensland, Pacific Highway used to go into Brisbane, however, most sections have been renamed to other roads or highways. For example, the section of Pacific Highway between Coolangatta and Currumbin is now part of Gold Coast Highway.
Bypassed[]
Sections of the highway between Hexham and the Queensland/NSW border that were bypassed and replaced by new sections of the Pacific Highway, were renamed and downgraded to local roads, and are no longer part of Pacific Highway. As the new sections are just bypasses, this meant that the section between Hexham and Queensland border is still a continuous route. Prominent bypassed sections of the highway between Hexham and the border include:
- the former 39 kilometres (24 mi) section through Kempsey and Frederickton which included the site of the Kempsey bus crash. This section was replaced by a new freeway bypass and bridge over the Macleay River in 2013 and 2016, and was renamed the Macleay Valley Way.[15]
- the former 55 kilometres (34 mi) section between Glenugie and Maclean via Grafton which included the site of the Grafton bus crash. This section was replaced by a new alignment of the highway and was renamed Big River Way.
- the former 46 kilometres (29 mi) between Eungai Creek and Raleigh via Macksville and Nambucca Way. This section was bypassed in 2016 and 2018 and was renamed Giinagay Way
In May 2009, the portion of the Tugun Bypass (newly opened in June 2008) within New South Wales boundaries was declared as the new alignment of Pacific Highway between Tweed Heads interchange and the Queensland border. The 1-kilometre-long (0.62 mi) older bypassed alignment along Tweed Heads Bypass (opened 1992) towards the border at Coolangatta was gazetted as Gold Coast Highway instead, extending the already existing Gold Coast Highway in Queensland, into New South Wales.[16][17] The Tugun Bypass was handed over to the NSW government in June 2018.[18] The section of the bypassed highway within Queensland borders between Stewart Road and Gold Coast Highway was officially renamed Tugun-Currumbin Road, but is signposted as Stewart Road.[19][20]
Major intersections[]
The major intersections of the Pacific Highway, spread over 780 kilometres (480 mi) on the eastern seaboard of New South Wales comprise a mix of freeway grade-separated conditions, suburban and urban roads. Between the Pacific Motorway at Brunswick Heads in the north, and the highway's southern terminus at Bradfield Highway and Cahill Expressway in North Sydney, major intersections include:
Bruxner Highway (B60)
Big River Way (B76) - towards Gwydir Highway
Big River Way (B91) - towards Summerland Way
Waterfall Way (B78)
Oxley Highway (B56)
New England Highway (A43)
Nelsons Bay Road
Newcastle Inner City Bypass (A37)
Sparks Road (B70)
Central Coast Highway (A49)
Pacific Motorway (M1)
Cumberland Highway/ Pennant Hills Road (A28)
Mona Vale Road / Ryde Road (A3)
Gore Hill Freeway (M1)
Lane Cove Tunnel (M2)
Gore Hill Freeway/Warringah Freeway (M1)
History[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Queensland_State_Archives_2083_Main_Pacific_Highway_near_Burleigh_Heads_with_Big_Burleigh_in_the_background_c_1934.png/220px-Queensland_State_Archives_2083_Main_Pacific_Highway_near_Burleigh_Heads_with_Big_Burleigh_in_the_background_c_1934.png)
Initially, the primary mode of transport of the coastal areas between Sydney and Brisbane was by boat. From the roads radiating out from the port towns, the intervening hills were eventually crossed to create a continuous route along the coast, but this did not occur until the first decade of the 20th century. By contrast a continuous inland route from Newcastle to Brisbane via the Northern Tablelands had been in existence since the 1840s. A direct coastal route between Sydney and Newcastle was not completed until 1930, and completion of the sealing of the Pacific Highway did not occur until 1958 (at Koorainghat, south of Taree). The last of the many ferries across the coastal rivers was not superseded by a bridge until 1966 (the Harwood Bridge across the south channel of the Clarence River – the north channel had been bridged in 1931).
Between 1925 and 1930 the then-Main Roads Board reconstructed a route between Hornsby and Calga that had been abandoned some forty years earlier, in order to provide a direct road link between Sydney and Newcastle. In addition a replacement route, from Calga into the gorge of Mooney Mooney Creek and up to the ridge at Kariong above Gosford, was also required. This new Sydney–Newcastle route via Calga and Gosford was some 80 kilometres (50 mi) shorter than the previous route via Parramatta, McGraths Hill, Maroota, Wisemans Ferry, Wollombi and Cessnock. At first Peats Ferry was reinstituted to cross the Hawkesbury River, with construction of the bridge not beginning until 1938, due to the Great Depression. Due to the onset of World War II, the Peats Ferry Bridge was not completed until May 1945.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Shark_Creek_Bridge_NSW.jpg/220px-Shark_Creek_Bridge_NSW.jpg)
In 1928 the road from Sydney to Newcastle (still under construction) was proclaimed as part of the Great Northern Highway, and the road from Hexham to Tweed Heads as the North Coast Highway. In 1931 the full length from Sydney to Brisbane was proclaimed as the Pacific Highway.
Until the 1990s most road freight between Sydney and Brisbane passed along the New England Highway instead, due to the easier topography of the Northern Tablelands it traverses. Between 1950 and 1967, traffic on the Pacific Highway quadrupled due to the attraction of coastal towns between Sydney and Brisbane for retirement living and tourism.
Two major coach accidents on the Pacific Highway in 1989 near Grafton (in which 21 people died) and at Clybucca near Kempsey (in which 35 people died) resulted in a public outcry over the poor quality of the road and its high fatality rate.[21] The Pacific Highway was never part of the federally funded system of National Highways. This appears to be because when the federal government funding of the 'national highway' system began in 1974, the longer New England Highway was chosen rather than the Pacific Highway as the Sydney–Brisbane link due to its easier topography and consequent lower upgrade costs.
In 1994, the Roads and Traffic Authority considered the environmental impact statement of a proposal for a toll road between Coolongolook and Possum Brush.[22][23] The proposal was from Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation Ltd and Travers Morgan Pty Ltd.
Until December 1997, a short 3.5-kilometre (2.2 mi) section of the highway between Ourimbah and Kangy Angy was used by Sydney–Newcastle Freeway traffic as there was no freeway alternative.[24] This section of the Pacific Highway was designated as part of National Route 1 and subsequently National Highway 1. It was also upgraded to dual carriageway in the early 1970s.[25] Due to the shared freeway and highway traffic, the at-grade interchanges between the freeway and the highway at Ourimbah and Kangy Angy became bottlenecks during peak times. In December 1997, the Ourimbah Creek Road to Kangy Angy stage of the freeway, located 150 m west of the highway, opened to traffic.[26] The new freeway section was one of the last sections of the freeway to be completed and was referred to as the "missing link" of the freeway.[27] The Pacific Highway was bypassed and reduced to one lane per direction, and the northbound carriageway and bridge over Ourimbah Creek north of Palmdale Road were removed. The at-grade interchange between the freeway and the highway at Kangy Angy was also removed.
The section of the highway from Cowan to Kariong follows a scenic winding route with varying speed limits, typically 60 or 80 km/h (37 or 50 mph). This section was damaged quite severely during severe weather in June 2007. Five people died when a bridge over Piles Creek collapsed and the entire section was closed due to subsidence 2 km (1.2 mi) further south. The road was reopened in 2009 when the Holt-Bragg Bridge was opened, named after the family that had perished.
1996 upgrade masterplan[]
Four lane dual carriageway standard upgrade[]
The highway was heavily used by interstate traffic and its upgrade was beyond the resources of the New South Wales government alone.[citation needed] The NSW and federal governments argued for years about how the responsibility for funding the highway's upgrade should be divided between themselves, only coming up with a mutually acceptable upgrade package just after the 1996/97 financial year.
As part of a joint New South Wales and federal funding arrangement and upgrade masterplan, single carriageway sections from Tweed Heads to Hexham were progressively converted to freeway or dual carriageway standards commencing in 1996. At the time, the plan targeted to have the Pacific Highway upgraded to dual carriageway by 2016. The strategy divided the remaining sections into three levels of priority:[28]
- Priority 1: Tweed Heads to Ballina, Port Macquarie to Hexham, Woolgoolga to Raleigh
- Priority 2: Raleigh to Port Macquarie
- Priority 3: Ballina to Woolgoolga
In the meantime, numerous sections of existing single carriageway road were upgraded by re-alignments and safety improvement work including the addition of overtaking lanes, pavement widening and median barriers. Overall the highway became safer and travelling times were substantially reduced, particularly during holiday periods.[citation needed].
The four lane dual carriageway upgrade of the highway was completed in December 2020.[6] Continuous dual carriageway, much of it freeway standard, now extends from Mayfield West in Newcastle to the Queensland border. As of completion, about A$15 billion have been invested in the upgrade by the federal and state governments, and fatalities have dropped by more than 75% since the upgrade started in 1996.[7]
Section[29] | Total length (km) | Completion date | |
---|---|---|---|
Before Upgrade | After Upgrade | ||
Tweed Heads to Ballina (Bruxner Highway)[30] including part of Pacific Motorway |
90.5 | 91 | December 2015 |
Ballina to Coffs Harbour[31] | 206.5 | 204 | December 2020 |
Coffs Harbour to Port Macquarie (Oxley Highway)[32] | 151 | 145 | June 2018 |
Port Macquarie to Mayfield West (Newcastle)[33] | 221 | 217 | 2013 |
Totals | 666 | 657 | December 2020 |
Coffs Harbour Bypass[]
The Coffs Harbour Bypass is a proposed 14-kilometre (8.7 mi) realignment of the Pacific Highway that bypasses the city of Coffs Harbour, bypassing up to 12 sets of traffic lights.[34] It will be built as a four lane freeway with three tunnels.[35] It is the last section of the Pacific Highway Upgrade, and will be funded by the state and federal governments. The project was granted planning approval by the state government in November 2020 and the federal government in December 2020.[36][37] Tender process and construction will begin in 2021.[38]
Motorway standard upgrade[]
The highway was upgraded to dual carriageway that is either an arterial standard (Class A) or a motorway standard (Class M). The Class M sections between Woolgoolga and Ballina are:[39]
- Woolgoolga to Halfway Creek
- Glenugie to Harwood
- Woodburn to Pimlico
Following the dual carriageway upgrade, the only remaining project of the Pacific Highway Upgrade is the Coffs Harbour Bypass.[40] Additionally, the M1 to Raymond Terrace project, which is classified as a separate project, will be a motorway extending and connecting the Pacific Motorway (Sydney to Newcastle section) to the upgraded Pacific Highway at Raymond Terrace.[41] The M1 to Raymond Terrace project is currently in the planning stage and is expected to be completed by 2028.[42]
Projects[]
Funding issues[]
In 2007 mounting pressure was placed on the federal government to provide additional funding for the highway.[citation needed] On 10 October 2007 the Federal Minister for Transport and Regional Services pledged $2.4 billion in funding for the highway, subject to dollar for dollar funding by the NSW state government. However, the NSW state government refused to match funding. In the lead up to the 2007 federal election, then opposition leader Kevin Rudd pledged $1.5 billion in funding.[148] As part of Auslink 2 (Nation Building Program), the federal government announced in its 2009 federal budget that $3.1 billion would be spent on the highway up until 2014[149] at which time just 63% of the highway would be duplicated.[150] The NSW government will spend just $500 million over that same period, with $300 million cut as a result of the 2008 mini budget.[151][152]
From time to time, there are proposals in the media for the private sector to build a fully controlled-access high-speed tollway between Newcastle and the Queensland border, possibly using the BOT system of infrastructure provision. Nothing eventuated from these proposals.[153]
Other upgrades[]
Other sections of the Pacific Highway (between Hexham and Sydney) have been upgraded or proposed to be upgraded:
- The section of Pacific Highway between Ourimbah Street and Parsons Road at Lisarow is being duplicated as of March 2021, including a rail bridge over the Sydney to Newcastle rail line.[154][155]
- Since December 2020, the 6-kilometre (3.7 mi) section (Maitland Road) between Newcastle Inner City Bypass and New England Highway is being proposed to be widened from four lanes to six lanes.[156][157]
Former route numbers[]
Former road routes of the Pacific Highway have included:[158]
National Route 1 (1955–2013): Tweed Heads–Hexham
National Route 1 (1955–88) /
State Route 111 (1988–2013):[159] Hexham–Doyalson
National Route 1 (1955–79) /
State Route 83 (1979–2013):[160] Doyalson–Wahroonga
National Route 1 (1955–93) /
Metroad 1 (1993–2013):[161] Wahroonga–Artarmon
National Route 1 (1955–92) /
State Route 14 (1992–98)[162] /
Metroad 10 (1998–2007):[163] Artarmon–Crows Nest
National Route 1 (1955–93): Crows Nest–North Sydney
Safety[]
The Pacific Highway was one of the most dangerous and deadly stretches of road in Australia, partly due to its high traffic levels. Between 1995 and 2009, over 400 people died on the highway. In 1989, two separate bus crashes, the Grafton bus crash (in which 21 people died) and the Kempsey bus crash (in which 35 died) on the highway were two of the worst road accidents in Australia's history.[164] In 2010, 38 people died on the Pacific Highway, and in 2011, 25 people.[165] Over the past 15 years, the New South Wales Roads & Traffic Authority reports that about 1,200 people have been injured each year.[165]
In January 2012, a ute swerved into the path of a B-double truck, which then veered off road and crashed into two houses at Urunga. 11-year-old boy Max McGregor, who was sleeping in one of the houses, and the ute driver died from the incident. Another seven people were taken to Coffs Harbour Hospital.[166] It was found that the ute driver had a blood alcohol concentration of 0.245, five times over the limit and is equal to about 25 to 30 standard drinks.[167] The section of the highway through Urunga was bypassed in 2016.
Much of the danger of the Pacific Highway lay in the fact that it contained long stretches of undivided road along which all types of vehicles, including private automobiles, buses, vans and trucks, simultaneously travelled at speeds approaching and in excess of 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). The undivided sections carried a high risk of head-on collisions. This was relieved to an extent by the provision of regular passing lanes, but these did not fully cope with the high level of traffic during holiday periods. After the 1989 crashes, the investigating coroner, Kevin Waller, recommended that the highway be fully divided along its entire length.[168] Motorists surveyed by the National Roads and Motorists' Association voted the Pacific Highway the worst road in New South Wales in 2012.[169]
See also[]
- Highways in Australia
- List of highways in New South Wales
References[]
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- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Ballina Bypass". Roads and Maritime Services. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ^ Woolgoolga to Ballina. Roads and Maritime Services
- ^ Pacific Highway upgrade continues. The Land
- ^ Green Light for The Woolgoolga to Ballina Upgrade. NBN News
- ^ "Broadwater to Ballina Bypass". Transport for NSW - Pacific Highway Upgrade. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Pimlico to Teven upgrade". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
- ^ http://www.northernstar.com.au/news/new-section-of-pacific-highway-to-open-this-aftern/3017320/
- ^ "New Pacific Highway interchanges to open tonight". The Northern Star. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ "Pacific Highway upgrade opens, waking Wardell residents with long-dreaded traffic noise". ABC News. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ^ "Bridging Two Capitals to Boost Freight". Transport for NSW. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Devils Pulpit upgrade". Roads and Maritime Services. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ "Pacific Highway upgrade opens new sections". Transport for NSW - Roads and Maritime. 26 August 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ "New section of Pacific Highway open to traffic". Minister for Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Development. 27 August 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ^ "Maclean to Devils Pulpit". Pacific Highway Upgrade. Transport for NSW. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ "Dual carriageway opening between Maclean and Mororo". Kevin Hogan MP. 22 September 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ "Harwood Bridge officially open to traffic". NBN News. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ "Safer journeys between Tyndale and Maclean". Mirage News. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
- ^ "Woolgoolga to Ballina Pacific Highway upgrade - Tyndale to Maclean - Project update" (PDF). Pacific Highway Upgrade. Transport for NSW. March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "Maclean Interchange opens to traffic". Transport for NSW - Roads and Maritime. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ^ "New Highway Upgrade Open". Big Rigs. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020.
- ^ "Pacific Highway from Glenugie to Tyndale open". Echo Netdaily. 19 May 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
- ^ "Grafton Bypass to open in May". NBN News. 18 April 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Glenugie upgrade". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ "Glenugie upgrade". Roads Australia. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Wells Crossing to Glenugie Pacific Highway lanes open". Transport for NSW - Roads and Maritime. 26 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
- ^ Charles, Caitlan. "Highway works 70% complete". Grafton Daily Examiner. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Halfway Creek to Glenugie". Roads and Maritime Services. Archived from the original on 21 December 2017.
- ^ "Halfway Creek". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ "Pacific Highway: Section: Halfway Creek". ozroads. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ "Woolgoolga to Halfway Creek". Pacific Highway Upgrade. Transport for NSW. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
- ^ "Woolgoolga to Halfway Creek". Roads and Maritime Services. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018.
- ^ "Woolgoolga to Ballina project – Woolgoolga to Glenugie traffic staging – Pacific Highway upgrade – July 2017" (PDF). Pacific Highway Upgrade. Roads and Maritime Services. July 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
- ^ "No halfway measures as Woolgoolga to Halfway Creek Pacific Highway upgrade opens to traffic". Kevin Hogan MP. 24 October 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Sapphire to Woolgoolga". Roads and Maritime Services. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ "Honk, honk". ABC News Coffs Coast. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
- ^ "Pacific Highway upgrade – Sapphire to Woolgoolga" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services. 16 December 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Project Fact Sheet: Korora Hill Reconstruction" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Coffs Bypass timeline". Coffs Coast Advocate. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ "Lyons Rd to Englands Rd". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Pacific Highway: Section: Lyons Rd to Englands Rd". ozroads. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ "Lyons Rd to Englands Rd" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Bonville upgrade" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Pacific Highway: Section: Bonville (9-19km south of Coffs Harbour)". ozroads. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Project Fact Sheet: Raleigh Deviation" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Nambucca Heads to Urunga upgrade". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Pacific Highway Upgrade. Roads and Maritime Services
- ^ "Final countdown for Pacific Hwy opening". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Pacific Highway Upgrade Achievement Report - September 2015" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services.
- ^ Ramsey, Britt (21 July 2016). "Nambucca Heads to Urunga bypass open". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ^ Davis, Mel (6 December 2017). "Macksville highway bypass to open before Christmas". Port Macquarie News. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Pacific Highway upgrade of 'notorious' section now open to traffic". Retrieved 29 June 2018.
- ^ "Warrell Creek to Nambucca Highway upgrade completed". Nambucca Guardian. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Project Fact Sheet: Eungai Duplication" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ "Pacific Highway: Section: Eungai Creek/Allgomera Creek". ozroads. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Frederickton to Eungai". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Kempsey Bypass". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ NSW, Roads and Maritime Services. "Kundabung to Kempsey project". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- ^ Fairhurst, Tracey (17 November 2017). "Port Macquarie to Kundabung - Pacific Highway upgrade officially opens". Macquarie PortNews. Fairfax Regional Media. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Project Fact Sheet: Herons Creek Duplication" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ "Pacific Highway: Herons Creek to Oxley Highway". ozroads. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Herons Creek to Stills Road Upgrade". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ [1] Pacific Highway Achievement Report October 2013
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Coopernook to Herons Creek". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ "Kew Bypass opens on Pacific Highway" (Press release). Peter Besseling. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Coopernook Bypass". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Pacific Highway: Section: Coopernook". ozroads. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Taree to Coopernook" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ "Taree Bypass". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Pacific Highway: Section: Taree". ozroads. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ "Taree Bypass" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Pacific Highway: Section: Possum Brush to Taree". ozroads. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ "Failford Road to Tritton Road upgrade". Roads and Maritime Services. Archived from the original on 22 June 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ "Bundacree Creek to Possum Brush". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ "Pacific Highway: Section: Bundacree Creek to Possum Brush". ozroads. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Bundacree Creek to Possum Brush" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Wang Wauk to Bundacree Creek" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Coolongolook to Wang Wauk". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Pacific Highway: Section: Coolongolook to Wang Wauk River". ozroads. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Coolongolook to Wang Wauk" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ "Bulahdelah to Coolongolook" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Bulahdelah upgrade". Roads and Maritime Services. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014.
- ^ "Bulahdelah Upgrade Project History". Archived from the original on 23 April 2012.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Karuah to Bulahdelah section 1" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ "Karuah to Bulahdelah sections 2 and 3". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Pacific Highway: Section: Karuah to Bulahdelah". ozroads. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ "Karuah bypass". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Pacific Highway: Section: Karuah". ozroads. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ Peter Phibbs; Alexa Heidrich; Cole Cooney (eds.). "The Karuah Highway: Bypass Economic and Social Impacts: 5 year report". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Raymond Terrace to Karuah Upgrade" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Raymond Terrace Bypass" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ NSW, Roads and Maritime Services. "M1 Pacific Motorway extension to Raymond Terrace". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ^ "Rudd pledges $1.5b for Pacific Hwy upgrade". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
- ^ (12 May 2009). Federal Road Investment Program Steps Up A Gear. Media Release. Minister for Infrastructure and Transport.
- ^ "Nation Building program Projects Pacific Highway". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2009.
- ^ "Pacific Highway upgrade". NSW Roads & Traffic Authority. 19 October 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
- ^ Gordon, Josh (8 March 2009). "Pacific Highway to hell". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2009.
- ^ Lewis, Steve (28 June 2007). "Drivers hit with more toll roads". news.com.au.
- ^ "New rail bridge for Pacific Highway at Lisarow". Transport for NSW - Roads and Maritime. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ "Pacific Highway duplication at Lisarow". Transport for NSW - Roads and Maritime. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ "Have your say on the Pacific Hwy at Hexham". Transport for NSW - Roads and Maritime. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ^ "Pacific Highway improvements at Hexham (Hexham Straight)". Transport for NSW - Roads and Maritime. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ^ Highway One – NSW Section, Ozroads Website. Retrieved on 15 May 2013[self-published source]
- ^ NSW State Route 111, Ozroads, Retrieved on 1 June 2013.[self-published source]
- ^ NSW State Route 83, Ozroads, Retrieved on 1 June 2013.[self-published source]
- ^ Metroad 1, Ozroads, Retrieved on 1 June 2013.[self-published source]
- ^ NSW State Route 14, Ozroads, Retrieved on 3 June 2013.[self-published source]
- ^ Metroad 10, Ozroads, Retrieved on 1 June 2013.[self-published source]
- ^ Scott, Belinda (22 December 2009). "Australia's worst crash". The Coffs Coast Advocate. North Coast News. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Crash statistics". NSW Centre for Road Safety, New South Wales Roads & Traffic Authority. Government of New South Wales. 11 June 2013. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
- ^ "Boy killed by truck ploughing into bedroom". ABC News. 8 January 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ^ "Horror crash driver 'five times over limit'". ABC News. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
- ^ "Death road detour for retired NSW coroner Kevin Waller". Daily Telegraph.
- ^ "Motorists vote Pacific Highway worst" (Press release). National Roads and Motorists' Association. 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
External links[]
Route map:
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Media related to Pacific Highway (Australia) at Wikimedia Commons
Pacific Highway travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Pacific Highway (Australia)
- City of Lake Macquarie
- Newcastle, New South Wales
- Port Stephens Council
- Roads in the Hunter Region
- Highways in New South Wales
- Highway 1 (Australia)