Philip the Tetrarch

Tiberius featured on a coin struck by Philip the Tetrarch

The territory of Herod Philip, also known as Philip the Tetrarch, shown in brown, as given to him in 4 BCE following the death of his father, Herod the Great. Iturea and Auranitis are not included in the brown area.

The territory marked here in yellow includes Iturea, Gualanitus, Batanea, Trachonitis, and Aurantis

Philip the Tetrarch, sometimes called Herod Philip II by modern writers, son of Herod the Great and his fifth wife, Cleopatra of Jerusalem, ruled over the northeast part of his father's kingdom from 4 BCE until his death in 34 CE. Philip II was born c. 26 BCE. He was a half-brother of Herod Antipas and Herod Archelaus and should not be confused with Herod II, whom some writers call Herod Philip I.

Background[]

Philip inherited the northeast part of his father's kingdom, which included Iturea and Trachonitis;.^[1]and possibly Gaulanitis and Paneas, as was noted by Flavius Josephus.^[2]

Augustus Caesar made his own division of Herod's kingdom, giving one half to Archelaus, while dividing the other half into two, going to Antipas and Philip. Batanea, along with Trachonitis and Auranitis (with a certain part of what was called the House of Zenodorus), paid the annual tribute of one hundred talents to Philip.^[3]

Marriage and dynasty[]

Philip married his niece Salome, the daughter of Herodias and Herod II (sometimes called Herod Philip I, and also a member of the Herodian dynasty). This Salome appears in the Bible in connection with the execution of John the Baptist. However, there would have been a great difference in their ages: Salome was born in ~14 CE, at which time Herod Philip was 39 years old. The gospels of Matthew and Mark state that the Herodias whom Herod Antipas married was the wife of Antipas' brother "Philip", a fact supported by Josephus, who indicated she was the wife of Herod II (a.k.a. Philip I). It is known that Philip the Tetrarch rebuilt the city of Caesarea Philippi, calling it by his own name to distinguish it from the Caesarea on the sea-coast, which was the seat of the Roman government. It is possible that the 'Salome' he was married to was a half-sister by that same name, a daughter of Herod the Great and his 8th wife This sibling Salome was born in ~14 BCE, and so only five years younger than Herod Philip (a more realistic age gap). But this would also be the only known occurrence of the children of Herod the Great intermarrying, even if from different mothers. Marriage to 1st cousins and uncles, however, was relatively common in the so-called Herodian dynasty.

Naming convention[]

There is no contemporary evidence for Philip the Tetrarch's use of the name "Herod Philip" (Greek: Ἡρώδης Φίλιππος, Hērōdēs Philippos) as a dynastic title, as did occur with his brothers Herod Antipas and Herod Archelaus. Herod II is sometimes called "Herod Philip I" (because the gospels call the husband of Herodias "Philip"), and then Philip the Tetrarch is called "Herod Philip II".^[4][5] Kokkinos says, "The stubborn insistence of many theologians in referring to Herod III as 'Herod Philip' is without any value...No illusory Herod Philip ever existed."^{[5][pp. 223–233]; [266]} Philip the Tetrarch, "unlike his brothers, did not use Herod as a dynastic name."^[6] Philip's half-brothers, Archelaus and Antipas, had adopted the name of Herod, "presumably" for a dynastic claim from Herod the Great.^[7]

Family tree of the Herodian dynasty[]

See also[]

• Herodian dynasty
• Herodian kingdom
• List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

References[]

External links[]

• Philip the Tetrarch entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
• Herod Philip II biographical entry