Phosphate mineral

Apatite

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Phosphate minerals contain the tetrahedrally coordinated phosphate (PO₄³⁻) anion along sometimes with arsenate (AsO₄³⁻) and vanadate (VO₄³⁻) substitutions, and chloride (Cl⁻), fluoride (F⁻), and hydroxide (OH⁻) anions that also fit into the crystal structure.

The phosphate class of minerals is a large and diverse group, however, only a few species are relatively common.

Applications[]

Thin section of apatite-rich carbonatite in cross polarised transmitted light.

Phosphate rock has high concentration of phosphate minerals, most commonly of the apatite group. It is the major resource mined to produce phosphate fertilizers for the agriculture sector. Phosphate is also used in animal feed supplements, food preservatives, anti-corrosion agents, cosmetics, fungicides, ceramics, water treatment and metallurgy.

The largest use of minerals mined for their phosphate content is the production of fertilizer.

Phosphate minerals are often used for control of rust and prevention of corrosion on ferrous materials applied with electrochemical conversion coatings.

Examples[]

Phosphate minerals include:

• Triphylite Li(Fe,Mn)PO₄
• Monazite (La, Y, Nd, Sm, Gd, Ce,Th)PO₄ ,rare earth metals
• PbAl₃(PO₄)(SO₄)(OH)₆
• Pyromorphite Pb₅(PO₄)₃Cl
• Erythrite Co₃(AsO₄)₂·8H₂O
• Amblygonite LiAlPO₄F
• lazulite (Mg,Fe)Al₂(PO₄)₂(OH)₂
• Wavellite Al₃(PO₄)₂(OH)₃·5H₂O
• Turquoise CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·5H₂O
• Autunite Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂·10-12H₂O
• Phosphophyllite Zn₂(Fe,Mn)(PO₄)₂•4H₂O
• Struvite (NH₄)MgPO₄·6H₂O
• Xenotime-Y Y(PO₄)
• Apatite group Ca₅(PO₄)₃(F,Cl,OH)
  • hydroxylapatite Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH
  • fluorapatite Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
  • chlorapatite Ca₅(PO₄)₃Cl
• Mitridatite group:
  • Arseniosiderite- series (Ca₂(Fe³⁺)₃[(O)₂|(AsO₄)₃]·3H₂O -- Ca₂(Fe³⁺)₃[(O)₂|(PO₄)₃]·3H₂O)^[1]
  • Arseniosiderite-robertsite series (Ca₂(Fe³⁺)₃[(O)₂|(AsO₄)₃]·3H₂O -- Ca₃(Mn³⁺)₄[(OH)₃|(PO₄)₂]₂·3H₂O)^[2]

Nickel–Strunz classification -08- phosphates[]

IMA-CNMNC proposes a new hierarchical scheme (Mills et al., 2009). This list uses it to modify the classification of Nickel–Strunz (mindat.org, 10 ed, pending publication).

• Abbreviations:
  • "*" – discredited (IMA/CNMNC status).
  • "?" – questionable/doubtful (IMA/CNMNC status).
  • "REE" – Rare-earth element (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)
  • "PGE" – Platinum-group element (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt)
  • 03.C Aluminofluorides, 06 Borates, 08 Vanadates (04.H V^[5,6] Vanadates), 09 Silicates:
    • Neso: insular (from Greek νησος nēsos, island)
    • Soro: grouping (from Greek σωροῦ sōros, heap, mound (especially of corn))
    • Cyclo: ring
    • Ino: chain (from Greek ις [genitive: ινος inos], fibre)
    • Phyllo: sheet (from Greek φύλλον phyllon, leaf)
    • Tekto: three-dimensional framework
• Nickel–Strunz code scheme: NN.XY.##x
  • NN: Nickel–Strunz mineral class number
  • X: Nickel–Strunz mineral division letter
  • Y: Nickel–Strunz mineral family letter
  • ##x: Nickel–Strunz mineral/group number, x add-on letter

Class: phosphates[]

• 08.A Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H₂O
  • 08.AA With small cations (some also with larger ones): 05 Berlinite, 05 ; 10 Beryllonite, 15 , 20 Lithiophosphate, 25 , 30
  • 08.AB With medium-sized cations: 05 ; 10 , 10 , 10 Natrophilite, 10 Lithiophilite, 10 Purpurite, 10 , 10 , 10 Triphylite; 15 , 15 ; 20 , 20 Graftonite
  • 08.AC With medium-sized and large cations: 10 IMA2008-054, 10 Alluaudite, 10 Hagendorfite, 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 *; 15 Bobfergusonite, 15 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 15 ; 20 Maricite, 30 Brianite, 35 ; 40 Olgite?, 40 ; 45 , 45 Bobdownsite, 45 Merrillite-(Ca)*, 45 Merrillite, 45 Merrillite-(Y)*, 45 Whitlockite, 45 Tuite, 45 ; 50 , 50 Xenophyllite, 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 ; 55 , 60 Kosnarite, 65 Panethite, 70 , 90 IMA2008-064
  • 08.AD With only large cations: 05 , 10 , 15 Archerite, 15 ; 20 , 25 ; 35 , 35 Xenotime-(Y), 35 Xenotime-(Yb); 45 Ximengite, 50 Monazite-(Ce), 50 Monazite-(La), 50 Monazite-(Nd), 50 Monazite-(Sm), 50 Brabantite?
• 08.B Phosphates, etc. with Additional Anions, without H₂O
  • 08.BA With small and medium-sized cations: 05 ; 10 Hydroxylherderite, 10 Herderite; 15 Babefphite
  • 08.BB With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ £1:1: 05 Amblygonite, 05 Natromontebrasite?, 05 Montebrasite?, 05 ; 10 , 10 Triplite, 10 ?, 10 ; 15 , 15 , 15 Triploidite, 15 , 15 Wagnerite; 20 Satterlyite, 20 ; 25 Althausite; 30 Libethenite, 30 ; 35 Tarbuttite; 40 , 40 , 40 Scorzalite, 40 Lazulite; 45 , 55 ; 90 Zinclipscombite, 90 Lipscombite, 90
  • 08.BC With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ > 1:1 and < 2:1: 10 , 10 , 10
  • 08.BD With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ = 2:1: 05 Pseudomalachite, 05 , 10 Gatehouseite, 25
  • 08.BE With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ > 2:1: 05 Augelite, 10 , 15 Cornetite, 30 , 85 Waterhouseite
  • 08.BF With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ < 0.5:1: 05 , 05 Arrojadite-(BaFe), 05 Arrojadite-(KFe), 05 Arrojadite-(NaFe), 05 Arrojadite-(SrFe), 05 Arrojadite-(KNa), 05 Arrojadite-(PbFe), 05 Arrojadite-(BaNa), 05 -(BaNa), 05 Fluorarrojadite-(KNa), 05 Fluorarrojadite-(BaFe), 05 -(BaNa), 05 , 05 Dickinsonite-(KNa), 05 Dickinsonite-(KMnNa), 05 Dickinsonite-(KNaNa), 05 Dickinsonite-(NaNa); 10 Samuelsonite, 15 , 20
  • 08.BG With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ = 0.5:1: 05 , 05 , 05 Tsumebite; 10 , 15
  • 08.BH With medium-sized and large cations, (OH,etc.):RO₄ = 1:1: 05 ; 10 , 10 , 10 ; 15 ; 20 , 20 , 20 Penikisite, 20 , 20 ; 25 , 25 ; 55 , 60
  • 08.BK With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.): 05 Brazilianite, 15 , 25 Lulzacite
  • 08.BL With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ = 3:1: 05 Corkite, 05 , 05 , 05 Woodhouseite, 05 Svanbergite; 10 , 10 , 10 Crandallite, 10 , 10 , 10 ; 10 ?, 10 Plumbogummite, 10 ?; 13 , 13 Florencite-(Ce), 13 Florencite-(La), 13 Florencite-(Nd), 13 , 13 Zairite; 15 , 20 , 25
  • 08.BM With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ = 4:1: 10 , 15
  • 08.BN With only large cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ = 0.33:1: 05 IMA2008-068, 05 , 05 IMA2008-009, 05 Alforsite, 05 Apatite*, 05 Apatite-(CaOH), 05 Apatite-(CaCl), 05 Apatite-(CaF), 05 Apatite-(SrOH), 05 Apatite-(CaOH)-M, Carbonate-fluorapatite?, 05 ?, 05 -(Ce), 05 Belovite-(La), 05 Fluorcaphite, 05 Pyromorphite, 05 , 05 , 05 , 10 Arctite
  • 08.BO With only large cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ 1:1: 05 , 10 , 15 , 25 , 30 , 40
• 08.C Phosphates without Additional Anions, with H₂O
  • 08.CA With small and large/medium cations: 05 , 05 ; 10 , 15 ; 20 , 20 , 20 ; 25 , 30 Hopeite, 40 Phosphophyllite; 45 , 45 ; 65 , 70 Parahopeite
  • 08.CB With only medium-sized cations, RO₄:H₂O = 1:1: 05 Serrabrancaite, 10 Hureaulite
  • 08.CC With only medium-sized cations, RO₄:H₂O = 1:1.5: 05 , 05 , 05 , 05 , 05
  • 08.CD With only medium-sized cations, RO₄:H₂O = 1:2: 05 Kolbeckite, 05 , 05 Phosphosiderite; 10 Strengite, 10 Variscite; 20 Ludlamite
  • 08.CE With only medium-sized cations, RO₄:H₂O £1:2.5: 10 , 20 ; 25 , 25 Switzerite; 35 ; 40 , 40 , 40 Vivianite, 40 ; 50 Cattiite, 55 ; 75 IMA2008-046, 75 Malhmoodite; 80 Santabarbaraite, 85 Metavivianite
  • 08.CF With large and medium-sized cations, RO₄:H₂O > 1:1: 05 , 05 , 05 ; 10
  • 08.CG With large and medium-sized cations, RO₄:H₂O = 1:1: 05 Collinsite, 05 , 05 , 05 Messelite, 05 , (05 Uranophane-beta but Uranophane 09.AK.15); 20
  • 08.CH With large and medium-sized cations, RO₄:H₂O < 1:1: 10 Anapaite, 20 , 20 , 25 , 25 Taranakite, 30 , 35 , 40 Hazenite, 40 Struvite, 40 Struvite-(K), 45 , 50 , 55 IMA2008-048
  • 08.CJ With only large cations: 05 Stercorite, 10 , 10 , 15 , 15 , 45 Brockite, 45 Grayite, 45 -(Ce), 45 Rhabdophane-(La), 45 Rhabdophane-(Nd), 45 , 50 Brushite, 50 -(Dy)*, 50 Churchite-(Nd), 50 Churchite-(Y), 50 , 60 , 70 , 80
• 08.D Phosphates
  • 08.DA With small (and occasionally larger) cations: 05 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 Zanazziite, 10 Atencioite, 10 Greifensteinite; 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 , 35 , 40 , 45
  • 08.DB With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ < 1:1: 05 Diadochite, 10 , 15 , 20 Sinkankasite, 25 , 30 , 50 , 55 , 60 , 65 , 70
  • 08.DC With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ = 1:1 and < 2:1: 05 Nissonite; 15 , 15 , 15 ; 17 , 20 , 207? *, 22 Kovdorskite; 25 , 25 , 25 , 25 Strunzite; 27 Beraunite; 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 35 Vauxite, 37 Vantasselite, 40 Cacoxenite; 45 Gormanite, 45 ; 47 ; 50 Wavellite, 50 Allanpringite, 52 , 60 Nevadaite
  • 08.DD With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ = 2:1: 15 Aheylite, 15 , 15 Faustite, 15 , 15 Turquoise; 20 , 20 Childrenite, 20 Eosphorite
  • 08.DE With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ = 3:1: 05 , 10 Fluellite, 20 , (35 Alumoakermanite, Mindat.org: 09.BB.10), 35 Aldermanite
  • 08.DF With only medium-sized cations, (OH,etc.):RO₄ > 3:1: 05 Hotsonite-VII, 05 Hotsonite-VI; 10 , 10 , 10 , 25 , 40
  • 08.DG With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ < 0.5:1: 05 Sampleite
  • 08.DH With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ < 1:1: 05 Minyulite; 10 Leucophosphite, 10 Spheniscidite, 10 ; 15 *, 15 , 15 -(CaMnFe), 15 Jahnsite-(CaMnMg), 15 Jahnsite-(CaMnMn), 15 Jahnsite-(MnMnMn)*, 15 Jahnsite-(CaFeFe), 15 Jahnsite-(NaFeMg), 15 Jahnsite-(CaMgMg), 15 Jahnsite-(NaMnMg), 15 , 15 Whiteite-(MnFeMg), 15 Whiteite-(CaFeMg), 15 Whiteite-(CaMnMg); 20 , 20 Overite, 20 Segelerite, 20 , 20 Juonniite; 25 , 25 , 25 Montgomeryite, 25 ; 30 , 30 , 30 Robertsite, 30 ; 35 ?, 35 , 35 , 35 , 40 Xanthoxenite, 55
  • 08.DJ With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ = 1:l: 05 , 05 , 10 , 20 -Na, 20 Meurigite-K, 20 , 25 , 30 , 35 , 40
  • 08.DK With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ > 1:1 and < 2:1: 15 , 15 IMA2008-056, 15 , 15 , 15 ; 20 , 25 , 30 , 35
  • 08.DL With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ = 2:1: 05 ; 10 Cyrilovite, 10 , 10 Wardite; 15 , 15 ; 25
  • 08.DM With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO₄ > 2:1: 05 , 15 , 25 ?, 35 Delvauxite
  • 08.DN With only large cations: 05 , 10 , 15 , 20
  • 08.DO With CO₃, SO₄, SiO₄: 05 , 10 , 15 , 20 Perhamite, 25 , 30 , 40 , 45 Skorpionite
• 08.E Uranyl Phosphates
  • 08.EA UO₂:RO₄ = 1:2: 05 , 10 Parsonsite, 15 Ulrichite, 20
  • 08.EB UO₂:RO₄ = 1:1: 05 Autunite, 05 Uranocircite, 05 Torbernite, 05 Xiangjiangite, 05 Saleeite; 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 Metatorbernite, 10 , 10 ; 15 , 15 , 15 ; 20 , 25 , 30 , 35 Coconinoite, 40 , 45 , 50 , 55
  • 08.EC UO₂:RO₄ = 3:2: 05 -(Ce), 05 Francoisite-(Nd), 05 , 05 Upalite; 10 ?, 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 Phosphuranylite; 15 ; 20 , 20 ; 25 Althupite, 30 Mundite, 35 , 40 Bergenite
  • 08.ED Unclassified: 05 , 10 , 15
• 08.F Polyphosphates
  • 08.FA Polyphosphates, without OH and H₂O; dimers of corner-sharing RO₄ tetrahedra: 20 *, 20 Pyrophosphite*
  • 08.FC Polyphosphates, with H₂O only: 10 , 20 *, 25 , 30
• 08.X Unclassified Strunz Phosphates
  • 08.XX Unknown: 00 , 00 *, 00 Cheralite-(Ce)?, 00 ?, 00 ?, 00 , 00 ?, 00 Lewisite, 00 , 00 , 00 IMA2009-005

References[]