Picobirnavirus
Picobirnavirus | |
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Electron micrograph of human picobirnavirus particles | |
Virus classification | |
(unranked): | Virus |
Realm: | Riboviria |
Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
Phylum: | Pisuviricota |
Class: | Duplopiviricetes |
Order: | Durnavirales |
Family: | Picobirnaviridae |
Genus: | Picobirnavirus |
Picobirnavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses. It is the only genus in the family Picobirnaviridae.[1] Although amniotes, especially mammals, were thought to serve as hosts, it has been recently suggested that these viruses might infect bacteria and possibly some other invertebrates.[2][3] There are three species in this genus. Associated symptoms include gastroenteritis in animals and humans, though the disease association is unclear.[4][5]
Etymology[]
Picobirnavirus is a small (pico, Spanish for small), bisegmented (bi, Latin for two), double-stranded RNA virus. Picobirnaviruses were initially considered to be birna-like viruses, and the name was derived from birnavirus (bisegmented RNA), but the virions are much smaller (diameter 35 nm vs. 65 nm). [6] Picobirnaviruses were first detected in humans and black-footed pigmy rice rats in 1988.[7]
Structure[]
Viruses in the genus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 35–40 nm.[5][4]
Genome[]
The genome is linear, bipartite, and composed of double-stranded RNA. It includes a segment 1 which is 2.2–2.7 kilobases (kb) in length and a segment 2 which is 1.2–1.9 kb in length. The genome codes for three to four proteins.[4] The capsid protein gene is encoded by the second open reading frame of the larger genomic segment 1.[4]
Picobirnaviruses are divided into two genogroups on the basis of the sequence of segment 2. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is encoded by segment 2. The group viruses have been isolated from humans and other mammals, as well as birds and squamates.[8]
Life cycle[]
Picobirnaviruses target intestine tissue. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Once in the host cell, viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The viruses are released from the cell by budding. Mammals serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are fecal-oral.[5][4]
Taxonomy[]
Picobirnaviruses were initially thought to belong to the family Birnaviridae, but later were confirmed to differ with respect to host, virion size, capsid, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, genome size, and organization.[9] The family Picobirnaviridae is now classified distinctly and composed of one genus Picobirnavirus, which has three species:[10]
- Human picobirnavirus
References[]
- ^ Delmas, B; Attoui, H; Ghosh, S; Malik, YS; Mundt, E; Vakharia, VN; Ictv Report, Consortium (February 2019). "ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Picobirnaviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 100 (2): 133–134. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001186. PMID 30484763.
- ^ Krishnamurthy, Siddharth R.; Wang, David (1 March 2018). "Extensive conservation of prokaryotic ribosomal binding sites in known and novel picobirnaviruses". Virology. 516: 108–114. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.006. ISSN 0042-6822. PMID 29346073.
- ^ Yinda, Claude Kwe; Ghogomu, Stephen Mbigha; Conceição-Neto, Nádia; Beller, Leen; Deboutte, Ward; Vanhulle, Emiel; Maes, Piet; Van Ranst, Marc; Matthijnssens, Jelle (January 2018). "Cameroonian fruit bats harbor divergent viruses, including rotavirus H, bastroviruses, and picobirnaviruses using an alternative genetic code". Virus Evolution. 4 (1): vey008. doi:10.1093/ve/vey008. ISSN 2057-1577. PMC 5888411. PMID 29644096.
- ^ a b c d e "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ a b c "ICTV Report: Picobirnaviridae".
- ^ Malik, Yashpal S.; Ghosh, Souvik (January 2020). "Etymologia: Picobirnavirus". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 26 (1). doi:10.3201/eid2601.et2601.
- ^ Pereira, HG; Flewett, TH; Candeias, JAN; Barth, OM (1988). "A virus with a bisegmented double-stranded RNA genome in rat (Oryzomys nigripes) intestines". J Gen Virol. 69 (11): 2749–2754. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-69-11-2749. PMID 3053986.
- ^ Smits, SL; van Leeuwen, M; Schapendonk, CM; Schürch, AC; Bodewes, R; Haagmans, BL; Osterhaus, AD (2012). "Picobirnaviruses in the human respiratory tract". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 18 (9): 1539–40. doi:10.3201/eid1809.120507. PMC 3437736. PMID 22932227.
- ^ Malik, YS; Kumar, N; Sharma, K; Dhama, K; Shabbir, MZ; Ganesh, B; Kobayashi, N; Banyai, K (2014). "Epidemiology, phylogeny, and evolution of emerging enteric Picobirnaviruses of animal origin and their relationship to human strains". Biomed Res. Int. 2014: 1–13. doi:10.1155/2014/780752. PMC 4124650. PMID 25136620.
- ^ "International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)". talk.ictvonline.org. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
External links[]
- Malik, YS (2014). "Epidemiology, phylogeny, and evolution of emerging enteric Picobirnaviruses of animal origin and their relationship to human strains". Biomed Res Int. 2014: 1–13. doi:10.1155/2014/780752. PMC 4124650. PMID 25136620.
- Chandra, R (1997). "Picobirnavirus, a novel group of undescribed viruses of mammals and birds: A minireview". Acta Virologica. 41 (1): 59–62. PMID 9199719.
- Rosen, B; Fang, ZY; Glass, RI; Monroe, SS (2000). "Cloning of Human Picobirnavirus Genomic Segments and Development of an RT-PCR Detection Assay". Virology. 277 (2): 316–29. doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0594. PMID 11080479.
- Taxonomic proposal for picobirnaviridae at the ICTV
- Viralzone: Picobirnavirus
- ICTV Report: Picobirnaviridae
- Double-stranded RNA viruses
- Riboviria
- Virus genera