Police abolition movement in Minneapolis
Police abolition movement in Minneapolis | |
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Part of George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul | |
![]() "Abolish the police" mural in Minneapolis, June 4, 2020 | |
Date | May 25, 2020 – November 2, 2021 (1 year, 4 months, 3 weeks and 6 days) |
Location | Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States |
Caused by |
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Goals |
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Methods | Protests, demonstrations, political campaign |
Result | |
4.5% shift in city's police budget in 2020[1] Ballot measure failed in 2021[2] |
In the U.S. state of Minnesota, a police abolition movement in Minneapolis emerged after the murder of George Floyd, an unarmed African-American man, by Derek Chauvin, during an arrest incident on May 25, 2020. A bystander's video of Floyd's murder showed Chauvin kneeling on Floyd's neck as he struggled to breathe; this led to in prolonged local unrest and worldwide protests. In Minneapolis, the city's third police precinct station was destroyed during heavy rioting on May 28, 2020, as demonstrators lit the building on fire after the police abandoned it.
In the aftermath of Floyd's murder and unrest, local political activists sought to replace the Minneapolis Police Department with another system of public safety and divert its budget towards social services programs in the city, such as affordable housing, violence prevention, education, and food security. A public pledge by nine of the 13 elected members of the Minneapolis City Council on June 7, 2020, to "defund police" garnered significant attention for the police abolition movement, as well as considerable political backlash.[3][4][5] The goals of the "defund police" pledge were never fully defined by city counselors at the time of the June 7, 2020, pledge and the effort largely collapsed in the following months. A majority of Minneapolis city residents, including in the Black community, opposed a reduction in the size of the city's police force.[6][7]
Public discussion in 2020 about changing the city's policing policies came during a surge in violent crime rates, which disproportionately affected people of color in the city.[8][7][9] At the end of 2020, the city council's decision to shift 4.5 percent of the city's police annual budget to violence prevention programs fell well short of the sweeping changes demanded by activists and pledged by local lawmakers earlier in year, and it became a case study for how idealistic calls for major structural changes fail.[5][10] Though the city council committed to maintaining the same number of police officers in the city, attrition and disability claims left the department with 200 fewer police officers, and city residents grew frustrated by the lack of a police presence and slower response times to 911 calls.[1][11]
A ballot measure to establish a Department of Public Safety and removal mayor control of the police department was put before voters in the November 2021 municipal election.[12] It required the support of 51 percent of voters in order to pass. The measure failed by a 56.2 percent to 43.8 percent vote margin.[2]
Background[]
Following Floyd's murder and the resulting civil unrest, Minneapolis Public Schools, the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board, multiple private businesses and venues, and the University of Minnesota severed ties with the Minneapolis Police Department.[13][14] Civil leaders in Minneapolis and elsewhere began calling for reforms of the city's police force, including the defunding, downsizing, or abolishing of departments.[15] The concept and movement was not new for Minneapolis. The local advocacy group MPD150, which had previously published a report in 2017 recommending the Minneapolis Police Department be abolished, argued that "the people who respond to crises in our community should be the people who are best-equipped to deal with those crises" and that first responders should be social workers and mental health providers.[16]
Protest events[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Minneapolis_City_Council_Pledges_to_Dismantle_Police_Department.jpg/242px-Minneapolis_City_Council_Pledges_to_Dismantle_Police_Department.jpg)
Protest march to Mayor Frey's home, June 6, 2020[]
On June 6, 2020, thousands of protesters marched in Minneapolis in an event led by local organization Black Visions Collective. Protesters gathered at the city's Bottineau Field Park, marched past the Minneapolis Police Federation's union headquarters, and ended at Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey's private home.[17] The march featured chants of "George Floyd!" and "Black Lives Matter!" and pleas to defund the police. At Frey's home, the crowd demanded that he come outside, and then when Frey appeared asked if he supported abolishing the city's police force. After Frey responded that he did not, the crowd ordered him to leave and booed him away. At the rally, United States Representative Ilhan Omar, whose Minnesota's 5th congressional district encompassed Minneapolis, denounced the city's police force as "inherently beyond reform".[18][19][17]
Powderhorn Park rally, June 7, 2020[]
On June 7, 2020, at a Powderhorn Park rally organized by Black Visions Collective and several other black-led social justice organizations, nine of the 13 members of the Minneapolis City Council vowed before a large crowd to dismantle the city's police department.[20] Onstage taking the pledge were Council President Lisa Bender, Vice President Andrea Jenkins and Council Members Alondra Cano, Phillipe Cunningham, Jeremiah Ellison, Steve Fletcher, Cam Gordon, Andrew Johnson, and Jeremy Schroeder. At the rally, Bender said of the pledge to abolish the city's police force, "Our efforts at incremental reform have failed. Period."[21] Council Member Linea Palmisano attended the rally as an audience member, but did not go on stage or take the oath, and Council Members Lisa Goodman and Kevin Reich did not attend nor agree to the pledge.[22] The June 7 pledge by nine city council members, though it represented a veto-proof majority, did not actually disband the Minneapolis police force and details about the next steps in the process were not defined at the time. Some activists wanted to consider the idea of unarmed crisis response personnel and re-purposing the police department's $193 million annual budget for education, food, housing, and health care.[23][24][25]
City charter process[]
2020[]
Council approves city charter referendum[]
The city council voted unanimously in late June 2020 to revise the city's charter to permit dismantling of the police department, a step towards possibly replacing the police department with a civilian-led Department of Community Safety and Violence Prevention, and with goal of putting the issue before voters on the ballot in November.[7] The charter required the city to “fund a police force of at least 0.0017 employees per resident”.[26][10]
Private security hired for city councilors[]
Several city council members received death threats in the wake of the pledge to defund the city's police. It was revealed in July 2020 that on June 7, 2020, the same day that they pledged to "begin the process of ending" the police department, Council Members Cano, Cunningham, and Jenkins used $152,400 in city funds to hire private security guards. All three had pledged on stage to "defund police" in the city. Several activists felt it was it was hypocritical for councilors to have extra security when the same privilege was not extended to families of the black men who were killed by police. According to the mayor's office, the three council members had not asked for a Minneapolis police vehicle to park outside their home to maintain a security presence.[27][28]
Opposition from Black leaders[]
In June 2020, the council's move to amend the city charter drew opposition from some Black leaders and activists who felt that the council was "pandering", in the words of a local pastor. Others felt that the council had not adequately included voices from the Black community in the process and expressed the need to address public safety concerns as black residents were disproportionately victims of crime and witnesses of crime in the city, just as they were disproportionately victims of excessive police force.[7]
City charter referendum blocked[]
In August 2020, the Minneapolis City Charter Commission voted to block plans to hold a vote on the proposed city charter amendment in November 2020, citing a need to for longer review and greater public input. The charter amendment still had the potential to be put before voters in November 2021 with the city's mayor and city council seats up for re-election.[29][30]
"Defund police" pledge reinterpreted[]
The June 7, 2020, pledge by nine of the 13 Minneapolis city councilors to abolish the police department generate substantial media coverage, but it largely collapsed in the following months.[31] Council members who took it had different interpretations about its meaning when reflecting back on it several months later. Council Member Andrew Johnson, for example, said the mantra of the pledge was meant "in spirit" and not to be taken literally. Some advocates, however, were expecting complete abolition of the police force, or a substantial reduction in the department's budget.[31][32] When asked directly in October 2020 by Minnesota Public Radio if they still supported abolishing the police department, no Minneapolis council member directly answered "yes", and Council Members Ellison and Goodman declined to respond to the survey at all.[33] During his reelection campaign in 2021, Minneapolis City Council Member Phillipe Cunningham said that he did not see the "defund police" sign at the June 7, 2020, rally before going on stage, and that he did not support the aim of the Black Visions Collective, an organizer of the event, to reduce the police budget by $45 million.[32]
Municipal election results and aftermath[]
With 86% of the vote in the election on November 3, 2020, Minneapolis voters approved a referendum about the timing of municipal elections, putting city council seats temporarily under two-year terms with the next election scheduled for 2021.[34] A few days after the 2020 election, Minneapolis Council President Lisa Bender announced that she would not seek reelection to her tenth ward seat. Bender said her decision was made before the period of prolonged unrest in the city sparked by George Floyd's murder.[35] In December 2020, Council Member Alondra Cano declined to seek reelection to her seat representing the city's ninth ward that sustained heavy damage during the May 2020 riots.[36] Bender and Cano were among the nine city councilors that pledged to abolish the city's police department.[37][36] Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey announced his intention to run for re-election in 2021.[38]
Violence prevention pilot programs established[]
By late 2020, public polling revealed mixed views among Minneapolis residents about reduced funding for the police, with more than half of the city's residents opposing a reduction in the size of the police force.[6] Decisions about the allocation of city resources and size of the police department came as Minneapolis had tallied its highest levels of violent crime in decades.[9]
In December, the Minneapolis city council voted to redirect $7.7 million of the police department’s proposed $179 million budget to mental health crisis teams, violence prevention programs, and for civilian employees to handle non-emergency theft and property damage reports. The council placed $11.4 million of the police budget in a reserve fund that requires ad hoc council approval for police recruitment and overtime. By a narrow 7-6 margin, the council voted to keep in place the police department target level of 888 officers by 2022.[1][39] The 4.5 percent shift in the police budget was considered "not nearly the sweeping change that activists and some lawmakers had demanded" after Floyd's murder and the resulting unrest, and it became a case study for how idealistic pledges often fall short of the intended structural changes.[5]
The debate to reducing police funding in Minneapolis occurred as the city contended with persistently elevated levels of violent crime following the murder of George Floyd in May 2020. On June 17, 2021, the city council unanimously approved the release of $5 million in emergency funds to cover police overtime, which partially offset the budget reductions in December 2020.[40]
2021[]
Council renews action[]
In January 2021, Minneapolis City Council Members Phillipe Cunningham, Steve Fletcher, and Jeremy Schroeder introduced a new city charter amendment to establish a Department of Public Safety in Minneapolis to oversee policing, violence prevention, and community safety programs, and remove the direct oversight of the police by the mayor's office. The amendment would also remove the city charter requirement to maintain a minimum number of police officers based on the city's population. Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey said he opposed the approach. The councilors hoped to put the amendment before voters in the 2021 November municipal election.[8][41]
Outside money enters the 2021 campaign[]
The Open Society Policy Center based in Washington, D.C. donated $500,000 to create a new political committee and non-profit, Yes 4 Minneapolis, to advance the police abolition movement in Minneapolis and influence the 2021 municipal elections. The new entity sought to work closely with two existing local organizations, Reclaim the Block and Black Visions, that led police abolition protests rallies in June 2020.[8]
Reduction in police officers via attrition[]
The city charter's minimum number of police officers was set at 0.007 percent of the city's population, which in the most recent census equated to about 730 sworn officers. By January 30, 2021, Minneapolis had 817 sworn officers under employment, but 155 were on continuous leave due to post-traumatic stress blamed on the response to civil unrest that followed the murder of George Floyd on May 25, 2020.[41] By February 2020, Minneapolis was down to only 638 officers that were capable of working, which was well below the 2019 average of 851 sworn officers. Due to the shortage of officers, the police department focused on responding to 9-1-1 calls as the city dealt with a surge in violent crimes such as homicides, shootings, and robberies. Residents complained that the police were less responsive than before, and some formed their own safety patrols. A group of north Minneapolis residents sued the city for not adequately staffing its police department.[11]
Activist plan[]
A coalition of progressive organizations—Yes 4 Minneapolis, Reclaim the Block, and TakeAction Minnesota—launched a petition drive in February to put the future of the city's police department before voters on the November 2021 ballot. The petition sought to amend the city's charter to remove the police department and instead create a public safety department to oversee policing and a force of licensed peace officers.[42] On April 30, 2021, advocacy organizations delivered more than 20,000 petition signatures to the Minneapolis city clerk's office to meet a deadline imposed by the city's charter commission for the measure to be considered for the November ballot. By city law, at least 11,906 register voters, or 5% of votes cast in the last general election, must be certified by the clerk by May 17.[43] The clerk certified 14,101 of the signatures as valid, which advanced the proposal for review by the city attorney, and put it a step closer to being on the November 2021 ballot when voters will also vote for city council seats and the mayor. To be enacted, 51% of city votes would have to approve it.[44]
City council plan[]
On March 12, 2021, the city council approved by an 11-2 vote, the plan by Cunningham, Fletcher, and Schroeder to create a new Department of Public Safety. The change would require an amendment to the city's charter, and the council's action was just a step toward putting the issue before city voters on the November 2021 ballot. If eventually approved, the new city department would have oversight of various public safety and health functions. The council's plan would also eliminate the city charter requirement to maintain a police force of a minimum number of officers based on the city's population and it would remove some mayoral authority over policing. Council members Palmisano and Goodman were the only two dissenting votes. The city's Charter Commission, under the charter amendment process, was given until August 2021 to review the council's recommendation.[45]
The council's proposal was nearly identical the plan outlined in the petition drive.[43] A key difference, however, was that the council plan required the new department to maintain a police division, while the activist plan gave permission to have a police division only "if necessary". In June 2021, Cunningham, Fletcher, and Schroeder withdrew their proposal to avoid confusing voters in November with two similar proposals.[46]
Court challenges[]
Several lawsuits were filed by Minneapolis residents to prevent the police force from being reduced in size or eliminated. In July 2021, Hennepin County Judge Jamie Anderson ruled in favor of plaintiffs from the Hawthorne and Jordan neighborhoods who argued that officer attrition had made the city unable to fulfill its charter requirement to maintain at least 730 sworn officers. Anderson's ruling required the city to take immediate steps to maintain an adequately sized police force. On August 11, 2021, the Minnesota Supreme Court denied a city request to review Anderson's ruling, effectively allowing it to stand.[47]
In mid 2021, another group of Minneapolis resident sued the city to block a ballot measure to replace the police department with a public safety department from being put before voters at the November 2021 municipal elections, arguing that the description and wording of the ballot measure was misleading. Judge Anderson ruled in favor of the residents in an order issued September 7, 2021, and prohibited city officials from tallying votes should the language be included on the printed ballot. The city council met in an emergency meeting approved new ballot language later the same day.[48] After an appeal to the Minnesota Supreme Court, the justices overturned Judge Anderson's ruling on September 16, 2021, allowing votes to be tallied.[12]
Ballot language and result[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2021_Minneapolis_ballot_question_2.svg/100px-2021_Minneapolis_ballot_question_2.svg.png)
Yes:
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2021_Minneapolis_Question_2_by_Ward.svg/100px-2021_Minneapolis_Question_2_by_Ward.svg.png)
Yes:
Final ballot language printed on the ballot language as City Question 2:
Shall the Minneapolis City Charter be amended to remove the Police Department and replace it with a Department of Public Safety that employs a comprehensive public health approach to the delivery of functions by the Department of Public Safety, with those specific functions to be determined by the Mayor and City Council by ordinance; which will not be subject to exclusive mayoral power over its establishment, maintenance, and command; and which could include licensed peace officers (police officers), if necessary, to fulfill its responsibilities for public safety, with the general nature of the amendments being briefly indicated in the explanatory note below, which is made a part of this ballot? Explanatory Note: This amendment would create a Department of Public Safety combining public safety functions through a comprehensive public health approach to be determined by the Mayor and Council. The department would be led by a Commissioner nominated by the Mayor and appointed by the Council. The Police Department, and its chief, would be removed from the City Charter. The Public Safety Department could include police officers, but the minimum funding requirement would be eliminated.[49]
The ballot measure would be approved if at least 51 percent of voters selected "yes" to City Question 2. City officials would have 30 days to establish a Department of Public Safety, though the exact structure of the new department, the services it would provide, the number of police officers it employs, and its funding level would be determined through a series of city ordinances.[12]
On November 2, 2021, voters in Minneapolis rejected the ballot measure with 80,506 or 56.2 percent of votes cast for "no" versus 62,813 or 43.8% of votes for "yes".[2] Notably, some of the strongest opposition to the referendum occurred in neighborhoods composed primarily of people of color, such as the 4th and 5th wards in the northwest of the city. Conversely, some of the most ardent support for the referendum came from areas such as the 9th ward, which saw the most damage during the June 2020 riots and was the location of the Murder of George Floyd. The precinct that voted for Question 2 by the highest margin (78%) was precinct 2-10, which consists primarily of University of Minnesota dorms and off-campus housing[50].
Choice | Votes | % |
---|---|---|
![]() |
80,506 | 56.2 |
Yes | 62,813 | 43.8 |
Total votes | 143,319 | 100.00 |
See also[]
- 2020–2021 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest
- 2021 Minneapolis municipal elections
- George Floyd Square
- Government of Minneapolis
- List of civil unrest in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
- Timeline of race relations and policing in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
References[]
- ^ a b c Navratil, Liz (December 10, 2020). "Divided Minneapolis Council keeps mayor's target for a larger police force". Star Tribune. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Minneapolis voters reject plan to overhaul city policing". Minnesota Public Radio. November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
- ^ Searcey, Dionne; Eligon, John (June 7, 2020). "Minneapolis Will Dismantle Its Police Force, Council Members Pledge". The New York Times. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ Solender, Andrew. "Minneapolis Votes To Disband Police Department". Forbes. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ a b c Gross, Jenny; Eligon, John (December 10, 2020). "Minneapolis City Council Votes to Remove $8 Million From Police Budget". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
- ^ a b Navratil, Liz (November 26, 2020). "6 months after George Floyd's killing, how much has policing in Minneapolis changed?". Star Tribune. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Rao, Maya (2 July 2020). "Some Minneapolis Black leaders speak out against City Council's moves to defund police". Star Tribune
- ^ a b c Navratil, Liz (February 3, 2021). "National money flowing into fight over Minneapolis Police Department". Star Tribune. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
- ^ a b Sawyer, Liz (December 2, 2020). "'Staggering' surge in violent carjackings continues across Minneapolis". Star Tribune. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
- ^ a b Herndon, Astead W. (September 26, 2020). "How a Pledge to Dismantle the Minneapolis Police Collapsed". The New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
- ^ a b Navratil, Liz (February 4, 2021). "Minneapolis has about 200 fewer police officers available to work". Star Tribune. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
- ^ a b c Navratil, Liz; Mahamud, Faiza (September 17, 2021). "What you need to know about the Minneapolis charter amendments". Star Tribune. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
- ^ "What does 'defund the police' mean? The rallying cry sweeping the US – explained". The Guardian. June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ Uren, Adam. "A list of the organizations cutting ties with Minneapolis police". Bring Me The News. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ Stockman, Farah; Eligon, John (June 5, 2020). "Cities Ask if It's Time to Defund Police and 'Reimagine' Public Safety". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ Andres, Scottie (June 7, 2020). "There's a growing call to defund the police. Here's what it means". CNN. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ a b Moore, Jane (June 7, 2020). "Minneapolis Mayor Frey tells 'DefundMPD' marchers he favors reforms over disbanding". Star Tribune.
- ^ Amir Vera; Hollie Silverman. "Minneapolis mayor booed by protesters after refusing to defund and abolish police". CNN. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ Schuman, David (June 6, 2020). "'I'm Not For Abolishing The Entire Police Department': Mayor Frey Speaks Out At Mpls. Protest". WCCO 4CBS Minnesota. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ Searcey, Dionne; Eligon, John (June 7, 2020). "Minneapolis Will Dismantle Its Police Force, Council Members Pledge". The New York Times. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ Solender, Andrew. "Minneapolis Votes To Disband Police Department". Forbes. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ Navratil, Liz (June 8, 2020). "Most of Minneapolis City Council pledges to 'begin the process of ending' Police Department". Star Tribune. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
- ^ Du, Susan; Cassel, Emily; Jones, Hannah (July 1, 2020). "Defund & dismantle: Minneapolis looks toward a police-free future". City Pages.
- ^ "Veto-proof majority of Minneapolis council members supports dismantling police department". MPR News. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ "Minneapolis City Council members announces intent to radically change their city's police department". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ Navratil, Liz (July 21, 2020). "What you need to know about the proposal to end the Minneapolis Police Department". Star Tribune. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ Navratil, Liz (July 14, 2020). "Minneapolis spent $152,400 for private security for 3 City Council members". Star Tribune. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
- ^ Liz, Navratil; Otárola, Miguel (July 3, 2020). "Minneapolis City Council security costs are debated and scrutinized". Star Tribune. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
- ^ Navratil, Liz; Otárola, Miguel (August 5, 2020). "Minneapolis Charter Commission blocks controversial controversial police proposal from November ballot". Star Tribune. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- ^ Herndon, Astead W. (September 26, 2020). "How a Pledge to Dismantle the Minneapolis Police Collapsed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
- ^ a b Herndon, Astead W. (September 26, 2020). "How a Pledge to Dismantle the Minneapolis Police Collapsed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
- ^ a b Winter, Deena (October 8, 2021). "Minneapolis council member says he 'got got' at 'defund police' rally". Minnesota Reformer. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
- ^ Collins, Jon; Williams, Brandt. "'No shortcuts' as Mpls. City Council rethinks policing". MPR News. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
- ^ Gustavo, Solomon; Hinrichs, Erin (November 4, 2020). "Twin Cities results: Minneapolis passes ballot questions; new members elected to Hennepin County Board". MinnPost. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
- ^ "Minneapolis City Council President Lisa Bender not seeking reelection". KSTP. November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
- ^ a b Read, Katy (December 19, 2020). "Minneapolis City Council Member Alondra Cano won't seek re-election". Star Tribune.
- ^ Navratil, Liz (June 8, 2020). "Most of Minneapolis City Council pledges to 'begin the process of ending' Police Department". Star Tribune. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
- ^ Joe, Nelson (November 24, 2020). "Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey planning to run for reelection". BRING ME THE NEWS. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ Bailey, Holly. "Minneapolis City Council votes to cut millions from police budget amid record crime rates". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
- ^ Navratil, Liz (June 17, 2021). "Minneapolis City Council approves $5 million to cover police overtime". Star Tribune. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
- ^ a b Thiede, Dana (January 28, 2021). "New charter amendment marks second attempt to scrap Minneapolis Police Department". KARE 11. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
- ^ Roper, Eric (February 14, 2021). "Petition campaign begins to put Minneapolis police overhaul on ballot". Star Tribune. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ a b Du, Susan; Navratil, Liz (April 30, 2021). "Vote Yes 4 Minneapolis submits petition to remove MPD from charter". Star Tribune. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
- ^ Navratil, Liz (May 14, 2021). "Minneapolis residents will likely vote in November on future of city's Police Department". Star Tribune. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
- ^ Navratil, Liz (March 12, 2021). "City Council advances proposal to replace Minneapolis Police Department". Star Tribune. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
- ^ Navratil, Liz (June 30, 2021). "Minneapolis Council members agree to withdraw proposal to replace police department". Star Tribune. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
- ^ Johnson, Allie (August 11, 2021). "Minnesota Supreme Court denies Minneapolis' request to review judge's order to hire more police officers". KMSP-TV. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
- ^ Navratil, Liz (September 13, 2021). "Yes 4 Minneapolis asks Minn. Supreme Court to intervene on policing ballot language". [{Star Tribune]]. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
- ^ "What's on the ballot". City of Minneapolis. September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
- ^ "CITY QUESTION 2 (Minneapolis) - Results by Reporting District".
External links[]
Further reading[]
- Dickerson, Tim (December 14, 2020). "What Happened to Promises to Disband the Minneapolis Police?". Rolling Stone.
- Ray, Rashawn (June 19, 2020). "What does ‘defund the police’ mean and does it have merit?". Brookings Institution.
- Vinopal, Courtney (June 11, 2020). "What is the ‘defund the police’ movement? 5 questions answered". PBS NewsHour.
- June 2020 events in the United States
- 2020 in Minnesota
- 2020s in Minneapolis
- George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
- African-American history
- African Americans' rights organizations
- Anti-black racism in the United States
- Anti-racism in the United States
- Black Lives Matter
- Civil rights protests in the United States
- Criminal justice reform in the United States
- Criticism of police brutality
- History of African-American civil rights
- Police abolition movement
- Political movements in the United States
- Post–civil rights era in African-American history
- Race and crime in the United States
- Urban politics in the United States