Right-wing dictatorship

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A right-wing dictatorship (sometimes also referred to as a rightist dictatorship) is an authoritarian (or sometimes totalitarian) regime following right-wing policies. Right-wing dictatorships are typically characterized by appeals to traditionalism, the protection of law and order and the advocacy of nationalism, and justify their rise to power based on a need to uphold a "conservative status quo", often in opposition to communism. Some examples of right-wing dictatorships include the Estado Novo, the Spanish State and the First Republic of Korea, as well as a number of military dictatorships that ruled various Latin American countries during the Cold War.[1]

Characteristics of a right-wing dictatorship[]

Military dictatorship[]

Main article: Military dictatorship

In the most common Western view, the perfect example of a right-wing dictatorship is any of those that once ruled in South America.[according to whom?] Those regimes were predominantly military juntas and most of them collapsed in the 1980s. Communist countries, which were very cautious about not revealing their authoritarian methods of rule to the public, were usually led by civilian governments and officers taking power were not much welcomed there.[citation needed] Few exceptions include the Burmese Way to Socialism (Burma, 1966–1988), the Military Council of National Salvation (People's Republic of Poland, 1981–1983) or the North Korean regime's evolution throughout the rule of Kim Il-sung.

Religion and the government[]

Main article: Clerical fascism

Many right-wing regimes kept strong ties with local clerical establishments. This policy of a strong Church-state alliance is often referred to as Clerical fascism. Pro-Catholic dictatorships included the Estado Novo (1933–1974) and the Federal State of Austria (1934–1938). There also exist clerical dictatorships in the Muslim world, including the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The theocratic absolute monarchies of Saudi Arabia or Vatican City also share many similarities with the regimes mentioned above.[citation needed] Many of those are/were led by spiritual leaders, such as the Slovak Republic under the Reverend Josef Tiso or Iran under the Ayatollahs Khomeini (1979–1989) and Khamenei (1989–present). Some right-wing dictatorships, like Nazi Germany, were even openly hostile to certain religions.[2]

Right-wing dictatorships by region[]

Europe[]

Main article: Fascism in Europe

The existence of right-wing dictatorships in Europe are largely associated with the rise of fascism. The conditions created by World War I and its aftermath gave way both to revolutionary socialism and reactionary politics. Fascism arose as part of the reaction to the socialist movement, in attempt to recreate a perceived status quo ante bellum.[3] Right-wing dictatorships in Europe were mostly destroyed with the Allied victory in World War II, although some continued to exist in Southern Europe until the 1970s.

List of European right-wing dictatorships
Country Historical name(s) Movement(s) Years of rule Dictator(s)
 Albania
 Austria Fatherland Front
  • 1932–1934
  • 1934–1938
  • Engelbert Dollfuss
  • Kurt Schuschnigg
 Azerbaijan Republic of Azerbaijan New Azerbaijan Party 1993–present Heydar Aliyev, Ilham Aliyev[citation needed]
 Belarus Byelorussian Central Council[9] Collaborationist government 1943–1944 Radasłaŭ Astroŭski[10]
 Bulgaria Kingdom of Bulgaria
 Croatia Independent State of Croatia[15] Ustaše[16] 1941–1945 Ante Pavelić[17]
 Cyprus Republic of Cyprus EOKA B[18] 1974 Nikos Sampson[19]
 Czech Republic Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia[20] National Partnership[21] 1939–1945 Emil Hácha[22]
 Estonia Republic of Estonia[citation needed] Patriotic League[23] 1934–1940 Konstantin Päts[24]
 France French State[25] Collaborationist government 1940–1944 Philippe Pétain[26][27]
 Germany German Reich[28] National Socialist German Workers' Party[29][30] 1933–1945 Adolf Hitler[31][32]
 Greece
  • 1925–1926
  • 1936–1941
  • 1941–1944
  • 1967–1974
  • Theodoros Pangalos[37]
  • Ioannis Metaxas[38]
  • Georgios Tsolakoglou,[39] Konstantinos Logothetopoulos,[40] Ioannis Rallis[41]
  • Georgios Papadopoulos[42]
 Hungary
 Italy
  • Benito Mussolini[52]
  • Benito Mussolini[53]
 Latvia Republic of Latvia[citation needed] Latvian Farmers' Union[citation needed] (disbanded after coup) 1934–1940 Kārlis Ulmanis[54]
 Lithuania Republic of Lithuania[55] Lithuanian Nationalist Union[56] 1926–1940 Antanas Smetona[57][58]
 North Macedonia Independent Macedonia[59] Collaborationist government 1944 Spiro Kitinchev[60]
 Netherlands Reichskommissariat Niederlande[61] National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands[62] 1940–1945 Anton Mussert[63]
 Norway National Government[64] Nasjonal Samling[65][66] 1940–1945 Vidkun Quisling[67]
Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire
  • Sublime Ottoman State
  • Sublime Ottoman State
  • House of Osman
  • Committee of Union and Progress
 Poland Second Polish Republic Sanation[68] 1926–1939 Józef Piłsudski and Piłsudski's colonels[69]
 Portugal
 Romania
  • National Renaissance Front[75]
  • Military with the Iron Guard
  • Military
  • Carol II[76]
  • Ion Antonescu[77] with Horia Sima[78]
  • Ion Antonescu
 Russia Russian State White movement[79] 1918–1920 Alexander Kolchak[80]
 Serbia Government of National Salvation[81] Collaborationist government 1941–1945 Milan Nedić[82]
 Slovakia Slovak State[83] Slovak People's Party[84] 1939–1945 Jozef Tiso[85]
 Spain
  • Miguel Primo de Rivera[91]
  • Francisco Franco[92]
 Turkey
  • 1923–1938
  • 1938–1945
  • 1960–1961
  • 1980–1989
  • 2014–present
 Ukraine Ukrainian State[104] Ukrainian People's Hromada 1918 Pavlo Skoropadskyi
 Yugoslavia Kingdom of Yugoslavia[105]
  • Yugoslav National Party
  • Yugoslav Radical Union[106]

Asia[]

Main article: Fascism in Asia

Right-wing dictatorships in Asia emerged during the early 1930s,[109] as military regimes seized power from local constitutional democracies. The phenomenon soon spread to other countries with the military occupations driven by the militarist expansion of the Empire of Japan. After the end of World War II, Asian right-wing dictatorships took on a decidedly anti-communist role in the Cold War, with many being backed by the United States.

List of Asian right-wing dictatorships
Country Historical name(s) Movement(s) Years of rule Dictator(s)
 Afghanistan  Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan[110] Taliban[111] 1996–2001 Mohammed Omar[112]
 Bangladesh Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh
  • Ziaur Rahman
  • Hussain Muhammad Ershad[118]
 Cambodia
  • Norodom Sihanouk
  • Lon Nol
 Indonesia Republic of Indonesia Golkar[121][122] 1966–1998 Suharto[123][124][125]
 Japan  Empire of Japan
  • Hirohito
  • Hirohito
  • Hirohito[130] and Hideki Tojo
 South Korea
China Manchuria, China  Manchukuo Concordia Association[141][142] 1932–1945 Puyi with Zheng Xiaoxu and Zhang Jinghui
 Myanmar
  • Ba Maw
  • Than Shwe[145]
  • Myint Swe and Min Aung Hlaing[146]
 Pakistan  Islamic Republic of Pakistan
  • Ayub Khan, Yahya Khan
  • Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
  • Pervez Musharraf
 Philippines
  • Emilio Aguinaldo[citation needed]
  • Jose P. Laurel
  • Ferdinand Marcos[154][155][156]
 China (1928-1949)
 Taiwan (1945-1988)
  • Taiwan Republic of China[157]
  • Republic of China
  • Taiwan Republic of China[158]
 Kuomintang[159]
  • 1928–1949
  • 1940–1945
  • 1949–1988[160]
  • Chiang Kai-shek[161]
  • Wang Jingwei, Chen Gongbo
  • Chiang Kai-shek, Chiang Ching-kuo
 Thailand Thailand Kingdom of Thailand[162]
  • Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena
  • Plaek Phibunsongkhram
  • Sarit Thanarat
  • Thanom Kittikachorn

North America[]

Right-wing dictatorships largely emerged in Central America and the Caribbean during the early 20th century. Sometimes they arose in order to provide concessions to American corporations such as the United Fruit Company, forming regimes that have been described as "banana republics".[163] North American right-wing dictatorships were instrumental in suppressing their countries' labour movements and instituting corporatist economies. During the Cold War, these right-wing dictatorships were characterized by a distinct anti-communist ideology, and often rose to power through US-backed coups.

List of North American right-wing dictatorships
Country Historical name(s) Movement(s) Years of rule Dictator(s)
 Costa Rica First Costa Rican Republic Republic of Costa Rica[164][165][166] Military with the Peliquista Party[167] 1917–1919 Federico Tinoco Granados[168]
 Cuba  Republic of Cuba Military with the Progressive Action Party 1952–1959 Fulgencio Batista[169]
 Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Third Dominican Republic Dominican Party[170][171] 1930–1962 Rafael Trujillo[172]
 El Salvador El Salvador Republic of El Salvador[173]
 Guatemala  Republic of Guatemala
 Haiti Republic of Haiti[187][188][189][190] National Unity Party
 Honduras  Republic of Honduras Military with the National Party
 Nicaragua Nicaragua Republic of Nicaragua[193] Nationalist Liberal Party
  • 1936–1956
  • 1956–1967
  • 1967–1979

See also[]

References[]

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